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Xaplanteri P, Rodis N, Potsios C. Virulence Factors of Chlamydia Spp. Involving Human Infections. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.109742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia spp. are the culprit of many human infections with severe complications, especially involving human eye, reproductive system, and lungs. The scope of the project is to delineate the virulence factors of the bacterium that facilitate invasion in human tissues, their mechanism of action, the ability to hide from immune system and the complications of infection. Chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular pathogens that in their evolution, they use multiple mechanisms to enter host cell, to form the inclusion body, and to promote intracellular replication and survival. The T3SS effectors, the inclusion membrane proteins (Incs), are not only structural components of the membrane but also interfere with the host cell pathways. They also have an atypical mechanism of cell division. Description of the mechanisms of pathogenicity may lead to the development of new ways to face this major pathogen.
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Gracey E, Baglaenko Y, Prayitno N, Van Rooijen N, Akram A, Lin A, Chiu B, Inman RD. Pulmonary Chlamydia muridarum challenge activates lung interstitial macrophages which correlate with IFN-γ production and infection control in mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3417-30. [PMID: 26344246 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity to the pathogen Chlamydia is dependent on a robust IFN-γ response generated by innate and adaptive lymphocytes. Here we assess the role of the macrophage in orchestrating a protective response in vivo to the murine pathogen, Chlamydia muridarum. During acute pulmonary and peritoneal infection, resident macrophages in both sites are infected with C. muridarum and adopt an inflammatory phenotype. In the lung, this activation is restricted to interstitial macrophages, which harbor higher levels of C. muridarum 16sRNA than alveolar macrophages. We examined innate and adaptive lymphocyte activation in the peritoneal cavity with macrophage depletion and with adoptive transfer of infected macrophages. These experiments demonstrate macrophage activation correlates with a protective IFN-γ response and effective control of C. muridarum. These studies suggest that a quantitative or qualitative alteration in macrophages may play a key role in the development of Chlamydia-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gracey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada.,Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yuriy Baglaenko
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada.,Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Vrije Universiteit, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Akram
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aifeng Lin
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Basil Chiu
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert D Inman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada.,Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Wood DO, Wood RR, Tucker AM. Genetic systems for studying obligate intracellular pathogens: an update. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 17:11-6. [PMID: 24581687 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advancements in the genetic manipulation of obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens have been made over the past two years. In this paper we attempt to summarize the work published since 2011 that documents these exciting accomplishments. Although each genus comprising this diverse group of pathogens poses unique problems, requiring modifications of established techniques and the introduction of new tools, all appear amenable to genetic analysis. Significantly, the field is moving forward from a focus on the identification and development of genetic techniques to their application in addressing crucial questions related to mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity and the requirements of obligate intracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Wood
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 501 Aubrey Green Drive, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States.
| | - Raphael R Wood
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 501 Aubrey Green Drive, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States
| | - Aimee M Tucker
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 501 Aubrey Green Drive, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States
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