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Wang X, Zhu H, Hu J, Zhang B, Guo W, Wang Z, Wang D, Qi J, Tian M, Bao Y, Si F, Wang S. Genetic distribution, characterization, and function of Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 (ETT2). iScience 2024; 27:109763. [PMID: 38706860 PMCID: PMC11068852 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacteria use type Ⅲ secretion system (T3SS) to inject effector proteins and subvert host signaling pathways, facilitating the growth, survival, and virulence. Notably, some bacteria harbor multiple distinct T3SSs with different functions. An extraordinary T3SS, the Escherichia coli Type III Secretion System 2 (ETT2), is widespread among Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains. Since many ETT2 carry genetic mutations or deletions, it is thought to be nonfunctional. However, increasing studies highlight ETT2 contributes to E. coli pathogenesis. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of genetic distribution and characterization of ETT2. Subsequently, we outline its functional potential, contending that an intact ETT2 may retain the capacity to translocate effector proteins and manipulate the host's innate immune response. Given the potential zoonotic implications associated with ETT2-carrying bacteria, further investigations into the structure, function and regulation of ETT2 are imperative for comprehensive understanding of E. coli pathogenicity and the development of effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiangang Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weiqi Guo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhiyang Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Di Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanqing Bao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China
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Bengtsson RJ, Baker KS, Cunningham AA, Greig DR, John SK, Macgregor SK, Seilern-Moy K, Spiro S, Chong CC, De Silva PM, Jenkins C, Lawson B. The genomic epidemiology of Escherichia albertii infecting humans and birds in Great Britain. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1707. [PMID: 36973246 PMCID: PMC10043262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is a recently identified gastrointestinal bacterial pathogen of humans and animals which is typically misidentified as pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli or Shigella species and is generally only detected during genomic surveillance of other Enterobacteriaceae. The incidence of E. albertii is likely underestimated, and its epidemiology and clinical relevance are poorly characterised. Here, we whole genome sequenced E. albertii isolates from humans (n = 83) and birds (n = 79) isolated in Great Britain between 2000 and 2021 and analysed these alongside a broader public dataset (n = 475) to address these gaps. We found human and avian isolates typically (90%; 148/164) belonged to host-associated monophyletic groups with distinct virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles. Overlaid patient epidemiological data suggested that human infection was likely related to travel and possibly foodborne transmission. The Shiga toxin encoding stx2f gene was associated with clinical disease (OR = 10.27, 95% CI = 2.98-35.45 p = 0.0002) in finches. Our results suggest that improved future surveillance will further elucidate disease ecology and public and animal health risks associated with E. albertii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Bengtsson
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kate S Baker
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - David R Greig
- Gastrointestinal and Food Safety (One Health) Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Shinto K John
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Shaheed K Macgregor
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Katharina Seilern-Moy
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Simon Spiro
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Charlotte C Chong
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - P Malaka De Silva
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal and Food Safety (One Health) Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Becki Lawson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
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Liu Q, Bai X, Yang X, Fan G, Wu K, Song W, Sun H, Chen S, Chen H, Xiong Y. Identification and Genomic Characterization of Escherichia albertii in Migratory Birds from Poyang Lake, China. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010009. [PMID: 36678357 PMCID: PMC9861504 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging zoonotic foodborne enteropathogen leading to human gastroenteritis outbreaks. Although E. albertii has been isolated from birds which have been considered as the potential reservoirs of this bacterium, its prevalence in migratory birds has rarely been described. In this study, E. albertii in migratory birds from Poyang Lake was investigated and characterized using whole genome sequencing. Eighty-one fecal samples from nine species of migratory birds were collected and 24/81 (29.6%) tested PCR-positive for E. albertii-specific genes. A total of 47 isolates was recovered from 18 out of 24 PCR-positive samples. All isolates carried eae and cdtB genes. These isolates were classified into eight E. albertii O-genotypes (EAOgs) (including three novel EAOgs) and three E. albertii H-genotypes (EAHgs). Whole genome phylogeny separated migratory bird-derived isolates into different lineages, some isolates in this study were phylogenetically closely grouped with poultry-derived or patient-derived strains. Our findings showed that migratory birds may serve as an important reservoir for heterogeneous E. albertii, thereby acting as potential transmission vehicles of E. albertii to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guoyin Fan
