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Cui Y, Li S, Xu W, Xie J, Wang D, Hou L, Zhou J, Feng X, Liu J. Intra- and inter-host origin, evolution dynamics and spatial-temporal transmission characteristics of circoviruses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1332444. [PMID: 39156896 PMCID: PMC11327096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since their identification in 1974, circoviruses have caused clinicopathological diseases in various animal species, including humans. However, their origin, transmission, and genetic evolution remain poorly understood. Methods In this study, the genome sequences of circovirus were obtained from GenBank, and the Bayesian stochastic search variable selection algorithm was employed to analyzed the evolution and origin of circovirus. Results Here, the evolutionary origin, mode of transmission, and genetic recombination of the circovirus were determined based on the available circovirus genome sequences. The origin of circoviruses can be traced back to fish circovirus, which might derive from fish genome, and human contributes to transmission of fish circovirus to other species. Furthermore, mosquitos, ticks, bats, and/or rodents might play a role as intermediate hosts in circovirus intra- and inter-species transmission. Two major lineages (A and B) of circoviruses are identified, and frequent recombination events accelerate their variation and spread. The time to the most recent common ancestor of circoviruses can be traced back to around A.D. 600 and has been evolving at a rate of 10-4 substitutions site-1 year-1 for a long time. Discussion These comprehensive findings shed light on the evolutionary origin, population dynamics, transmission model, and genetic recombination of the circovirus providing valuable insights for the development of prevention and control strategies against circovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiu Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Siting Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiying Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dedong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xufei Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Zhang LH, Wang TX, Fu PF, Zhao YY, Li HX, Wang DM, Ma SJ, Chen HY, Zheng LL. First Molecular Detection and Genetic Analysis of a Novel Porcine Circovirus (Porcine Circovirus 4) in Dogs in the World. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0433322. [PMID: 36728419 PMCID: PMC10100769 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04333-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel circovirus species was identified in farmed pigs and designated porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4); it has recently been proved to be pathogenic to piglets. However, little is known about its cross-species transmission, and there is no evidence of PCV4 in dogs. A total of 217 fecal samples were collected from diarrheal dogs in Henan Province, China, and tested for the presence of PCV4 using a real-time PCR assay. Among the 217 samples, the total positivity rate for PCV4 was 5.99% (13/217 samples), with rates of 7.44% and 4.17% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. PCV4 was detected in dogs in 6 of 10 cities, demonstrating that PCV4 could be detected in dogs in Henan Province, China. One PCV4 strain (HN-Dog) was sequenced in this study and shared high levels of identity (97.9% to 99.6%) with reference strains at the genome level. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequences of HN-Dog and 42 reference strains showed that the HN-Dog strain was closely related to 3 PCV4 reference strains (from pig, raccoon dog, and fox) but differed genetically from other viruses in the genus Circovirus. Three genotypes, i.e., PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c, were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences of 42 PCV4 strains, and one amino acid variation in Rep protein (V239L) and three amino acid variations in Cap protein (N27S, R28G, and M212L) were considered conserved genotype-specific molecular markers. In conclusion, the present study is the first to report the discovery of the PCV4 genome in dogs, and the association between PCV4 infection and diarrhea warrants further study. IMPORTANCE This study is the first to report the presence of PCV4 in dogs worldwide, and the first complete genome sequence was obtained from a dog affected with diarrhea. Three genotypes of PCV4 strains (PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c) were determined, as supported by specific amino acid markers (V239L for open reading frame 1 [ORF1] and N27S R28G and M212L for ORF2). These findings help us understand the current status of intestinal infections in pet dogs in Henan Province, China, and also prompted us to accelerate research on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and cross-species transmission of PCV4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Hui Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong-Xuan Wang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Yi Zhao
