Genome Sequence of the Alcelaphine Gammaherpesvirus 1 Attenuated Laboratory Strain WC11

Wildebeest-Derived Malignant Catarrhal Fever: A Bovine Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma Caused by Cross-Species Transmission of Alcelaphine Gammaherpesvirus 1

Gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) include viruses that can induce lymphoproliferative diseases and tumors. These viruses can persist in the long term in the absence of any pathological manifestation in their natural host. Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) belongs to the genus Macavirus and asymptomatically infects its natural host, the wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.). However, when transmitted to several susceptible species belonging to the order Artiodactyla, AlHV-1 is responsible for the induction of a lethal lymphoproliferative disease, named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF). Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the induction of WD-MCF is important to better control the risks of transmission and disease development in susceptible species. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current knowledge on WD-MCF with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which AlHV-1 induces the disease. We discuss the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis from viral entry into the host to the maintenance of viral genomes in infected CD8⁺ T lymphocytes, and we present current hypotheses to explain how AlHV-1 infection induces a peripheral T cell lymphoma-like disease.

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 genes A7 and A8 regulate viral spread and are essential for malignant catarrhal fever

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus that is carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. Upon cross-species transmission to other ruminants, including domestic cattle, AlHV-1 induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), which is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease resulting from proliferation and uncontrolled activation of latently infected CD8⁺ T cells. Two laboratory strains of AlHV-1 are used commonly in research: C500, which is pathogenic, and WC11, which has been attenuated by long-term maintenance in cell culture. The published genome sequence of a WC11 seed stock from a German laboratory revealed the deletion of two major regions. The sequence of a WC11 seed stock used in our laboratory also bears these deletions and, in addition, the duplication of an internal sequence in the terminal region. The larger of the two deletions has resulted in the absence of gene A7 and a large portion of gene A8. These genes are positional orthologs of the Epstein-Barr virus genes encoding envelope glycoproteins gp42 and gp350, respectively, which are involved in viral propagation and switching of cell tropism. To investigate the degree to which the absence of A7 and A8 participates in WC11 attenuation, recombinant viruses lacking these individual functions were generated in C500. Using bovine nasal turbinate and embryonic lung cell lines, increased cell-free viral propagation and impaired syncytia formation were observed in the absence of A7, whereas cell-free viral spread was inhibited in the absence of A8. Therefore, A7 appears to be involved in cell-to-cell viral spread, and A8 in viral cell-free propagation. Finally, infection of rabbits with either mutant did not induce the signs of MCF or the expansion of infected CD8⁺ T cells. These results demonstrate that A7 and A8 are both essential for regulating viral spread and suggest that AlHV-1 requires both genes to efficiently spread in vivo and reach CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and induce MCF.

Gammaherpesvirus entry into immune cells can result in latent infection which is associated with viral persistence and severe lymphoproliferative diseases. Gammaherpesviruses enter target cells during primary infection via a complex machinery of envelope glycoproteins. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus carried by wildebeests without causing any clinical sign but induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) upon transmission to several species of ruminants including cattle. MCF is a deadly lymphoproliferative disease developing after a prolonged incubation period. In the present study, we demonstrated that the genes A7 and A8 of AlHV-1 encode envelope glycoproteins that are orthologs of Epstein-Barr virus gp42 and gp350, which regulate cell tropism switch. Impairment of A7 or A8 expression in a pathogenic strain of AlHV-1 strongly altered viral propagation in vitro. We further showed using bovine respiratory cell lines in vitro that AlHV-1 uses A7 to mediate cell-to-cell spread whereas A8 is necessary for cell-free viral propagation. Then, infection of rabbits as an experimental model to induce MCF with recombinant viral strains demonstrated that both A7 and A8 are essential for the induction of MCF. Thus, this study highlights an essential role for gp42 and gp350 orthologs in the pathogenesis of a gammaherpesvirus-induced lymphoproliferative disease.