Complete Genome Sequence of Spiroplasma turonicum Tab4c T , a Bacterium Isolated from Horse Flies ( Haematopota sp.)

Horizontal Acquisition and Transcriptional Integration of Novel Genes in Mosquito-Associated Spiroplasma

Genetic differentiation among symbiotic bacteria is important in shaping biodiversity. The genus Spiroplasma contains species occupying diverse niches and is a model system for symbiont evolution. Previous studies have established that two mosquito-associated species have diverged extensively in their carbohydrate metabolism genes despite having a close phylogenetic relationship. Notably, although the commensal Spiroplasma diminutum lacks identifiable pathogenicity factors, the pathogenic Spiroplasma taiwanense was found to have acquired a virulence factor glpO and its associated genes through horizontal transfer. However, it is unclear if these acquired genes have been integrated into the regulatory network. In this study, we inferred the gene content evolution in these bacteria, as well as examined their transcriptomes in response to glucose availability. The results indicated that both species have many more gene acquisitions from the Mycoides-Entomoplasmataceae clade, which contains several important pathogens of ruminants, than previously thought. Moreover, several acquired genes have higher expression levels than the vertically inherited homologs, indicating possible functional replacement. Finally, the virulence factor and its functionally linked genes in S. taiwanense were up-regulated in response to glucose starvation, suggesting that these acquired genes are under expression regulation and the pathogenicity may be a stress response. In summary, although differential gene losses are a major process for symbiont divergence, gene gains are critical in counteracting genome degradation and driving diversification among facultative symbionts.

Complete Genome Sequence of Spiroplasma monobiae MQ-1T (ATCC 33825), a Bacterium Isolated from the Vespid Wasp (Monobia quadridens)

Spiroplasma monobiae MQ-1T (ATCC 33825) was isolated from the hemolymph of an adult vespid wasp (Monobia quadridens) collected in Maryland. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this bacterium to facilitate the investigation of its biology and the comparative genomics among Spiroplasma species.

Complete Genome Sequence of Spiroplasma floricola 23-6 T (ATCC 29989), a Bacterium Isolated from a Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.)

Spiroplasma floricola 23-6^T (ATCC 29989) was isolated from the flower surface of a tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this bacterium to facilitate the investigation of its biology and the comparative genomics among Spiroplasma species.

Complete Genome Sequence of Spiroplasma corruscae EC-1 T (DSM 19793), a Bacterium Isolated from a Lampyrid Beetle (Ellychnia corrusca)

Spiroplasma corruscae EC-1^T (DSM 19793) was isolated from the gut of a lampryid beetle (Ellychnia corrusca) collected in Beltsville, MD, USA, in 1983. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this bacterium to facilitate the investigation of its biology and the comparative genomics among Spiroplasma species.

Complete Genome Sequence of Spiroplasma sp. NBRC 100390

Spiroplasma sp. NBRC 100390 was initially described as a duplicate of S. atrichopogonis GNAT3597^T (=ATCC BAA-520^T) but later found to be different in the 16S rDNA sequences. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this bacterium to establish its identity and to facilitate future investigation.

Complete Genome Sequence of Spiroplasma sp. TU-14

Spiroplasma sp. TU-14 was isolated from a contaminated sample of Entomoplasma lucivorax PIPN-2^T obtained from the International Organization for Mycoplasmology collection. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this bacterium to facilitate the investigation of its biology and the comparative genomics among Spiroplasma spp.

Complete Genome Sequence of Spiroplasma helicoides TABS-2T (DSM 22551), a Bacterium Isolated from a Horsefly (Tabanus abactor)

Spiroplasma helicoides TABS-2^T (DSM 22551) was isolated from the gut of a horsefly (Tabanus abactor) collected near Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA, in 1987. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this bacterium to facilitate the investigation of its biology and the comparative genomics among Spiroplasma species.