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Chauhan K, Aly SS, Lehenbauer TW, Tonooka KH, Glenn K, Rossitto P, Marco ML. Development of a multiplex qPCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma species, and Acholeplasma laidlawii in milk. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11881. [PMID: 34447623 PMCID: PMC8364749 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis and other Mycoplasma species including Mycoplasma californicum, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma alkalescens, Mycoplasma arginini, and Mycoplasma canadense is an economical obstacle affecting many dairy herds throughout California and elsewhere. Routine bacteriological culture-based assays for the pathogens are slow and subject to false-positive results due to the presence of the related, non-pathogenic species Acholeplasma laidlawii. To address the need for rapid and accurate detection methods, a new TaqMan multiplex, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was developed that targets the 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma, rpoB gene of M. bovis, and the 16S to 23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region of A. laidlawii. qPCR amplification efficiency and range of detection were similar for individual assays in multiplex as when performed separately. The multiplex assay was able to distinguish between M. bovis and A. laidlawii as well as detect Mycoplasma spp. collectively, including Mycoplasma californicum, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma canadense, Mycoplasma arginini and Mycoplasma alkalescens. In milk, the lower limit of detection of M. bovis, M. californicum, and A. laidlawii with the multiplex assay was between 120 to 250 colony forming units (CFU) per mL. The assay was also able to simultaneously detect both M. bovis and A. laidlawii in milk when present in moderate (103 to 104 CFU/mL) to high (106 to 107 CFU/mL) quantities. Compared to laboratory culture-based methods, the multiplex qPCR diagnostic specificity (Sp) was 100% (95% CI [86.8-100]; n = 26) and diagnostic sensitivity (Se) was 92.3% (95% CI [74.9-99.1]; n = 26) for Mycoplasma species in milk samples collected from California dairy farms. Similarly, the Sp was 100% (95% CI [90.5-100]; n = 37) and Se was 93.3% (95% CI [68.1-99.8]; n = 15) for M. bovis. Our assay can detect and distinguish among M. bovis, other prevalent Mycoplasma spp., and non-pathogenic Acholeplasma laidlawii for effective identification and control of mycoplasma mastitis, ultimately supporting dairy cattle health and high-quality dairy products in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Chauhan
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen H. Tonooka
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Kathy Glenn
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Paul Rossitto
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Parker AM, Sheehy PA, Hazelton MS, Bosward KL, House JK. A review of mycoplasma diagnostics in cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1241-1252. [PMID: 29671903 PMCID: PMC5980305 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma species have a global distribution causing serious diseases in cattle worldwide including mastitis, arthritis, pneumonia, otitis media and reproductive disorders. Mycoplasma species are typically highly contagious, are capable of causing severe disease, and are difficult infections to resolve requiring rapid and accurate diagnosis to prevent and control disease outbreaks. This review discusses the development and use of different diagnostic methods to identify Mycoplasma species relevant to cattle, with a particular focus on Mycoplasma bovis. Traditionally, the identification and diagnosis of mycoplasma has been performed via microbial culture. More recently, the use of polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycoplasma species from various bovine samples has increased. Polymerase chain reaction has a higher efficiency, specificity, and sensitivity for laboratory diagnosis when compared with conventional culture‐based methods. Several tools are now available for typing Mycoplasma spp. isolates, allowing for genetic characterization in disease outbreak investigations. Serological diagnosis through the use of indirect ELISA allows the detection of antimycoplasma antibodies in sera and milk, with their use demonstrated on individual animal samples as well as BTM samples. While each testing method has strengths and limitations, their combined use provides complementary information, which when interpreted in conjunction with clinical signs and herd history, facilitates pathogen detection, and characterization of the disease status of cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Parker
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Sheehy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark S Hazelton
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina L Bosward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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