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Montalbetti N, Dalghi MG, Bastacky SI, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Apodaca G, Carattino MD. Bladder infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli increases the excitability of afferent neurons. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F1-F13. [PMID: 34779263 PMCID: PMC8698541 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00167.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) cause bladder hyperactivity and pelvic pain, but the underlying causes of these symptoms remain unknown. We investigated whether afferent sensitization contributes to the bladder overactivity and pain observed in mice suffering from experimentally induced bacterial cystitis. Inoculation of mouse bladders with the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain UTI89 caused pelvic allodynia, increased voiding frequency, and prompted an acute inflammatory process marked by leukocytic infiltration and edema of the mucosa. Compared with controls, isolated bladder sensory neurons from UTI-treated mice exhibited a depolarized resting membrane potential, lower action potential threshold and rheobase, and increased firing in response to suprathreshold stimulation. To determine whether bacterial virulence factors can contribute to the sensitization of bladder afferents, neurons isolated from naïve mice were incubated with supernatants collected from bacterial cultures with or depleted of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Supernatants containing LPS prompted the sensitization of bladder sensory neurons with both tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant and TTX-sensitive action potentials. However, bladder sensory neurons with TTX-sensitive action potentials were not affected by bacterial supernatants depleted of LPS. Unexpectedly, ultrapure LPS increased the excitability only of bladder sensory neurons with TTX-resistant action potentials, but the supplementation of supernatants depleted of LPS with ultrapure LPS resulted in the sensitization of both population of bladder sensory neurons. In summary, the results of our study indicate that multiple virulence factors released from UTI89 act on bladder sensory neurons to prompt their sensitization. These sensitized bladder sensory neurons mediate, at least in part, the bladder hyperactivity and pelvic pain seen in mice inoculated with UTI89.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Urinary tract infection (UTI) produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) promotes sensitization of bladder afferent sensory neurons with tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive action potentials. Lipopolysaccharide and other virulence factors produced by UPEC contribute to the sensitization of bladder afferents in UTI. In conclusion, sensitized afferents contribute to the voiding symptoms and pelvic pain present in mice bladder inoculated with UPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marianela G Dalghi
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Zheng Z, Zhang J, Zhang C, Li W, Ma K, Huang H, Li K, Yao Y. The study on the function and cell source of interleukin-6 in interstitial cystitis/bladder painful syndrome rat model. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1520-1528. [PMID: 34407316 PMCID: PMC8589393 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective The elevated expression of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder painful syndrome (IC/BPS) has been demonstrated, but the role of IL‐6 in IC/BPS and its source remain to be explored. Methods IC/BPS rat model was created in female rats by using long‐term intermittent intravesical hyaluronidase (0.5 ml, 4 mg/ml). After modeling, IL‐6 stimulation group, and anti‐IL‐6R group were treated with recombinant rat IL‐6 and tocilizumab, respectively. Symptomatic changes were detected by Vonfrey pain score and urodynamics, and hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining, mast cell staining and Masson staining were used to evaluate the changes of inflammation in the bladder tissue of rats. Cell sources of IL‐6 was explored through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and western‐blot test on the supernatant of coculturing rat bladder epithelial cells and rat macrophages. Results The Vonfrey pain scores of the model group and IL‐6 stimulation group were significantly higher than those of the control group, while the anti‐IL‐6R group were significantly lower (p < .05). Compared with the blank control group, urodynamic results showed that the urination interval of the model group and IL‐6 stimulation group was significantly shortened, and the maximum bladder capacity was significantly reduced (p < .05), and anti‐IL‐6R treatment significantly alleviated the inflammatory response of bladder tissue. The results of HE, Mast cell staining, and Masson staining showed that the inflammatory response of bladder tissue after anti‐IL‐6R treatment was significantly reduced. Through cells coculture, the relative expression of IL‐6 from model group was found significantly higher than blank control group by RT‐PCR, ELISA, and western blot test (p < .05). Conclusions IL‐6 played an essential role in the development of IC/BPS rat model as a proinflammation cytokine. Further evidence from coculture proved that macrophages are the cell resource of IL‐6 in IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiapeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangdong, China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenshuang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaiqun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangdong, China
| | - Kuiqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangdong, China
| | - Yousheng Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangdong, China
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3