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xuan Li
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Lushan Dabei Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Food Co., Ltd., Lushan, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Xu T, Chen XM, Fu Y, Ai Y, Wang DM, Wei ZY, Li XS, Zheng LL, Chen HY. Cross-species transmission of an emerging porcine circovirus (PCV4): First molecular detection and retrospective investigation in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109528. [PMID: 35944390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4), a novel porcine circovirus identified in pigs, has recently been proved to be pathogenic to piglets. However, little is known about its cross-species transmission, and demonstration of PCV4 in dairy cows is lacking. To explore whether the PCV4 genome exists in dairy cows, 1170 fecal samples were collected from dairy farms in 7 cities in Henan Province of China during 2012-2021, and screened by qPCR for the presence of PCVs (PCV2-PCV4). The detection results showed that the positive rate of PCV4 in dairy cows was 2.22 % (26/1170), but all fecal samples were negative for PCV2 and PCV3. Three full-length and five partial genomes of PCV4 strains were acquired, of which two PCV4 strains (NY2012-DC and XC2013-DC) were achieved from 2012 and 2013, indicating that PCV4 has been circulating in dairy cows in Henan Province of China for at least 10 years. The three PCV4 strains sequenced in this study shared high identity (97.5-99.5 %) with reference strains at the genome level. In phylogenetic analysis, three genotypes (PCV4a, PCV4b and PCV4c) were temporarily confirmed by analyzing 44 strains, and one amino acid variation in Rep (V239L) and three amino acid variations in Cap (N27S, R28G and M212L) were considered as a conserved genotype specific molecular marker. Analyzed from three perspectives (cross-time, cross-species and transboundary), the high nucleotide homology of PCV4 strains indicated the PCV4 evolutionary rate might be slow. Overall, this study was the first to report the detection of PCV4 in dairy cows and conducted a long-term retrospective investigation of PCV4 in Henan Province of China, which has important implications for understanding the genetic diversity and cross-species transmission of the ongoing PCV4 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Meng Chen
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Fu
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ai
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Lushan Dabei Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Food Co., Ltd., Lushan 467300, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Yong Wei
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Li
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. Novel Porcine Circoviruses in View of Lessons Learned from Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Epidemiology and Threat to Pigs and Other Species. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020261. [PMID: 35215854 PMCID: PMC8877176 DOI: 10.3390/v14020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) plays a key role in PCV2-associated disease (PCVAD) etiology and has yielded significant losses in the pig husbandry in the last 20 years. However, the impact of two recently described species of porcine circoviruses, PCV3 and PCV4, on the pork industry remains unknown. The presence of PCV3 has been associated with several clinical presentations in pigs. Reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation have been reported most consistently. The clinical symptoms, anatomopathological changes and interaction with other pathogens during PCV3 infection in pigs indicate that PCV3 might be pathogenic for these animals and can cause economic losses in the swine industry similar to PCV2, which makes PCV3 worth including in the differential list as a cause of clinical disorders in reproductive swine herds. Moreover, subsequent studies indicate interspecies transmission and worldwide spreading of PCV3. To date, research related to PCV3 and PCV4 vaccine design is at early stage, and numerous aspects regarding immune response and virus characteristics remain unknown.
