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Nickerson R, Thornton CS, Johnston B, Lee AHY, Cheng Z. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic lung disease: untangling the dysregulated host immune response. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1405376. [PMID: 39015565 PMCID: PMC11250099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1405376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly adaptable opportunistic pathogen capable of exploiting barriers and immune defects to cause chronic lung infections in conditions such as cystic fibrosis. In these contexts, host immune responses are ineffective at clearing persistent bacterial infection, instead driving a cycle of inflammatory lung damage. This review outlines key components of the host immune response to chronic P. aeruginosa infection within the lung, beginning with initial pathogen recognition, followed by a robust yet maladaptive innate immune response, and an ineffective adaptive immune response that propagates lung damage while permitting bacterial persistence. Untangling the interplay between host immunity and chronic P. aeruginosa infection will allow for the development and refinement of strategies to modulate immune-associated lung damage and potentiate the immune system to combat chronic infection more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Nickerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christina S. Thornton
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Amy H. Y. Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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2
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Kanno M, Shiota T, Ueno S, Takahara M, Haneda K, Tahara YO, Shintani M, Nakao R, Miyata M, Kimbara K, Futamata H, Tashiro Y. Identification of genes involved in enhanced membrane vesicle formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: surface sensing facilitates vesiculation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1252155. [PMID: 38107868 PMCID: PMC10722149 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1252155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles (MVs) are small spherical structures (20-400 nm) produced by most bacteria and have important biological functions including toxin delivery, signal transfer, biofilm formation, and immunomodulation of the host. Although MV formation is enhanced in biofilms of a wide range of bacterial species, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. An opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, causes chronic infections that can be difficult to treat due to biofilm formation. Since MVs are abundant in biofilms, can transport virulence factors to the host, and have inflammation-inducing functions, the mechanisms of enhanced MV formation in biofilms needs to be elucidated to effectively treat infections. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of MVs in P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms, and identified factors that contribute to enhanced MV formation. Vesiculation was significantly enhanced in the static culture; MVs were connected to filamentous substances in the biofilm, and separation between the outer and inner membranes and curvature of the membrane were observed in biofilm cells. By screening a transposon mutant library (8,023 mutants) for alterations in MV formation in biofilms, 66 mutants were identified as low-vesiculation strains (2/3 decrease relative to wild type), whereas no mutant was obtained that produced more MVs (twofold increase). Some transposons were inserted into genes related to biofilm formation, including flagellar motility (flg, fli, and mot) and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis (psl). ΔpelAΔpslA, which does not synthesize the extracellular polysaccharides Pel and Psl, showed reduced MV production in biofilms but not in planktonic conditions, suggesting that enhanced vesiculation is closely related to the synthesis of biofilm matrices in P. aeruginosa. Additionally, we found that blebbing occurred during bacterial attachment. Our findings indicate that biofilm-related factors are closely involved in enhanced MV formation in biofilms and that surface sensing facilitates vesiculation. Furthermore, this work expands the understanding of the infection strategy in P. aeruginosa biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Kanno
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takuya Shiota
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - So Ueno
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Minato Takahara
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Haneda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei O. Tahara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Shintani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryoma Nakao
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kimbara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Futamata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tashiro
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
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3
