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Husnik F, Tashyreva D, Boscaro V, George EE, Lukeš J, Keeling PJ. Bacterial and archaeal symbioses with protists. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R862-R877. [PMID: 34256922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of the genetic, cellular, and biochemical diversity of life rests within single-celled organisms - the prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and microbial eukaryotes (protists). Very close interactions, or symbioses, between protists and prokaryotes are ubiquitous, ecologically significant, and date back at least two billion years ago to the origin of mitochondria. However, most of our knowledge about the evolution and functions of eukaryotic symbioses comes from the study of animal hosts, which represent only a small subset of eukaryotic diversity. Here, we take a broad view of bacterial and archaeal symbioses with protist hosts, focusing on their evolution, ecology, and cell biology, and also explore what functions (if any) the symbionts provide to their hosts. With the immense diversity of protist symbioses starting to come into focus, we can now begin to see how these systems will impact symbiosis theory more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Husnik
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Daria Tashyreva
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vittorio Boscaro
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Emma E George
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Graells T, Ishak H, Larsson M, Guy L. The all-intracellular order Legionellales is unexpectedly diverse, globally distributed and lowly abundant. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5110392. [PMID: 30973601 PMCID: PMC6167759 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionellales is an order of the Gammaproteobacteria, only composed of host-adapted, intracellular bacteria, including the accidental human pathogens Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii. Although the diversity in terms of lifestyle is large across the order, only a few genera have been sequenced, owing to the difficulty to grow intracellular bacteria in pure culture. In particular, we know little about their global distribution and abundance. Here, we analyze 16/18S rDNA amplicons both from tens of thousands of published studies and from two separate sampling campaigns in and around ponds and in a silver mine. We demonstrate that the diversity of the order is much larger than previously thought, with over 450 uncultured genera. We show that Legionellales are found in about half of the samples from freshwater, soil and marine environments and quasi-ubiquitous in man-made environments. Their abundance is low, typically 0.1%, with few samples up to 1%. Most Legionellales OTUs are globally distributed, while many do not belong to a previously identified species. This study sheds a new light on the ubiquity and diversity of one major group of host-adapted bacteria. It also emphasizes the need to use metagenomics to better understand the role of host-adapted bacteria in all environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiscar Graells
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.,Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C, Carrer de la Vall Moronta, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Helena Ishak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lionel Guy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chamberlain NB, Mehari YT, Hayes BJ, Roden CM, Kidane DT, Swehla AJ, Lorenzana-DeWitt MA, Farone AL, Gunderson JH, Berk SG, Farone MB. Infection and nuclear interaction in mammalian cells by 'Candidatus Berkiella cookevillensis', a novel bacterium isolated from amoebae. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:91. [PMID: 31072343 PMCID: PMC6507137 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Candidatus Berkiella cookevillensis' and 'Ca. Berkiella aquae' have previously been described as intranuclear bacteria of amoebae. Both bacteria were isolated from amoebae and were described as appearing within the nuclei of Acanthamoeba polyphaga and ultimately lysing their host cells within 4 days. Both bacteria are Gammaproteobacteria in the order Legionellales with the greatest similarity to Coxiella burnetii. Neither bacterium grows axenically in artificial culture media. In this study, we further characterized 'Ca. B. cookevillensis' by demonstrating association with nuclei of human phagocytic and nonphagocytic cell lines. RESULTS Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal microscopy were used to confirm nuclear co-localization of 'Ca. B. cookevillensis' in the amoeba host A. polyphaga with 100% of cells having bacteria co-localized with host nuclei by 48 h. TEM and confocal microscopy demonstrated that the bacterium was also observed to be closely associated with nuclei of human U937 and THP-1 differentiated macrophage cell lines and nonphagocytic HeLa human epithelial-like cells. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that the bacteria-containing vacuole invaginates the nuclear membranes and appears to cross from the cytoplasm into the nucleus as an intact vacuole. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicate that a novel coccoid bacterium isolated from amoebae can infect human cell lines by associating with the host cell nuclei, either by crossing the nuclear membranes or by deeply invaginating the nuclear membranes. When associated with the nuclei, the bacteria appear to be bound within a vacuole and replicate to high numbers by 48 h. We believe this is the first report of such a process involving bacteria and human cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Chamberlain
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA.,Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
| | - Yohannes T Mehari
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA.,Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
| | - B Jason Hayes
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
| | - Colleen M Roden
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
| | - Destaalem T Kidane
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA.,Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
| | - Andrew J Swehla
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
| | - Mario A Lorenzana-DeWitt
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
| | - Anthony L Farone
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA.,Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
| | - John H Gunderson
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, 1 William L Jones Dr, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA
| | - Sharon G Berk
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA
| | - Mary B Farone
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA. .,Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN, 37130, USA.
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