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Calmasini FB, Alexandre EC, Oliveira MG, Silva FH, Soares AG, Costa SKP, Antunes E. Lipopolysaccharide reduces urethral smooth muscle contractility via cyclooxygenase activation. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:557-564. [PMID: 34018097 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of gram-negative bacteria wall that elicits inflammatory response in the host through the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation. In the lower urinary tract (LUT), bacteria-derived LPS has been associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS); however, little is known about the effects of LPS in the urethral smooth muscle (USM). In the present study, we evaluated the functional and molecular effects of LPS in mouse USM in vitro, focusing on the LPS-induced TLR4-signaling pathway. Male C57BL6/JUnib and TLR4 knockout mice (TLR4 KO) were used. The USM contraction was performed in the presence of LPS (62.5-500 μg/mL), indomethacin (10 μM), L-NAME (100 μM), and TAK 242 (1 μM). The RT-PCR assay for the IL-1β, NF-kB, and COX-2 genes was also evaluated in the presence of LPS (125 μg/mL) and caspase 1 inhibitor (20 μM). Our results showed that LPS reduces mouse USM contraction elicited by phenylephrine and vasopressin. This LPS-induced urethral inhibitory effect was not reversed by the TLR4 inhibition or its absence in the TLR4 KO mice. Conversely, indomethacin (but not L-NAME) reversed the LPS-induced USM hypocontractility. Molecular protocols indicated upregulation of IL-1β, NF-kβ, and COX-2 mRNA upon LPS incubation, which were blunted by caspase 1 inhibition. Our data showed that LPS reduced mouse USM contraction independently of TLR4 activation, involving caspase 1 and IL1β, NF-kB, and COX-2 gene overexpression. Therefore, this alternative pathway might be a valuable target to reduce the LPS-induced urethral dysfunction under infection and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano B Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo C Alexandre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Fábio H Silva
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - António G Soares
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soraia K P Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
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Altunkaynak-Camca HO, Yazihan N. The pretreatment of rats with nebivolol ameliorates bladder contractile dysfunction caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2020; 13:183-188. [PMID: 32790030 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of nebivolol in the bladder isolated from rats exposed to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, IR, and nebivolol+IR groups. In the nebivolol+IR group, nebivolol was administered (0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneous) in rats prior to IR insult. At the end of the experimental protocol, the urinary bladder was rapidly isolated and bladder strips were mounted in an organ bath. After the equilibration period, potassium chloride (KCl, 20-100 mM) or carbachol (0.01-10 μM) was cumulatively added to the organ bath to generate cumulative concentration-response curves (CCRCs). Oxidative stress and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were also evaluated in the bladder tissue. RESULTS The CCRCs of KCl and carbachol were significantly reduced in the IR group compared to those of the control, and this inhibition was reversed by the pretreatment of rats with nebivolol (P < .05). The IR group's total antioxidant status was significantly lower with a concomitant increase in IL-6 levels than that of the control and nebivolol+IR groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that pretreatment of rats with nebivolol (0.4 mg/kg) could improve bladder contractile dysfunction caused by IR injury through suppression of increased oxidative stress and IL-6 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande O Altunkaynak-Camca
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuray Yazihan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Modulation of lower urinary tract smooth muscle contraction and relaxation by the urothelium. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 391:675-694. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sub-noxious Intravesical Lipopolysaccharide Triggers Bladder Inflammation and Symptom Onset in A Transgenic Autoimmune Cystitis Model: A MAPP Network Animal Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6573. [PMID: 29700406 PMCID: PMC5919907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) can potentially develop symptom flares after exposure to minor bladder irritants such as subclinical bacterial infection. To reproduce this symptom onset, we intravesically instilled a sub-noxious dose of uropathogenic E. coli component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in young URO-OVA/OT-I mice, a transgenic autoimmune cystitis model that spontaneously develops bladder inflammation at ≥10 weeks of age. Female URO-OVA/OT-I mice (6-weeks old) were treated intravesically with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS containing a sub-noxious dose (1 μg) of LPS. Mice were evaluated for bladder inflammation, pelvic pain, and voiding dysfunction at days 1, 7, and 14 post-treatment. Mice treated with LPS but not PBS developed early bladder inflammation with increased macrophage infiltration. Accordingly, the inflamed bladders expressed increased levels of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and pain mediator (substance P precursor). In addition, LPS-treated mice exhibited pelvic pain and voiding dysfunction such as increased urinary frequency and reduced bladder capacity. These functional changes sustained up to day 14 tested. Our results indicate that a single sub-noxious dose of intravesical LPS triggers early bladder inflammation and symptom onset in URO-OVA/OT-I mice, providing a useful model for IC/BPS symptom flare study.