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Moser C, Jensen PØ, Thomsen K, Kolpen M, Rybtke M, Lauland AS, Trøstrup H, Tolker-Nielsen T. Immune Responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625597. [PMID: 33692800 PMCID: PMC7937708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a key pathogen of chronic infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and in patients suffering from chronic wounds of diverse etiology. In these infections the bacteria congregate in biofilms and cannot be eradicated by standard antibiotic treatment or host immune responses. The persistent biofilms induce a hyper inflammatory state that results in collateral damage of the adjacent host tissue. The host fails to eradicate the biofilm infection, resulting in hindered remodeling and healing. In the present review we describe our current understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by P. aeruginosa biofilms in cystic fibrosis lung infections and chronic wounds. This includes the mechanisms that are involved in the activation of the immune responses, as well as the effector functions, the antimicrobial components and the associated tissue destruction. The mechanisms by which the biofilms evade immune responses, and potential treatment targets of the immune response are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Østrup Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Kolpen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rybtke
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Lauland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannah Trøstrup
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bharti S, Maurya RK, Venugopal U, Singh R, Akhtar MS, Krishnan MY. Rv1717 Is a Cell Wall - Associated β-Galactosidase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis That Is Involved in Biofilm Dispersion. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:611122. [PMID: 33584576 PMCID: PMC7873859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.611122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the function of conserved hypothetical protein (CHP)s expressed by a pathogen in the infected host can lead to better understanding of its pathogenesis. The present work describes the functional characterization of a CHP, Rv1717 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Rv1717 has been previously reported to be upregulated in TB patient lungs. Rv1717 belongs to the cupin superfamily of functionally diverse proteins, several of them being carbohydrate handling proteins. Bioinformatic analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed similarity to glycosyl hydrolases. Enzymatic studies with recombinant Rv1717 purified from Escherichia coli showed that the protein is a β-D-galactosidase specific for pyranose form rather than the furanose form. We expressed the protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), which lacks its ortholog. In MsmRv1717, the protein was found to localize to the cell wall (CW) with a preference to the poles. MsmRv1717 showed significant changes in colony morphology and cell surface properties. Most striking observation was its unusual Congo red colony morphotype, reduced ability to form biofilms, pellicles and autoagglutinate. Exogenous Rv1717 not only prevented biofilm formation in Msm, but also degraded preformed biofilms, suggesting that its substrate likely exists in the exopolysaccharides of the biofilm matrix. Presence of galactose in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) has not been reported before and hence we used the galactose-specific Wisteria floribunda lectin (WFL) to test the same. The lectin extensively bound to Msm and Mtb EPS, but not the bacterium per se. Purified Rv1717 also hydrolyzed exopolysaccharides extracted from Msm biofilm. Eventually, to decipher its role in Mtb, we downregulated its expression and demonstrate that the strain is unable to disperse from in vitro biofilms, unlike the wild type. Biofilms exposed to carbon starvation showed a sudden upregulation of Rv1717 transcripts supporting the potential role of Rv1717 in Mtb dispersing from a deteriorating biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Bharti
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Maurya
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Radhika Singh
- Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Md Sohail Akhtar
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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5
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Redero M, Aznar J, Prieto AI. Antibacterial efficacy of R-type pyocins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa on biofilms and in a murine model of acute lung infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020:dkaa121. [PMID: 32514574 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The appearance of MDR strains and the development of biofilms make Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections a therapeutic challenge. To overcome this scenario, bacteriocins have been proposed as a potential adjuvant or alternative to antibiotic treatment. OBJECTIVES To study the activity of R-pyocins on biofilms and in a murine model of pneumonia using a high-risk clone of P. aeruginosa. METHODS The activity of R-pyocins on P. aeruginosa biofilms was tested on bacteria attached to a silicone surface, before and after biofilm formation. The effectiveness of R1-pyocin was studied in a murine model of pneumonia using ST175, a high-risk clone of P. aeruginosa. RESULTS R-pyocins attacked adherent bacteria, preventing biofilm formation, and penetrated into the biofilm, killing P. aeruginosa within it, resulting in a dramatic reduction in bacterial load. R1-pyocin was active in a murine model of P. aeruginosa lung infection, administered before infection as a preventive treatment, and in acute pneumonia, with efficiency higher than standard colistin treatment. In addition, this work is the first to describe histopathological lung changes after administration of R-pyocins, contributing to the resolution of P. aeruginosa pneumonia in a murine model. