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Teymournejad O, Li Z, Beesetty P, Yang C, Montgomery CP. Toxin expression during Staphylococcus aureus infection imprints host immunity to inhibit vaccine efficacy. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:3. [PMID: 36693884 PMCID: PMC9873725 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections are a major public health issue, and a vaccine is urgently needed. Despite a considerable promise in preclinical models, all vaccines tested thus far have failed to protect humans against S. aureus. Unlike laboratory mice, humans are exposed to S. aureus throughout life. In the current study, we hypothesized that prior exposure to S. aureus "imprints" the immune response to inhibit vaccine-mediated protection. We established a mouse model in which S. aureus skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) is followed by vaccination and secondary SSTI. Unlike naïve mice, S. aureus-sensitized mice were incompletely protected against secondary SSTI by vaccination with the inactivated α-hemolysin (Hla) mutant HlaH35L. Inhibition of protection was specific for the HlaH35L vaccine and required hla expression during primary SSTI. Surprisingly, inhibition occurred at the level of vaccine-elicited effector T cells; hla expression during primary infection limited the expansion of T cells and dendritic cells and impaired vaccine-specific T cell responses. Importantly, the T cell-stimulating adjuvant CAF01 rescued inhibition and restored vaccine-mediated protection. Together, these findings identify a potential mechanism for the failure of translation of promising S. aureus vaccines from mouse models to clinical practice and suggest a path forward to prevent these devastating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Teymournejad
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Present Address: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL US
| | - Zhaotao Li
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US
| | - Pavani Beesetty
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Present Address: Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Ching Yang
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.259180.70000 0001 2298 1899Present Address: Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY US
| | - Christopher P. Montgomery
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH US ,grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US
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Beesetty P, Si Y, Li Z, Yang C, Zhao F, Chong AS, Montgomery CP. Tissue specificity drives protective immunity against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:795792. [PMID: 35983063 PMCID: PMC9380724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus range from mild to severe and frequently recur. Emerging evidence suggests that the site and severity of infection drive the potency of elicited immune responses and susceptibility to recurrent infection. In this study, we used tractable mouse models of S. aureus skin infection (SSTI) and pneumonia to determine the relative magnitude of elicited protective immunity. Surprisingly, despite both SSTI and pneumonia eliciting antibody and local effector T cell responses, only SSTI elicited protective antibody and memory T cell responses and subsequent protection against secondary SSTI and pneumonia. The failure of pneumonia to elicit protective immunity was attributed to an inability of S. aureus pneumonia to elicit toxin-specific antibodies that confer protection during secondary infection and was associated with a failure to expand antigen-specific memory T cells. Taken together, these findings emphasize the importance of understanding protective immunity in the context of the tissue-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavani Beesetty
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Youhui Si
- Department of Surgery, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zhaotao Li
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ching Yang
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Surgery, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christopher P. Montgomery
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher P. Montgomery,
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Contribution of Coagulase and Its Regulator SaeRS to Lethality of CA-MRSA 923 Bacteremia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111396. [PMID: 34832552 PMCID: PMC8623987 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase is a critical factor for distinguishing Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Our previous studies demonstrated that the null mutation of coagulase (coa) or its direct regulator, SaeRS, significantly enhanced the ability of S. aureus (CA-MRSA 923) to survive in human blood in vitro. This led us to further investigate the role of coagulase and its direct regulator, SaeRS, in the pathogenicity of CA-MRSA 923 in bacteremia during infection. In this study, we found that the null mutation of coa significantly decreased the mortality of CA-MRSA 923; moreover, the single null mutation of saeRS and the double deletion of coa/saeRS abolished the virulence of CA-MRSA 923. Moreover, the mice infected with either the saeRS knockout or the coa/saeRS double knockout mutant exhibited fewer histological lesions and less neutrophils infiltration in the infected kidneys compared to those infected with the coa knockout mutant or their parental control. Furthermore, we examined the impact of coa and saeRS on bacterial survival in vitro. The null mutation of coa had no impact on bacterial survival in mice blood, whereas the deletion mutation of saeRS or coa/saeRS significantly enhanced bacterial survival in mice blood. These data indicate that SaeRS plays a key role in the lethality of CA-MRSA 923 bacteremia, and that coagulase is one of the important virulence factors that is regulated by SaeRS and contributes to the pathogenicity of CA-MRSA 923.