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Zhai SL, Lu SS, Wei WK, Lv DH, Wen XH, Zhai Q, Chen QL, Sun YW, Xi Y. Reservoirs of Porcine Circoviruses: A Mini Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:319. [PMID: 31616677 PMCID: PMC6763682 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) is one of the smallest known DNA viruses in mammals. At present, PCVs are divided into three species, PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3. PCV1 and PCV2 were found in the 1970s and the 1990s, respectively, whereas PCV3 was discovered recently in 2016. PCV1 does not cause diseases in pigs. However, PCV3, similar to PCV2, is reported to be associated with several swine diseases, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive failure. PCVs are very common in domestic pigs as well as wild boars. However, PCVs have been occasionally isolated from non-porcine animals, including ruminants (such as cattle, goats, wild chamois, and roe deers), rodents (such as NMRI mice, BALB/c mice, Black C57 mice, ICR mice, Mus musculus, and Rattus rattus), canines (such as dogs, minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs), insects (such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks), and shellfish. Moreover, PCVs are frequently reported in biological products, including human vaccines, animal vaccines, porcine-derived commercial pepsin products, and many cell lines. PCVs are also abundant in the environment, including water samples and air samples. Interestingly, PCV1 and/or PCV2 antibody or antigen has also been detected in sera, stool samples and respiratory swab samples of human, revealing zoonotic potential of PCVs. Thus, PCVs inhabit many types of reservoirs. In this review, we summarize the reservoirs of PCVs, and this information would be helpful in understanding the natural circulating status and possible cross-species transmission of PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lun Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shou-Sheng Lu
- Guangdong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Hong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Sun
- Guangdong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Strain-Dependent Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Entry and Replication in T-Lymphoblasts. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090813. [PMID: 31480752 PMCID: PMC6783876 DOI: 10.3390/v11090813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of PCV2-associated diseases (PCVAD). PCV2 targets lymphoblasts, and pigs suffering from PCVAD display lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid tissues. PCV2 infection of lymphoblasts has not been studied. Here, the replication cycle of PCV2 (abortion strain 1121 and PMWS strain Stoon1010) in T-lymphoblasts was examined. The expression of Rep and Cap were found for both viral strains, while progeny virus was detected for Stoon1010 but not for 1121. PCV2 attached to 11–26% (1121-Stoon1010) of the T-lymphoblasts while 2.6–12.7% of cells showed virus internalization. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) was present on 25% of T-lymphoblasts, and colocalized with PCV2 on 31–32% of the PCV2+ cells. Enzymatic removal of CS reduced PCV2 infection. PCV2 infection was decreased by chlorpromazine, cytochalasin D and Clostridium difficile toxin B for both viral strains and by amiloride for 1121 but not for Stoon1010. Inhibiting either endosome acidification or serine proteases strongly reduced PCV2 infection. Three-dimensional analysis of Cap structure demonstrated a better Cap-nucleic acid affinity for Stoon1010 than for 1121. Taken together, PCV2 binds to T-lymphoblasts partially via CS, enters via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and disassembles under functions of a pH-drop and serine proteases. Strain Stoon1010 displayed an enhanced viral binding, a specific receptor-mediated endocytosis, an increased Cap-nucleic acid affinity, and a more productive infection in T-lymphoblasts than 1121 did, indicating an evolution from 1121 to Stoon1010.
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Li G, He W, Zhu H, Bi Y, Wang R, Xing G, Zhang C, Zhou J, Yuen K, Gao GF, Su S. Origin, Genetic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800275. [PMID: 30250786 PMCID: PMC6145280 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a novel virus associated with acute PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome)-like clinical signs identified by metagenomic sequencing from swine. Its high occurrence may pose a potential threat to the swine industry worldwide. The processes resulting in the emergence and spread of PCV3 remain poorly understood. Herein, the possible origin, genotypes, and evolutionary dynamics of PCV3 based on available genomic sequences are determined. The closest ancestor of PCV3 is found to be within the clade 1 bat CVs. Using different phylogenetic methods, two major genotypes are identified, PCV3a and PCV3b. It is found that the effective population size of PCV3 increased rapidly during late 2013 to early 2014 and this is associated with the diversification of PCV3a and PCV3b. A relatively high effective reproductive number (Re) value and higher evolutionary rate were found compared to other single-stranded DNA viruses, and positive selection on codons 122 and 320 (24 of ORF2) is identified. It is hypothesized that this, together with the prediction of a potential change of an antigenic epitope at position 320, might have allowed PCV3 to escape from the host immune response. Overall, this study has important implications for understanding the ongoing PCV3 cases worldwide and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gairu Li