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights the potential use of the R-pyocins as therapeutic agents, alone or as adjuvants, due to its effectiveness on biofilms and in a murine model of pneumonia using ST175, a high-risk clone of P. aeruginosa. It may thus be feasible to consider R-pyocins as a possible therapeutic alternative in XDR infections, where treatment alternatives are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Redero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Aznar
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Kolouchová I, Maťátková O, Paldrychová M, Kodeš Z, Kvasničková E, Sigler K, Čejková A, Šmidrkal J, Demnerová K, Masák J. Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and baicalein: plant-derived anti-biofilm agents. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:261-272. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Moser C, Pedersen HT, Lerche CJ, Kolpen M, Line L, Thomsen K, Høiby N, Jensen PØ. Biofilms and host response - helpful or harmful. APMIS 2017; 125:320-338. [PMID: 28407429 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm infections are one of the modern medical world's greatest challenges. Probably, all non-obligate intracellular bacteria and fungi can establish biofilms. In addition, there are numerous biofilm-related infections, both foreign body-related and non-foreign body-related. Although biofilm infections can present in numerous ways, one common feature is involvement of the host response with significant impact on the course. A special characteristic is the synergy of the innate and the acquired immune responses for the induced pathology. Here, we review the impact of the host response for the course of biofilm infections, with special focus on cystic fibrosis, chronic wounds and infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannah Trøstrup Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Johann Lerche
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Kolpen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Line
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Østrup Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Interactions between Neutrophils and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cystic Fibrosis. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6010010. [PMID: 28282951 PMCID: PMC5371898 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) affects 70,000 patients worldwide. Morbidity and mortality in CF is largely caused by lung complications due to the triad of impaired mucociliary clearance, microbial infections and chronic inflammation. Cystic fibrosis airway inflammation is mediated by robust infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs, neutrophils). Neutrophils are not capable of clearing lung infections and contribute to tissue damage by releasing their dangerous cargo. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing infections in immunocompromised individuals. P. aeruginosa is a main respiratory pathogen in CF infecting most patients. Although PMNs are key to attack and clear P. aeruginosa in immunocompetent individuals, PMNs fail to do so in CF. Understanding why neutrophils cannot clear P. aeruginosa in CF is essential to design novel therapies. This review provides an overview of the antimicrobial mechanisms by which PMNs attack and eliminate P. aeruginosa. It also summarizes current advances in our understanding of why PMNs are incapable of clearing P. aeruginosa and how this bacterium adapts to and resists PMN-mediated killing in the airways of CF patients chronically infected with P. aeruginosa.
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9
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Wu YT, Tam C, Zhu LS, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Human Tear Fluid Reduces Culturability of Contact Lens-Associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms but Induces Expression of the Virulence-Associated Type III Secretion System. Ocul Surf 2016; 15:88-96. [PMID: 27670247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a significant virulence determinant for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using a rodent model, we found that contact lens (CL)-related corneal infections were associated with lens surface biofilms. Here, we studied the impact of human tear fluid on CL-associated biofilm growth and T3SS expression. METHODS P. aeruginosa biofilms were formed on contact lenses for up to 7 days with or without human tear fluid, then exposed to tear fluid for 5 or 24 h. Biofilms were imaged using confocal microscopy. Bacterial culturability was quantified by viable counts, and T3SS gene expression measured by RT-qPCR. Controls included trypticase soy broth, PBS and planktonic bacteria. RESULTS With or without tear fluid, biofilms grew to ∼108 CFU viable bacteria by 24 h. Exposing biofilms to tear fluid after they had formed without it on lenses reduced bacterial culturability ∼180-fold (P<.001). CL growth increased T3SS gene expression versus planktonic bacteria [5.46 ± 0.24-fold for T3SS transcriptional activitor exsA (P=.02), and 3.76 ± 0.36-fold for T3SS effector toxin exoS (P=.01)]. Tear fluid further enhanced exsA and exoS expression in CL-grown biofilms, but not planktonic bacteria, by 2.09 ± 0.38-fold (P=.04) and 1.89 ± 0.26-fold (P<.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Considering the pivitol role of the T3SS in P. aeruginosa infections, its induction in CL-grown P. aeruginosa biofilms by tear fluid might contribute to the pathogenesis of CL-related P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne T Wu