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He YQ, Zhang WT, Shi CH, Wang FM, Tian XJ, Ma LL. Phloroglucinol protects the urinary bladder via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:956-62. [PMID: 25836618 PMCID: PMC4834014 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.154316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Phloroglucinol plays an important role in oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The effects of phloroglucinol have been proven in various disease models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy and possible mechanisms of phloroglucinol in the treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC). Methods: Thirty-two female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study. IC was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CYP). Rats were randomly allocated to one of four groups (n = 8 per group): A control group, which was injected with saline (75 mg/kg; i.p.) instead of CYP on days 1, 4, and 7; a chronic IC group, which was injected with CYP (75 mg/kg; i.p.) on days 1, 4, and 7; a high-dose (30 mg/kg) phloroglucinol-treated group; and a low-dose (15 mg/kg) phloroglucinol-treated group. On day 8, the rats in each group underwent cystometrography (CMG), and the bladders were examined for evidence of oxidative stress and inflammation. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least square difference multiple comparison post-hoc test. Results: Histological evaluation showed that bladder inflammation in CYP-treated rats was suppressed by phloroglucinol. CMG revealed that the CYP treatment induced overactive bladder in rats that was reversed by phloroglucinol. Up-regulated tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression in the CYP-treated rats were also suppressed in the phloroglucinol treated rats. CYP treatment significantly increased myeloperoxidase activity as well as the decreased activities of catalase of the bladder, which was reversed by treatment with phloroglucinol. Conclusions: The application of phloroglucinol suppressed oxidative stress, inflammation, and overactivity in the bladder. This may provide a new treatment strategy for IC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lu-Lin Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Mechanisms by which interleukin-6 attenuates cell invasion and tumorigenesis in human bladder carcinoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:791212. [PMID: 23762858 PMCID: PMC3671296 DOI: 10.1155/2013/791212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6, a multifunctional cytokine, contributes to tumor cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the biological mechanisms that are affected by the expression of interleukin-6 in bladder cancer cells remain unclear. We evaluated the effects of interleukin-6 expression in human bladder carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. The results of interleukin-6-knockdown experiments in T24 cells and interleukin-6-overexpression experiments in HT1376 cells revealed that interleukin-6 reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Xenograft animal studies indicated that the overexpression of interleukin-6 downregulated tumorigenesis of bladder cells and that interleukin-6 knockdown reversed this effect. The results of RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and reporter assays indicated that the overexpression of interleukin-6 upregulated the expression of the mammary serine protease inhibitor (MASPIN), N-myc downstream gene 1 (NDRG1), and KAI1 proteins in HT1376 cells and that interleukin-6 knockdown reduced the expression of these proteins in T24 cells. In addition, results of immunoblotting assays revealed that interleukin-6 modulated epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by upregulating the expression of the E-cadherin, while downregulation N-cadherin and vimentin proteins. Our results suggest that the effects of interleukin-6 on the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and the expressions of the MASPIN, NDRG1, and KAI1 genes attribute to the modulation of tumorigenesis in human bladder carcinoma cells.