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Wanting He
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Henan Zhu
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research464 Bearsden RoadGlasgowG61 1QHUK
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Gang Xing
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of AgricultureZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RdHangzhou310058China
| | - Kwok‐Yung Yuen
- Department of MicrobiologyQueen Mary HospitalHong Kong999077China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)Beijing102206China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
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Wang X, Li W, Xu X, Wang W, He K, Fan H. Phylogenetic analysis of two goat-origin PCV2 isolates in China. Gene 2018; 651:57-61. [PMID: 29408624 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Complete genome characterization of non-porcine origin Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was first described in 2014 in China. In the present study, we first identified PCV2 nucleotides in goat samples and the prevalence of PCV2 in goat was 6.15%. However, only two new strains, Goat2014-4 and Goat2014-5, could be completely sequenced. The genome of the strain Goat2014-4, which collected from the goat infected with PPRV, contains 1766 nt; strain Goat2014-5, which originated from a healthy goat, is comprised of 1767 nt. The results showed that they shared the highest nucleotide identity with BDH and the lowest similarity with DK1980PMWSfree strain and they belonged only to genotype PCV2d. Meanwhile, they shared higher homology with porcine-origin PCV2 strains than others. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the capsid amino acid sequences revealed that there were distinct differences for goat2014-4 (708 bp) and goat2014-5 (705 bp); strain Goat2014-4 showed an elongation of two amino acids, and strains Goat2014-5 showed an elongation of one amino acid compared with other reference strains. This is the first report of the genetic analysis of goat-origin PCV2 isolates. It also provides an additional supported evidence for cross-species transmission of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xianglan Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Herbst W, Willems H. Detection of virus particles resembling circovirus and porcine circovirus 2a (PCV2a) sequences in feces of dogs. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:51-53. [PMID: 28135670 PMCID: PMC7111833 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During routine electron microscopy of fecal samples from diarrheic dogs dated from 2000 virus particles resembling circovirus in shape and size were detected in two samples (V2177/00; V3374/00). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) amplified DNA recovered from both samples. Sequencing of PCR amplificates (V2177/00) obtained with PCV2-specific primer pairs revealed a genome size of 1768 bp. The nucleotide sequence was highly similar (98% nucleotide identity) to the PCV2a reference sequence. Electron microscopy has revealed circoviruses in two fecal samples of diarrheic dogs. PCV2-specific PCR amplified DNA extracted from the samples. By sequencing one sample a genome size of 1768 bp and a nucleotide sequence identity of 98% to PCV2a were achieved. This is the first time that PCV2 has been reported in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Herbst
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Frankfurter Straße 89, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Hermann Willems
- Clinic of Ruminants and Swine, Justus Liebig University, Frankfurter Straße 112, 35392 Gießen, Germany
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Wang GS, Sun N, Tian FL, Wen YJ, Xu C, Li J, Chen Q, Wang JB. Genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 from dead minks. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2316-2322. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-sheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, PR China
| | - Na Sun
- Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Fu-lin Tian
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yong-jun Wen
- Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Cong Xu
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- JL Te-yan Biological Technology Limited Liability Company, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jin-bao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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11
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Zhai SL, Chen SN, Liu W, Li XP, Deng SF, Wen XH, Luo ML, Lv DH, Wei WK, Chen RA. Molecular detection and genome characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 in rats captured on commercial swine farms. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3237-44. [PMID: 27530112 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is considered the major etiological pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs) in pigs. Recently, PCV2 was also found in non-porcine animals such as cattle, rats, and mice. However, there was no record of PCV2 in rats in China. The goal of this study was to investigate whether PCV2 was present in rats (Rattus norvegicus, RN) on three swine farms, using molecular tools. PCR results showed that 30 of 95 (31.6 %) rat samples were positive for PCV2. Moreover, further genotype analysis suggested that 10 of 30 (33.3 %) were positive for PCV2a, 19 of 30 (63.3 %) were positive for PCV2b, and only one sample (1/30, 3.33 %) was co-infected by PCV2a and PCV2b. To determine the possible origin of PCV2, 60 serum samples were also collected from weaned pigs on those swine farms, and 23 out of 60 samples were positive for PCV2. In addition, two distinct RN-origin and two distinct porcine-origin PCV2 full-length nucleotide sequences were obtained from the farms. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicated that they had the highest nucleotide similarity and closest genetic relationships to each other. In this study, we report the infection and genome characterization of PCV2 in rats and compare RN-origin and porcine-origin PCV2 sequences obtained from the same pig farm, revealing possible cross-species transmission of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lun Zhai