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Connie Tam
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lucia S Zhu
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David J Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Groups in Vision Science, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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10
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Kasimanickam VR, Owen K, Kasimanickam RK. Detection of genes encoding multidrug resistance and biofilm virulence factor in uterine pathogenic bacteria in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 2015; 85:173-9. [PMID: 26534827 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reckless use of antibiotics and/or development of biofilm are the rationale for the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) of pathogenic bacteria. The objective of the present study was to detect MDR genes in Trueperella pyogenes and to detect biofilm virulence factor (VF) genes in Escherichia coli isolated from the uterus of postpartum dairy cows. Uterine secretions from different parity postpartum Holstein cows (n = 40) were collected using cytobrush technique after a sterile procedure from cows with varying degree of uterine inflammatory conditions. The cytobrush was stored in a specimen collector, placed in a cooler with ice, and transported to the laboratory within 2 hours. The pathogens were isolated and were identified initially by their colony morphology and biochemical characteristics. To further identify and classify the single species, and to determine the presence of MDR and VF genes, the genes fragments were amplified using the respective primers by either singleplex or multiplex polymerase chain reaction protocol, and amplicons were detected by electrophoresis method. T pyogenes was isolated in 17 of 40 (42.5%) cows in the study population as recognized by the 16S rRNA gene. Of the positive T pyogenes samples, 8 of 17 (42.1%) were positive for integron type 1 (intI I), and none were positive for integron type 2 (intI II). Of those 8 positive for intI I, six of eight (66.7%) were positive for amplicons aadA5 and aadA24-ORF1 at 1048 and 1608 bp, respectively, associated with specific drug resistance. Presence of addA5 indicated resistance to sulfadiazine, bacitracin, florfenicol, and ceftiofur. Presence of addA24-ORF1 indicated resistant to sulfadiazine, bacitracin, penicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. E coli was isolated in 18 of 40 (45.0%) cows in the study population. The genes for VF, Agn43a, and Agn43 b, associated with biofilm production, were found in 6 of 18 (33.3%) of the positive isolates. Both T pyogenes MDR gene and E coli biofilm VF existed in more severe form of uterine diseases than subclinical endometritis. In conclusion, 35% of T pyogenes isolates found were positive for a gene cassette associated with antibiotic resistance, and 33% of the E coli isolates contained genes for the VF associated with biofilm production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
| | - K Owen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - R K Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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11
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de Avila ED, Lima BP, Sekiya T, Torii Y, Ogawa T, Shi W, Lux R. Effect of UV-photofunctionalization on oral bacterial attachment and biofilm formation to titanium implant material. Biomaterials 2015. [PMID: 26210175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm infections remain prevalent reasons for implant failure. Dental implant placement occurs in the oral environment, which harbors a plethora of biofilm-forming bacteria. Due to its trans-mucosal placement, part of the implant structure is exposed to oral cavity and there is no effective measure to prevent bacterial attachment to implant materials. Here, we demonstrated that UV treatment of titanium immediately prior to use (photofunctionalization) affects the ability of human polymicrobial oral biofilm communities to colonize in the presence of salivary and blood components. UV-treatment of machined titanium transformed the surface from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic. UV-treated surfaces exhibited a significant reduction in bacterial attachment as well as subsequent biofilm formation compared to untreated ones, even though overall bacterial viability was not affected. The function of reducing bacterial colonization was maintained on UV-treated titanium that had been stored in a liquid environment before use. Denaturing gradient gel-electrophoresis (DGGE) and DNA sequencing analyses revealed that while bacterial community profiles appeared different between UV-treated and untreated titanium in the initial attachment phase, this difference vanished as biofilm formation progressed. Our findings confirm that UV-photofunctionalization of titanium has a strong potential to improve outcome of implant placement by creating and maintaining antimicrobial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Dorigatti de Avila