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Kui Wu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Wentao Song
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shengen Chen
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence:
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Barmettler K, Biggel M, Treier A, Muchaamba F, Vogler BR, Stephan R. Occurrence and Characteristics of Escherichia albertii in Wild Birds and Poultry Flocks in Switzerland. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112265. [PMID: 36422334 PMCID: PMC9699108 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, a zoonotic pathogen, has sporadically been associated with infectious diarrhea in humans. Poultry and wild birds are considered potential reservoirs. We assessed the occurrence of E. albertii in 280 fecal samples from wild birds (n = 130) and pooled fecal samples collected at slaughterhouse level from poultry flocks (n = 150) in Switzerland. Using an E. albertii-specific PCR targeting the Eacdt gene, 23.8% (31/130) of the samples from wild birds, but not from the pooled poultry fecal samples, tested positive for Eacdt. The positive samples originated from 11 bird species belonging to eight families. Strain isolation was attempted on the PCR-positive samples by subculturing the broth cultures onto xylose–MacConkey plates. Isolation was possible on 12 of the 31 Eacdt-PCR-positive samples. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the strains belonged to nine distinct sequence types, with ST13420 and ST5967 being represented by two and three isolates, respectively. All strains harbored the eae gene, while two strains were also positive for stx2f. Our study thus shows that E. albertii is present in the Swiss wild bird population, which can potentially act as a source of this pathogen to humans, other animals, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Barmettler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Biggel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Treier
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Renate Vogler
- National Reference Centre for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (NRGK), Institute of Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Hinenoya A, Wang H, Patrick EM, Zeng X, Cao L, Li XP, Lindsey RL, Gillespie B, He Q, Yamasaki S, Lin J. Longitudinal surveillance and comparative characterization of Escherichia albertii in wild raccoons in the United States. Microbiol Res 2022; 262:127109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Muchaamba F, Barmettler K, Treier A, Houf K, Stephan R. Microbiology and Epidemiology of Escherichia albertii—An Emerging Elusive Foodborne Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050875. [PMID: 35630320 PMCID: PMC9145129 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, a close relative of E. coli, is an emerging zoonotic foodborne pathogen associated with watery diarrhea mainly in children and immunocompromised individuals. E. albertii was initially classified as eae-positive Hafnia alvei, however, as more genetic and biochemical information became available it was reassigned to its current novel taxonomy. Its infections are common under conditions of poor hygiene with confirmed transmission via contaminated water and food, mainly poultry-based products. This pathogen has been isolated from various domestic and wild animals, with most isolates being derived from birds, implying that birds among other wild animals might act as its reservoir. Due to the absence of standardized isolation and identification protocols, E. albertii can be misidentified as other Enterobacteriaceae. Exploiting phenotypes such as its inability to ferment rhamnose and xylose and PCR assays targeting E. albertii-specific genes such as the cytolethal distending toxin and the DNA-binding transcriptional activator of cysteine biosynthesis encoding genes can be used to accurately identify this pathogen. Several gaps exist in our knowledge of E. albertii and need to be bridged. A deeper understanding of E. albertii epidemiology and physiology is required to allow the development of effective measures to control its transmission and infections. Overall, current data suggest that E. albertii might play a more significant role in global infectious diarrhea cases than previously assumed and is often overlooked or misidentified. Therefore, simple, and efficient diagnostic tools that cover E. albertii biodiversity are required for effective isolation and identification of this elusive agent of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karen Barmettler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Andrea Treier
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
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7
