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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) belong to several phyla. This class of microorganisms exhibits the ability of magneto-aerotaxis. MTB synthesize biominerals in organelle-like structures called magnetosomes, which contain single-domain crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) characterized by a high degree of structural and compositional perfection. Magnetosomes from dead MTB could be preserved in sediments (called fossil magnetosomes or magnetofossils). Under certain conditions, magnetofossils are capable of retaining their remanence for millions of years. This accounts for the growing interest in MTB and magnetofossils in paleo- and rock magnetism and in a wider field of biogeoscience. At the same time, high biocompatibility of magnetosomes makes possible their potential use in biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia, magnetically guided drug delivery, and immunomagnetic analysis. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current state of the art in the field of MTB research and applications.
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Uzun M, Alekseeva L, Krutkina M, Koziaeva V, Grouzdev D. Unravelling the diversity of magnetotactic bacteria through analysis of open genomic databases. Sci Data 2020; 7:252. [PMID: 32737307 PMCID: PMC7449369 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are prokaryotes that possess genes for the synthesis of membrane-bounded crystals of magnetite or greigite, called magnetosomes. Despite over half a century of studying MTB, only about 60 genomes have been sequenced. Most belong to Proteobacteria, with a minority affiliated with the Nitrospirae, Omnitrophica, Planctomycetes, and Latescibacteria. Due to the scanty information available regarding MTB phylogenetic diversity, little is known about their ecology, evolution and about the magnetosome biomineralization process. This study presents a large-scale search of magnetosome biomineralization genes and reveals 38 new MTB genomes. Several of these genomes were detected in the phyla Elusimicrobia, Candidatus Hydrogenedentes, and Nitrospinae, where magnetotactic representatives have not previously been reported. Analysis of the obtained putative magnetosome biomineralization genes revealed a monophyletic origin capable of putative greigite magnetosome synthesis. The ecological distributions of the reconstructed MTB genomes were also analyzed and several patterns were identified. These data suggest that open databases are an excellent source for obtaining new information of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Uzun
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Lolita Alekseeva
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Krutkina
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika Koziaeva
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Grouzdev
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Moscow, Russia
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Monteil CL, Grouzdev DS, Perrière G, Alonso B, Rouy Z, Cruveiller S, Ginet N, Pignol D, Lefevre CT. Repeated horizontal gene transfers triggered parallel evolution of magnetotaxis in two evolutionary divergent lineages of magnetotactic bacteria. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1783-1794. [PMID: 32296121 PMCID: PMC7305187 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Under the same selection pressures, two genetically divergent populations may evolve in parallel toward the same adaptive solutions. Here, we hypothesized that magnetotaxis (i.e., magnetically guided chemotaxis) represents a key adaptation to micro-oxic habitats in aquatic sediments and that its parallel evolution homogenized the phenotypes of two evolutionary divergent clusters of freshwater spirilla. All magnetotactic bacteria affiliated to the Magnetospirillum genus (Alphaproteobacteria class) biomineralize the same magnetic particle chains and share highly similar physiological and ultrastructural features. We looked for the processes that could have contributed at shaping such an evolutionary pattern by reconciling species and gene trees using newly sequenced genomes of Magnetospirillum related bacteria. We showed that repeated horizontal gene transfers and homologous recombination of entire operons contributed to the parallel evolution of magnetotaxis. We propose that such processes could represent a more parsimonious and rapid solution for adaptation compared with independent and repeated de novo mutations, especially in the case of traits as complex as magnetotaxis involving tens of interacting proteins. Besides strengthening the idea about the importance of such a function in micro-oxic habitats, these results reinforce previous observations in experimental evolution suggesting that gene flow could alleviate clonal interference and speed up adaptation under some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Monteil
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, Saint Paul lez Durance, France.
| | - Denis S Grouzdev
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Guy Perrière
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Béatrice Alonso
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Zoé Rouy
- LABGeM, Genomique Metabolique, CEA, Genoscope, Institut Francois Jacob, CNRS, Universite d'Evry, Universite Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Stéphane Cruveiller
- LABGeM, Genomique Metabolique, CEA, Genoscope, Institut Francois Jacob, CNRS, Universite d'Evry, Universite Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Nicolas Ginet
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCB, Marseille, France
| | - David Pignol
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Christopher T Lefevre
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, Saint Paul lez Durance, France.
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Ke L, Chen Y, Liu P, Liu S, Wu D, Yuan Y, Wu Y, Gao M. Characteristics and optimised fermentation of a novel magnetotactic bacterium, Magnetospirillum sp. ME-1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019. [PMID: 29514248 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) can biosynthesise magnetosomes, which have great potential for commercial applications. A new MTB strain, Magnetospirillum sp. ME-1, was isolated and cultivated from freshwater sediments of East Lake (Wuhan, China) using the limiting dilution method. ME-1 had a chain of 17 ± 4 magnetosomes in the form of cubooctahedral crystals with a shape factor of 0.89. ME-1 was closest to Magnetospirillum sp. XM-1 according to 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Compared with XM-1, ME-1 possessed an additional copy of mamPA and a larger mamO in magnetosome-specific genes. ME-1 had an intact citric acid cycle, and complete pathway models of ammonium assimilation and dissimilatory nitrate reduction. Potential carbon and nitrogen sources in these pathways were confirmed to be used in ME-1. Adipate was determined to be used in the fermentation medium as a new kind of dicarboxylic acid. The optimised fermentation medium was determined by orthogonal tests. The large-scale production of magnetosomes was achieved and the magnetosome yield (wet weight) reached 120 mg L-1 by fed-batch cultivation of ME-1 at 49 h in a 10-L fermenter with the optimised fermentation medium. This study may provide insights into the isolation and cultivation of other new MTB strains and the production of magnetosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Ke
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Pengming Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shan Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Yuan
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Meiying Gao
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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Yan L, Xing W. Methods to Study Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes. J Microbiol Methods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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