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Lima
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Takeo Sekiya
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasuyoshi Torii
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, University of California - School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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McDermott C, Chess-Williams R, Grant GD, Perkins AV, McFarland AJ, Davey AK, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor pyocyanin on human urothelial cell function and viability. J Urol 2012; 187:1087-93. [PMID: 22266010 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor pyocyanin on human urothelial cell viability and function in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS RT4 urothelial cells were treated with pyocyanin (1 to 100 μM) for 24 hours. After exposure the treatment effects were measured according to certain end points, including changes in urothelial cell viability, reactive oxygen species formation, caspase-3 activity, basal and stimulated adenosine triphosphate release, SA-β-gal activity and detection of acidic vesicular organelles. RESULTS The 24-hour pyocyanin treatment resulted in a concentration dependent decrease in cell viability at concentrations of 25 μM or greater, and increases in reactive oxygen species formation and caspase-3 activity at 25 μM or greater. Basal adenosine triphosphate release was significantly decreased at all tested pyocyanin concentrations while stimulated adenosine triphosphate release was significantly inhibited at pyocyanin concentrations of 12.5 μM or greater with no significant stimulated release at 100 μM. Pyocyanin treated RT4 cells showed morphological characteristics associated with cellular senescence, including SA-β-gal expression. This effect was not evident at 100 μM pyocyanin and may have been due to apoptotic cell death, as indicated by increased caspase-3 activity. An increase in acridine orange stained vesicular-like organelles was observed in RT4 urothelial cells after pyocyanin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to pyocyanin alters urothelial cell viability, reactive oxygen species production and caspase-3 activity. Treatment also results in cellular senescence, which may affect the ability of urothelium to repair during infection. The virulence factor depressed stimulated adenosine triphosphate release, which to our knowledge is a novel finding with implications for awareness of bladder filling in patients with P. aeruginosa urinary tract infection.
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Cope EK, Goldstein-Daruech N, Kofonow JM, Christensen L, McDermott B, Monroy F, Palmer JN, Chiu AG, Shirtliff ME, Cohen NA, Leid JG. Regulation of virulence gene expression resulting from Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae interactions in chronic disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28523. [PMID: 22162775 PMCID: PMC3230614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease of the sinonasal cavity mediated, in part, by polymicrobial communities of bacteria. Recent molecular studies have confirmed the importance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in CRS. Here, we hypothesize that interaction between S. pneumoniae and NTHi mixed-species communities cause a change in bacterial virulence gene expression. We examined CRS as a model human disease to validate these polymicrobial interactions. Clinical strains of S. pneumoniae and NTHi were grown in mono- and co-culture in a standard biofilm assay. Reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RTqPCR) was used to measure gene expression of key virulence factors. To validate these results, we investigated the presence of the bacterial RNA transcripts in excised human tissue from patients with CRS. Consequences of physical or chemical interactions between microbes were also investigated. Transcription of NTHi type IV pili was only expressed in co-culture in vitro, and expression could be detected ex vivo in diseased tissue. S. pneumoniae pyruvate oxidase was up-regulated in co-culture, while pneumolysin and pneumococcal adherence factor A were down-regulated. These results were confirmed in excised human CRS tissue. Gene expression was differentially regulated by physical contact and secreted factors. Overall, these data suggest that interactions between H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae involve physical and chemical mechanisms that influence virulence gene expression of mixed-species biofilm communities present in chronically diseased human tissue. These results extend previous studies of population-level virulence and provide novel insight into the importance of S. pneumoniae and NTHi in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Cope
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America.