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Wang H, Zhang L, Cao L, Zeng X, Gillespie B, Lin J. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia albertii originated from the broiler farms in Mississippi and Alabama. Vet Microbiol 2022; 267:109379. [PMID: 35219009 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging foodborne enteropathogen with increasing outbreaks worldwide, particularly in Japan recently. However, major features of this zoonotic pathogen, such as prevalence, virulence, and antibiotic resistance (AR), still remain under characterized. In a recent pilot study, we reported isolation of E. albertii from a chicken farm in Tennessee, suggesting chicken is an important reservoir for E. albertii. In this large-scale study, we examined prevalence of E. albertii in 9 farms in Mississippi and Alabama. Of a total of 270 cloacal swabs (30 per farm), 43 were PCR positive and 12 E. albertii strains were isolated with different isolation rates in individual farms ranging from 0 to 23.3 %. Both PFGE and whole genome analysis showed the E. albertii from different farms were phylogenetically distant, but those from the same farm displayed clonal relationships. Consistently, the antibiogram, AR gene profiles, and plasmid replicon types were similar across the strains in the same farm. Notably, 9 of the 12 E. albertii strains displayed multidrug resistance; one strain was even resistant to imipenem, a clinically important carbapenem antibiotic. In addition, comparative genomics analysis showed that two chicken E. albertii clusters displayed very close evolutionary relationships and similar virulence gene profiles to human E. albertii strains. In vitro growth assay demonstrated that the anti-enterobactin antibodies could dramatically inhibit the growth of two representative chicken E. albertii, supporting the feasibility of the novel enterobactin-based immune intervention for controlling this emerging pathogen. Taken together, the findings from this study further indicated chickens as an important reservoir for E. albertii in the U.S., highlighting the need to prevent and control E. albertii in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Wang
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Liu Cao
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Ximin Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Barbara Gillespie
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Pickering H, Hart JD, Burr S, Stabler R, Maleta K, Kalua K, Bailey RL, Holland MJ. Impact of azithromycin mass drug administration on the antibiotic-resistant gut microbiome in children: a randomized, controlled trial. Gut Pathog 2022; 14:5. [PMID: 34991704 PMCID: PMC8740015 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is the primary strategy for global trachoma control efforts. Numerous studies have reported secondary effects of MDA with azithromycin, including reductions in childhood mortality, diarrhoeal disease and malaria. Most recently, the MORDOR clinical trial demonstrated that MDA led to an overall reduction in all-cause childhood mortality in targeted communities. There is however concern about the potential of increased antimicrobial resistance in treated communities. This study evaluated the impact of azithromycin MDA on the prevalence of gastrointestinal carriage of macrolide-resistant bacteria in communities within the MORDOR Malawi study, additionally profiling changes in the gut microbiome after treatment. For faecal metagenomics, 60 children were sampled prior to treatment and 122 children after four rounds of MDA, half receiving azithromycin and half placebo. RESULTS The proportion of bacteria carrying macrolide resistance increased after azithromycin treatment. Diversity and global community structure of the gut was minimally impacted by treatment, however abundance of several species was altered by treatment. Notably, the putative human enteropathogen Escherichia albertii was more abundant after treatment. CONCLUSIONS MDA with azithromycin increased carriage of macrolide-resistant bacteria, but had limited impact on clinically relevant bacteria. However, increased abundance of enteropathogenic Escherichia species after treatment requires further, higher resolution investigation. Future studies should focus on the number of treatments and administration schedule to ensure clinical benefits continue to outweigh costs in antimicrobial resistance carriage. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT02047981. Registered January 29th 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02047981.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D Hart
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Burr
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Ken Maleta
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Khumbo Kalua
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,Blantyre Institute for Community Outreach, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Robin L Bailey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Hinenoya A, Nagano K, Awasthi SP, Hatanaka N, Yamasaki S. Prevalence of Escherichia albertii in Raccoons (Procyon lotor), Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1304-1307. [PMID: 32441634 PMCID: PMC7258444 DOI: 10.3201/eid2606.191436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural reservoirs of Escherichia albertii remain unclear. In this study, we detected E. albertii by PCR in 248 (57.7%) of 430 raccoons from Osaka, Japan, and isolated 143 E. albertii strains from the 62 PCR-positive samples. These data indicate that raccoons could be a natural reservoir of E. albertii in Japan.