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Tam K, Lacey KA, Devlin JC, Coffre M, Sommerfield A, Chan R, O'Malley A, Koralov SB, Loke P, Torres VJ. Targeting leukocidin-mediated immune evasion protects mice from Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151907. [PMID: 32602902 PMCID: PMC7478724 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for various diseases in humans, and recurrent infections are commonly observed. S. aureus produces an array of bicomponent pore-forming toxins that target and kill leukocytes, known collectively as the leukocidins. The contribution of these leukocidins to impair the development of anti–S. aureus adaptive immunity and facilitate reinfection is unclear. Using a murine model of recurrent bacteremia, we demonstrate that infection with a leukocidin mutant results in increased levels of anti–S. aureus antibodies compared with mice infected with the WT parental strain, indicating that leukocidins negatively impact the generation of anti–S. aureus antibodies in vivo. We hypothesized that neutralizing leukocidin-mediated immune subversion by vaccination may shift this host-pathogen interaction in favor of the host. Leukocidin-immunized mice produce potent leukocidin-neutralizing antibodies and robust Th1 and Th17 responses, which collectively protect against bloodstream infections. Altogether, these results demonstrate that blocking leukocidin-mediated immune evasion can promote host protection against S. aureus bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayan Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joseph C Devlin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Maryaline Coffre
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alexis Sommerfield
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Rita Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Aidan O'Malley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Staphylococcus aureus Fibronectin Binding Protein A Mediates Biofilm Development and Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00859-19. [PMID: 32041788 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00859-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Implanted medical device-associated infections pose significant health risks, as they are often the result of bacterial biofilm formation. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of biofilm-associated infections which persist due to mechanisms of device surface adhesion, biofilm accumulation, and reprogramming of host innate immune responses. We found that the S. aureus fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) is required for normal biofilm development in mammalian serum and that the SaeRS two-component system is required for functional FnBPA activity in serum. Furthermore, serum-developed biofilms deficient in FnBPA were more susceptible to macrophage invasion, and in a model of biofilm-associated implant infection, we found that FnBPA is crucial for the establishment of infection. Together, these findings show that S. aureus FnBPA plays an important role in physical biofilm development and represents a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of device-associated infections.
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Si Y, Zhao F, Beesetty P, Weiskopf D, Li Z, Tian Q, Alegre ML, Sette A, Chong AS, Montgomery CP. Inhibition of protective immunity against Staphylococcus aureus infection by MHC-restricted immunodominance is overcome by vaccination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw7713. [PMID: 32270029 PMCID: PMC7112766 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus infections are common, despite robust immune responses. S. aureus infection elicited protective antibody and T cell responses in mice that expressed the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) of the H-2d haplotype, but not H-2b, demonstrating that host genetics drives individual variability. Vaccination with a-toxin or leukotoxin E (LukE) elicited similar antibody and T cell responses in mice expressing H-2d or H-2b, but vaccine-elicited responses were inhibited by concomitant infection in H-2d-expressing mice. These findings suggested that competitive binding of microbial peptides to host MHC proteins determines the specificity of the immunodominant response, which was confirmed using LukE-derived peptide-MHC tetramers. A vaccine that elicited T cell and antibody responses protected mice that expressed H-2d or H-2b, demonstrating that vaccination can overcome MHC-restricted immunodominance. Together, these results define how host genetics determine whether immunity elicted by S. aureus is protective and provide a mechanistic roadmap for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhui Si
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pavani Beesetty
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhaotao Li
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qiaomu Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher P. Montgomery
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Flaxman A, Yamaguchi Y, van Diemen PM, Rollier C, Allen E, Elshina E, Wyllie DH. Heterogeneous early immune responses to the S. aureus EapH2 antigen induced by gastrointestinal tract colonisation impact the response to subsequent vaccination. Vaccine 2019; 37:494-501. [PMID: 30503080 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION S. aureus is a pathogen to which individuals are exposed shortly after birth, with immune responses to S. aureus increasing during childhood. There is marked heterogeneity between the anti- S. aureus immune responses of different humans, the basis of which is not fully understood. METHODS To investigate development of anti-S. aureus immune responses, we studied S. aureus colonised mice under controlled conditions. Mice were either acquired colonised from breeding colonies, or experimentally colonised by exposure to a cage environment which had been sprayed with a S. aureus suspension. Colonisation was monitored by sequential stool sampling, and immunoglobulin levels against both whole fixed S. aureus and individual S. aureus antigens quantified. The immunological impact of colonisation on subsequent vaccination was investigated. RESULTS Colonised BALB/c and BL/6 mice develop serum anti- S. aureus cell surface IgG1 antibodies. Responses were proportional to the cumulative S. aureus bioburden in the mice, and were higher in BALB/c mice, which have higher colonisation levels, than in C57BL/6 animals. We observed marked variation in the induction of anti-cell surface antibodies, even in genetically identical mice experimentally colonised with the same S. aureus clone. Heterogeneity was also evident when monitoring immune responses to the secreted S. aureus protein EapH2. Approximately 50% of colonised mice developed anti-EapH2 responses (responders); in other mice, responses were not significantly different to those in uncolonised mice (non-responders). Following vaccination with a replication deficient adenovirus expressing EapH2, less anti-EapH2 antibody was generated in non-responder than responder animals. CONCLUSIONS In genetically identical mice, S. aureus colonisation results in all-or-nothing antibody responses against some antigens, including EapH2. For antigens involved in colonisation success by microbes, apparently stochastic early immune responses may impact both vaccine responses and the establishment of an animal-specific microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Pauline M van Diemen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Drive, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizaveta Elshina
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK
| | - David H Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Oxford, UK.