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Leid JG, Cope E. Population level virulence in polymicrobial communities associated with chronic disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-011-1153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Askoura M, Mottawea W, Abujamel T, Taher I. Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) as new antimicrobial agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Libyan J Med 2011; 6:LJM-6-5870. [PMID: 21594004 PMCID: PMC3096568 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v6i0.5870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. The difficulty in treatment of pseudomonas infections arises from being multidrug resistant (MDR) and exhibits resistance to most antimicrobial agents due to the expression of different mechanisms overcoming their effects. Of these resistance mechanisms, the active efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that belong to the resistance nodulation division (RND) plays a very important role in extruding the antibiotics outside the bacterial cells providing a protective means against their antibacterial activity. Beside its role against the antimicrobial agents, these pumps can extrude biocides, detergents, and other metabolic inhibitors. It is clear that efflux pumps can be targets for new antimicrobial agents. Peptidomimetic compounds such as phenylalanine arginyl β-naphthylamide (PAβN) have been introduced as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs); their mechanism of action is through competitive inhibition with antibiotics on the efflux pump resulting in increased intracellular concentration of antibiotic, hence, restoring its antibacterial activity. The advantage of EPIs is the difficulty to develop bacterial resistance against them, but the disadvantage is their toxic property hindering their clinical application. The structure activity relationship of these compounds showed other derivatives from PAβN that are higher in their activity with higher solubility in biological fluids and decreased toxicity level. This raises further questions on how can we compact Pseudomonas infections. Of particular importance, the recent resurgence in the use of older antibiotics such as polymyxins and probably applying stricter control measures in order to prevent their spread in clinical sittings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momen Askoura
- Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BMI) Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Lung infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can present as a spectrum of clinical entities from a rapidly fatal pneumonia in a neutropenic patient to a multi-decade bronchitis in patients with cystic fibrosis. P. aeruginosa is ubiquitous in our environment, and one of the most versatile pathogens studied, capable of infecting a number of diverse life forms and surviving harsh environmental factors. It is also able to quickly adapt to new environments, including the lung, where it orchestrates virulence factors to acquire necessary nutrients, and if necessary, turn them off to prevent immune recognition. Despite these capabilities, P. aeruginosa rarely infects healthy human lungs. This is secondary to a highly evolved host defence mechanism that efficiently removes inhaled or aspirated pseudomonads. Many arms of the respiratory host defence have been elucidated using P. aeruginosa as a model pathogen. Human infections with P. aeruginosa have demonstrated the importance of the mechanical barrier functions including mucus clearance, and the innate immune system, including the critical role of the neutrophilic response. As more models of persistent or biofilm P. aeruginosa infections are developed, the role of the adaptive immune response will likely become more evident. Understanding the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa, and the respiratory host defence response to it has, and will continue to, lead to novel therapeutic strategies to help patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Williams
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Jensen PØ, Givskov M, Bjarnsholt T, Moser C. The immune system vs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:292-305. [PMID: 20579098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ilya Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich were awarded the Nobel price in 1908. Since then, numerous studies have unraveled a multitude of mechanistically different immune responses to intruding microorganisms. However, in the vast majority of these studies, the underlying infectious agents have appeared in the planktonic state. Accordingly, much less is known about the immune responses to the presence of biofilm-based infections (which is probably also due to the relatively short period of time in which the immune response to biofilms has been studied). Nevertheless, more recent in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed both innate as well as adaptive immune responses to biofilms. On the other hand, measures launched by biofilm bacteria to achieve protection against the various immune responses have also been demonstrated. Whether particular immune responses to biofilm infections exist remains to be firmly established. However, because biofilm infections are often persistent (or chronic), an odd situation appears with the simultaneous activation of both arms of the host immune response, neither of which can eliminate the biofilm pathogen, but instead, in synergy, causes collateral tissue damage. Although the present review on the immune system vs. biofilm bacteria is focused on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mainly because this is the most thoroughly studied), many of the same mechanisms are also seen with biofilm infections generated by other microorganisms.
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