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CesL Regulates Type III Secretion Substrate Specificity of the Enteropathogenic E. coli Injectisome. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051047. [PMID: 34067942 PMCID: PMC8152094 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a complex molecular device used by several pathogenic bacteria to translocate effector proteins directly into eukaryotic host cells. One remarkable feature of the T3SS is its ability to secrete different categories of proteins in a hierarchical manner, to ensure proper assembly and timely delivery of effectors into target cells. In enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, the substrate specificity switch from translocator to effector secretion is regulated by a gatekeeper complex composed of SepL, SepD, and CesL proteins. Here, we report a characterization of the CesL protein using biochemical and genetic approaches. We investigated discrepancies in the phenotype among different cesL deletion mutants and showed that CesL is indeed essential for translocator secretion and to prevent premature effector secretion. We also demonstrated that CesL engages in pairwise interactions with both SepL and SepD. Furthermore, while association of SepL to the membrane does not depended on CesL, the absence of any of the proteins forming the heterotrimeric complex compromised the intracellular stability of each component. In addition, we found that CesL interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of the export gate components EscU and EscV. We propose a mechanism for substrate secretion regulation governed by the SepL/SepD/CesL complex.
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11
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The Changing Face of the Family Enterobacteriaceae (Order: " Enterobacterales"): New Members, Taxonomic Issues, Geographic Expansion, and New Diseases and Disease Syndromes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00174-20. [PMID: 33627443 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00174-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Enterobacteriaceae has undergone significant morphogenetic changes in its more than 85-year history, particularly during the past 2 decades (2000 to 2020). The development and introduction of new and novel molecular methods coupled with innovative laboratory techniques have led to many advances. We now know that the global range of enterobacteria is much more expansive than previously recognized, as they play important roles in the environment in vegetative processes and through widespread environmental distribution through insect vectors. In humans, many new species have been described, some associated with specific disease processes. Some established species are now observed in new infectious disease settings and syndromes. The results of molecular taxonomic and phylogenetics studies suggest that the current family Enterobacteriaceae should possibly be divided into seven or more separate families. The logarithmic explosion in the number of enterobacterial species described brings into question the relevancy, need, and mechanisms to potentially identify these taxa. This review covers the progression, transformation, and morphogenesis of the family from the seminal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publication (J. J. Farmer III, B. R. Davis, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, A. McWhorter, et al., J Clin Microbiol 21:46-76, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.21.1.46-76.1985) to the present.
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12
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Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: from Kittens to Humans and Beyond! Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00752-20. [PMID: 33361199 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00752-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) are associated with diarrhea worldwide, yet genome-wide investigations to probe their virulome are lacking. In this issue of Infection and Immunity, V. E. Watson, T. H. Hazen, D. A. Rasko, M. E. Jacob, et al. (IAI 89:e00619-20, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00619-20) sequenced aEPEC isolates from diarrheic and asymptomatic kittens. Using phylogenomics, they demonstrated that these isolates were genetically indistinguishable from human isolates, suggesting that kittens may serve as a reservoir and, perhaps, a much-needed model to interrogate aEPEC virulence. The diarrheic isolates were hypermotile, suggesting that this phenotype may distinguish virulent strains from their innocuous counterparts.