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Lv YS, Yao YS, Lin ME, Rong L, Deng BH, Huang J, Hao WP. Interleukin-6 levels in female rats with protamine sulfate-induced chronic cystitis treated with hyaluronic acid. Int J Urol 2013; 20:1017-22. [PMID: 23379983 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - You-Sheng Yao
- Department of Urology; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
| | | | - Lu Rong
- Department of Urology; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Bi-Hua Deng
- Department of Urology; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
| | - Wei-Ping Hao
- Department of Urology; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou; China
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Lee WC, Chiang PH, Tain YL, Wu CC, Chuang YC. Sensory dysfunction of bladder mucosa and bladder oversensitivity in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45578. [PMID: 23029112 PMCID: PMC3446912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the role of sensory dysfunction of bladder mucosa in bladder oversensitivity of rats with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods Female Wistar rats were fed a fructose-rich diet (60%) or a normal diet for 3 months. Based on cystometry, the fructose-fed rats (FFRs) were divided into a group with normal detrusor function or detrusor overactivity (DO). Acidic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) solution (5mM, pH 3.3) was used to elicit reflex micturition. Cystometric parameters were evaluated before and after drug administration. Functional proteins of the bladder mucosa were assessed by western blotting. Results Compared to the controls, intravesical acidic ATP solution instillation induced a significant increase in provoked phasic contractions in both FFR groups and a significant decrease in the mean functional bladder capacity of group DO. Pretreatment with capsaicin for C-fiber desentization, intravesical liposome for mucosal protection, or intravenous pyridoxal 5-phosphate 6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulfonic acid for antagonized purinergic receptors can interfere with the urodynamic effects of intravesical ATP in FFRs and controls. Over-expression of TRPV1, P2X3, and iNOS proteins, and down-regulation of eNOS proteins were observed in the bladder mucosa of both fructose-fed groups. Conclusions Alterations of sensory receptors and enzymes in the bladder mucosa, including over-expression of TRPV1, P2X3, and iNOS proteins, can precipitate the emergence of bladder phasic contractions and oversensitivity through the activation of C-afferents during acidic ATP solution stimulation in FFRs. The down-regulation of eNOS protein in the bladder mucosa of FFRs may lead to a failure to suppress bladder oversensitivity and phasic contractions. Sensory dysfunction of bladder mucosa and DO causing by metabolic syndrome are easier to elicit bladder oversensitivity to certain urothelium stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chia Lee
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Chiang
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of International Business, College of Commerce and Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chi Chuang
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Wang CC, Weng TI, Wu ET, Wu MH, Yang RS, Liu SH. Involvement of interleukin-6-regulated nitric oxide synthase in hemorrhagic cystitis and impaired bladder contractions in young rats induced by acrolein, a urinary metabolite of cyclophosphamide. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:302-10. [PMID: 22961095 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic cystitis is a common complication in children receiving cyclophosphamide, a chemotherapeutic alkylating agent. Acrolein is a urinary metabolite from cyclophosphamide and can induce hemorrhagic cystitis. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of acrolein by intravesical instillation on urinary bladder muscle contractions and pathological alterations in rats. Acrolein instillation significantly increased the muscle contractions of rat bladder detrusor after 1 and 6 h but markedly decreased detrusor contractions after 24 h. Acrolein increased phosphorylated protein kinase C (pan-PKC) expressions in bladders after 1 and 6 h but inhibited it after 24 h. Inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) protein expressions were markedly induced in bladders 24 h after acrolein treatment. Twenty-four-hour acrolein instillation increased the levels of nitrite/nitrate and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the urinary bladder. The iNOS inhibitors significantly inhibited the acrolein-increased nitrite/nitrate levels, but not IL-6 levels. IL-6-neutralizing antibodies effectively inhibited the acrolein-increased NOx levels. The increased detrusor contractions by 1-h acrolein treatment were significantly reversed by the PKC inhibitor RO32-0432, and the decreased detrusor contractions by 24-h acrolein treatment were significantly reversed by the iNOS inhibitor and IL-6-neutralizing antibody. Both the iNOS inhibitor and IL-6-neutralizing antibody effectively reversed the increased iNOS expression, decreased PKC phosphorylation, increased bladder weight, and hemorrhagic cystitis in rats 24 h after acrolein treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that an IL-6-regulated iNOS/NO signaling pathway participates in the acrolein-triggered detrusor contraction inhibition and hemorrhagic cystitis. These findings may help us to find a new strategy to treat cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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Li K, Yao J, Shi L, Sawada N, Chi Y, Yan Q, Matsue H, Kitamura M, Takeda M. Reciprocal regulation between proinflammatory cytokine-induced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and connexin43 in bladder smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41552-41562. [PMID: 21965676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) play an important role in the control of bladder contractile response and in the regulation of various immune inflammatory processes. Here, we investigated the possible interaction between inflammation and GJs in bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMCs). Stimulation of BSMCs with IL1β and TNFα increased connexin43 (Cx43) expression and function, which was associated with increased phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. Inhibition of PKA with H89 or down-regulation of CREB with specific siRNAs largely abolished the Cx43-elevating effect. Further analysis revealed that IL1β/TNFα induced NFκB-dependent inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression. Inhibition of iNOS with G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester abrogated and an exogenous NO donor mimicked the effect of the cytokines on Cx43. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS into mice also induced bladder Cx43 expression, which was largely blocked by an iNOS inhibitor. Finally, the elevated Cx43 was found to negatively regulate iNOS expression. Dysfunction of GJs with various blockers or down-regulation of Cx43 with siRNA significantly potentiated the expression of iNOS. Fibroblasts from Cx43 knock-out (Cx43(-/-)) mice also displayed a significantly higher response to the cytokine-induced iNOS expression than cells from Cx43 wild-type (Cx43(+/+)) littermates. Collectively, our study revealed a previously unrecognized reciprocal regulation loop between cytokine-induced NO and GJs. Our findings may provide an important molecular mechanism for the symptoms of bladder infection. In addition, it may further our understanding of the roles of GJs in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Molecular Signaling, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan; Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan; Department of Oncology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Molecular Signaling, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Liye Shi
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Norifumi Sawada
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuan Chi
- Department of Molecular Signaling, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Qiaojing Yan
- Department of Molecular Signaling, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Signaling, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeda
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Mittal P, Romero R, Tarca AL, Draghici S, Nhan-Chang CL, Chaiworapongsa T, Hotra J, Gomez R, Kusanovic JP, Lee DC, Kim CJ, Hassan SS. A molecular signature of an arrest of descent in human parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:177.e15-33. [PMID: 21284969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to identify the molecular basis of an arrest of descent. STUDY DESIGN Human myometrium was obtained from women in term labor (TL; n = 29) and arrest of descent (AODes; n = 21). Gene expression was characterized using Illumina HumanHT-12 microarrays. A moderated Student t test and false discovery rate adjustment were applied for analysis. Confirmatory quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot were performed in an independent sample set. RESULTS Four hundred genes were differentially expressed between women with an AODes compared with those with TL. Gene Ontology analysis indicated enrichment of biological processes and molecular functions related to inflammation and muscle function. Impacted pathways included inflammation and the actin cytoskeleton. Overexpression of hypoxia inducible factor-1a, interleukin -6, and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 in AODes was confirmed. CONCLUSION We have identified a stereotypic pattern of gene expression in the myometrium of women with an arrest of descent. This represents the first study examining the molecular basis of an arrest of descent using a genome-wide approach.
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Wang Z, Humphrey C, Frilot N, Wang G, Nie Z, Moniri NH, Daaka Y. Dynamin2- and endothelial nitric oxide synthase-regulated invasion of bladder epithelial cells by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Cell Biol 2011; 192:101-10. [PMID: 21220511 PMCID: PMC3019553 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of bladder epithelial cells by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) contributes to antibiotic-resistant and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), but this process is incompletely understood. In this paper, we provide evidence that the large guanosine triphosphatase dynamin2 and its partner, endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS [eNOS]), mediate bacterial entry. Overexpression of dynamin2 or treatment with the NO donor S-nitrosothiols increases, whereas targeted reduction of endogenous dynamin2 or eNOS expression with ribonucleic acid interference impairs, bacterial invasion. Exposure of mouse bladder to small molecule NOS inhibitors abrogates infection of the uroepithelium by E. coli, and, concordantly, bacteria more efficiently invade uroepithelia isolated from wild-type compared with eNOS(-/-) mice. E. coli internalization promotes rapid phosphorylation of host cell eNOS and NO generation, and dynamin2 S-nitrosylation, a posttranslational modification required for the bacterial entry, also increases during E. coli invasion. These findings suggest that UPEC escape urinary flushing and immune cell surveillance by means of eNOS-dependent dynamin2 S-nitrosylation and invasion of host cells to cause recurrent UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
- Department of Urology and Prostate Disease Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Ceba Humphrey
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Nicole Frilot
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Zhongzhen Nie
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
- Department of Urology and Prostate Disease Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Nader H. Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Yehia Daaka
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
- Department of Urology and Prostate Disease Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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