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Chen
- Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Su-Fang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wen
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Man-Lin Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dian-Hong Lv
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China. .,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Wen-Kang Wei
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China. .,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Rui-Ai Chen
- Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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12
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Zhai SL, He DS, Qi WB, Chen SN, Deng SF, Hu J, Li XP, Li L, Chen RA, Luo ML, Wei WK. Complete genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of three distinct buffalo-origin PCV2 isolates from China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:278-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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First molecular detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in bovids in China. Virus Genes 2014; 49:507-11. [PMID: 25248785 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
For the worldwide pig industries, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important pathogen. At present, the prevalence of PCV2 is common in Chinese swine herds. However, there is little information on PCV2 prevalence in non-porcine animals in China, such as bovids. Therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain the firsthand prevalence data of PCV2 in bovids in China. Two hundred and eighty serum and muscle samples from dairy cows (n = 180), buffalo (n = 50), and yellow cattle (n = 50) were analyzed by PCR. The detection results show that PCV2 infections (16 %, 8/50) only exist in buffaloes. In addition, there are different PCV2 viral DNAs identified by differential PCR in the same buffalo sample. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis results based on partial ORF1 and ORF2 sequences suggest that PCV2 strains have genetic diversity in buffaloes and they are divided into three different genotypes (PCV2b, PCV2d, and PCV2e, respectively). Moreover, to our knowledge, the PCV2d and PCV2e genotypes have not been previously reported in bovids. Through this study, the firsthand data of PCV2 prevalence in bovids in China was documented.
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14
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Halami MY, Freick M, Shehata AA, Müller H, Vahlenkamp TW. Susceptibility of calves to porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2). Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:125-31. [PMID: 25085519 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circoviruses are known to infect pigs and birds and cause severe diseases with various clinical signs. Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2), associated with severe economic losses, was detected in rodents, mosquitoes, cattle, and in calves affected with bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP). However, molecular and serological investigations on circovirus infections in cattle revealed inconsistent results. The aim of the study was to investigate the susceptibility and immune response of calves to experimental PCV2 inoculation. Animals were either intravenously inoculated with tissue-culture grown PCV2, with bone marrow from PCV2 positive and negative calves or immunized with a commercial inactivated PCV2 vaccine. The results showed that the animals inoculated with tissue-culture grown PCV2 and with PCV2 positive bone marrow displayed clinical signs including lymph node swelling, reddening of oral and ocular mucosa, and diarrhoea 7-18 days post inoculation (p.i.). PCV2-specific antibodies were detected in the tissue-culture grown PCV2-infected animals and in the PCV2-immunized animals from day 11 and 7 p.i. onwards, respectively, but were absent in both bone marrow inoculated groups. PCV2 was detected by real-time quantitative PCR only in blood samples of the tissue-culture grown PCV2-infected animals and in various tissues (e.g. spleen, lymph nodes, thymus), with high copy numbers in blood between day 4 (5.16log10 genomic copy number/ml) and 46 (5.33log10 genomic copy number/ml) p.i. In conclusion, the seroconversion and the detection of PCV2 in lymphoid tissues for more than five weeks p.i. revealed that host susceptibility of PCV2 is not solely restricted to pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y Halami
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Markus Freick
- Tierarztpraxis Zettlitz, Straße der Jugend 68, 09306 Zettlitz OT Methau, Germany
| | - Awad A Shehata
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann Müller
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas W Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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