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13
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Hinenoya A, Li XP, Zeng X, Sahin O, Moxley RA, Logue CM, Gillespie B, Yamasaki S, Lin J. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia albertii in poultry at the pre-harvest level. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:213-225. [PMID: 33528112 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, often misidentified as Escherichia coli, has become an emerging foodborne human enteric pathogen. However, the prevalence and major animal reservoirs of this significant pathogen are still not clear. Here, we performed comprehensive microbiological, molecular, comparative genomics and animal studies to understand the status and features of E. albertii in the US domestic and food animals. Although no E. albertii was identified in a total of 1,022 diverse E. coli strains isolated from pets and food animals in a retrospective screening, in a pilot study, E. albertii was successfully isolated from a broiler farm (6 out of 20 chickens). The chicken E. albertii isolates showed clonal relationship as indicated by both pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequence analysis. The isolated chicken E. albertii displayed multidrug resistance; all the resistance determinants including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene, carried by plasmids, could be conjugatively transferred to E. coli, which was further confirmed by S1-PFGE and Southern hybridization. Whole-genome sequence-based phylogenetic analysis showed the chicken E. albertii strains were phylogenetically close to those of human origins. Challenge experiment demonstrated that the E. albertii strains isolated from human and wild bird could successfully colonize in the chicken intestine. Together, this study, for the first time, reported the isolation of E. albertii in poultry at the pre-hrvest level. The findings from multi-tier characterization of the chicken E. albertii strains indicated the importance of chickens as a reservoir for E. albertii. A large scale of E. albertii survey in poultry production at the pre-harvest level is highly warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hinenoya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xing-Ping Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ximin Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Catherine M Logue
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Barbara Gillespie
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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14
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The intervention effects of Lactobacillus casei LC2W on Escherichia coli O157:H7 -induced mouse colitis. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Slater SL, Frankel G. Advances and Challenges in Studying Type III Secretion Effectors of Attaching and Effacing Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:337. [PMID: 32733819 PMCID: PMC7358347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Slater
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Gomes TAT, Ooka T, Hernandes RT, Yamamoto D, Hayashi T. Escherichia albertii Pathogenesis. EcoSal Plus 2020; 9:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0015-2019. [PMID: 32588811 PMCID: PMC11168576 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0015-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging enteropathogen of humans and many avian species. This bacterium is a close relative of Escherichia coli and has been frequently misidentified as enteropathogenic or enterohemorrhagic E. coli due to their similarity in phenotypic and genetic features, such as various biochemical properties and the possession of a type III secretion system encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement. This pathogen causes outbreaks of gastroenteritis, and some strains produce Shiga toxin. Although many genetic and phenotypic studies have been published and the genome sequences of more than 200 E. albertii strains are now available, the clinical significance of this species is not yet fully understood. The apparent zoonotic nature of the disease requires a deeper understanding of the transmission routes and mechanisms of E. albertii to develop effective measures to control its transmission and infection. Here, we review the current knowledge of the phylogenic relationship of E. albertii with other Escherichia species and the biochemical and genetic properties of E. albertii, with particular emphasis on the repertoire of virulence factors and the mechanisms of pathogenicity, and we hope this provides a basis for future studies of this important emerging enteropathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia A T Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tadasuke Ooka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rodrigo T Hernandes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Yamamoto
- Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Hatanaka N, Awasthi SP, Hinenoya A, Ueda O, Yamasaki S. Accurate identification of Escherichia albertii by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 173:105916. [PMID: 32277976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A specific identification protocol for Escherichia albertii by using a MALDI-TOF/MS method was developed. For this purpose, a novel database was established which can differentiate E. albertii from E. coli by combining the mass spectra obtained from 58 E. albertii and 36 E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Asian Health Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Asian Health Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Ueda
- Diagnostics Marketing of Microbiology, Beckman Coulter K.K., Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Asian Health Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
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18
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Type III Secretion Effectors with Arginine N-Glycosyltransferase Activity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030357. [PMID: 32131463 PMCID: PMC7142665 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion systems are used by many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to inject proteins, known as effectors, into the cytosol of host cells. These virulence factors interfere with a diverse array of host signal transduction pathways and cellular processes. Many effectors have catalytic activities to promote post-translational modifications of host proteins. This review focuses on a family of effectors with glycosyltransferase activity that catalyze addition of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine to specific arginine residues in target proteins, leading to reduced NF-κB pathway activation and impaired host cell death. This family includes NleB from Citrobacter rodentium, NleB1 and NleB2 from enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and SseK1, SseK2, and SseK3 from Salmonella enterica. First, we place these effectors in the general framework of the glycosyltransferase superfamily and in the particular context of the role of glycosylation in bacterial pathogenesis. Then, we provide detailed information about currently known members of this family, their role in virulence, and their targets.
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19
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Naumenko OI, Zheng H, Shashkov AS, Sun Y, Senchenkova SN, Bai L, Wang J, Wang H, Li Q, Knirel YA, Xiong Y. Escherichia albertii EA046 (O9) harbors two polysaccharide gene clusters for synthesis of the O-antigen by the Wzx/Wzy-dependent pathway and a mannan shared by Escherichia coli O8 by the Wzm/Wzt-dependent pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:609-614. [PMID: 31622726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
O antigen is a polysaccharide chain of a lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. O-antigen-based serotyping and molecular typing are widely used for epidemiological and surveillance purposes. Two polysaccharides were isolated by Sephadex G-50 gel-permeation chromatography following mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia albertii EA046 assigned to serotype O9. The polysaccharide eluted first was considered as the O-antigen. It was composed of tetrasaccharide repeating units containing two residues of d-Man and one residue each of d-Gal and d-GlcNAc as well as glycerol phosphate. It had the following unique structure which was established by NMR spectroscopy applied to the initial and dephosphorylated polysaccharides: The polysaccharide eluted from the gel second was identified as a mannan with a → 3)-β-d-Manp-(1 → 2)-α-d-Manp-(1 → 2)-α-d-Manp-(1 → trisaccharide repeating unit. In E. albertii EA046, two polysaccharide gene clusters were found at a chromosomal locus flanked by the conserved galF gene and the histidine synthesis operon (his). They were suggested to drive the biosynthesis of the O-antigen by the Wzy/Wzy-dependent pathway and the mannan by the Wzm/Wzt-dependent pathway. The mannan shares the structure and gene cluster with a polysaccharide isolated earlier from the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya I Naumenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yong Sun
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Sof'ya N Senchenkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Li Bai
- Division I of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qun Li
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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20
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Egan M, Critelli B, Cleary SP, Marino M, Upreti C, Kalman D, Bhatt S. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the locus of enterocyte effacement in Escherichia albertii. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103643. [PMID: 31336143 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The diarrheic bacterium Escherichia albertii is a recent addition to the attaching and effacing (A/E) morphotype of pathogens. A/E pathogens cause disease by tightly attaching to intestinal cells, destroying their actin-rich microvilli, and triggering re-localization and repolymerization of actin at the bacterial-host interface to form actin-filled membranous protrusions, termed A/E lesions, beneath the adherent bacterium. The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is required for the biogenesis of these lesions. Whereas regulation of the LEE has been intensively investigated in EPEC and EHEC, it remains cryptic in E. albertii. In this study we characterized the very first transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulators of the LEE in this emerging pathogen. Our results suggest that Ler and GrlA globally activate transcription from the LEE, whereas GrlR negatively regulates the LEE. Additionally, we demonstrate that the RNA chaperone Hfq posttranscriptionally represses the LEE by specifically targeting the 5' UTR of grlR. In summary, our findings provide the very first glimpse of the regulatory landscape of the LEE in E. albertii - a bacterium that has been implicated in multiple diarrheal outbreaks worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Egan
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, 19131, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Brian Critelli
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, 19131, PA, USA
| | - Sean P Cleary
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, 19131, PA, USA
| | - Mary Marino
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, 19131, PA, USA
| | - Chirag Upreti
- Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Kalman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA
| | - Shantanu Bhatt
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, 19131, PA, USA.
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