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Guo H, Hall JW, Yang J, Ji Y. The SaeRS Two-Component System Controls Survival of Staphylococcus aureus in Human Blood through Regulation of Coagulase. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:204. [PMID: 28611950 PMCID: PMC5447086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The SaeRS two-component system plays important roles in regulation of key virulence factors and pathogenicity. In this study, however, we found that the deletion mutation of saeRS enhanced bacterial survival in human blood, whereas complementation of the mutant with SaeRS returned survival to wild-type levels. Moreover, these phenomena were observed in different MRSA genetic background isolates, including HA-MRSA WCUH29, CA-MRSA 923, and MW2. To elucidate which gene(s) regulated by SaeRS contribute to the effect, we conducted a series of complementation studies with selected known SaeRS target genes in trans. We found coagulase complementation abolished the enhanced survival of the SaeRS mutant in human blood. The coa and saeRS deletion mutants exhibited a similar survival phenotype in blood. Intriguingly, heterologous expression of coagulase decreased survival of S. epidermidis in human blood. Further, the addition of recombinant coagulase to blood significantly decreased the survival of S. aureus. Further, analysis revealed staphylococcal resistance to killing by hydrogen peroxide was partially dependent on the presence or absence of coagulase. Furthermore, complementation with coagulase, but not SaeRS, returned saeRS/coa double mutant survival in blood to wild-type levels. These data indicate SaeRS modulates bacterial survival in blood in coagulase-dependent manner. Our results provide new insights into the role of staphylococcal SaeRS and coagulase on bacterial survival in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Guo
- Department of Biological Science, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal UniversitySiping, China.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Hall
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt Paul, MN, United States
| | - Junshu Yang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt Paul, MN, United States
| | - Yinduo Ji
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt Paul, MN, United States
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Das S, Lindemann C, Young BC, Muller J, Österreich B, Ternette N, Winkler AC, Paprotka K, Reinhardt R, Förstner KU, Allen E, Flaxman A, Yamaguchi Y, Rollier CS, van Diemen P, Blättner S, Remmele CW, Selle M, Dittrich M, Müller T, Vogel J, Ohlsen K, Crook DW, Massey R, Wilson DJ, Rudel T, Wyllie DH, Fraunholz MJ. Natural mutations in a Staphylococcus aureus virulence regulator attenuate cytotoxicity but permit bacteremia and abscess formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3101-10. [PMID: 27185949 PMCID: PMC4896717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520255113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen, which causes severe blood and tissue infections that frequently emerge by autoinfection with asymptomatically carried nose and skin populations. However, recent studies report that bloodstream isolates differ systematically from those found in the nose and skin, exhibiting reduced toxicity toward leukocytes. In two patients, an attenuated toxicity bloodstream infection evolved from an asymptomatically carried high-toxicity nasal strain by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the transcription factor repressor of surface proteins (rsp). Here, we report that rsp knockout mutants lead to global transcriptional and proteomic reprofiling, and they exhibit the greatest signal in a genome-wide screen for genes influencing S. aureus survival in human cells. This effect is likely to be mediated in part via SSR42, a long-noncoding RNA. We show that rsp controls SSR42 expression, is induced by hydrogen peroxide, and is required for normal cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity. Rsp inactivation in laboratory- and bacteremia-derived mutants attenuates toxin production, but up-regulates other immune subversion proteins and reduces lethality during experimental infection. Crucially, inactivation of rsp preserves bacterial dissemination, because it affects neither formation of deep abscesses in mice nor survival in human blood. Thus, we have identified a spontaneously evolving, attenuated-cytotoxicity, nonhemolytic S. aureus phenotype, controlled by a pleiotropic transcriptional regulator/noncoding RNA virulence regulatory system, capable of causing S. aureus bloodstream infections. Such a phenotype could promote deep infection with limited early clinical manifestations, raising concerns that bacterial evolution within the human body may contribute to severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Das
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Lindemann
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette C Young
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Julius Muller
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Babett Österreich
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Ternette
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Ann-Cathrin Winkler
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Paprotka
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Konrad U Förstner
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pauline van Diemen
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Blättner
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian W Remmele
- Biocenter, Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Selle
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Biocenter, Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Biocenter, Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Massey
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Wilson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - David H Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Fraunholz
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Importance of B Lymphocytes and the IgG-Binding Protein Sbi in Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010012. [PMID: 26828524 PMCID: PMC4810133 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus infections are common, suggesting that immunity elicited by these infections is not protective. We previously reported that S. aureus skin infection (SSTI) elicited antibody-mediated immunity against secondary SSTI in BALB/c mice. In this study, we investigated the role of humoral immunity and the IgG-binding proteins Sbi and SpA in S. aureus SSTI. We found that B lymphocyte-deficient μMT mice were highly susceptible to infection, compared with congenic BALB/c mice. Importantly, transfer of immune serum protected μMT mice, demonstrating an appropriate response to protective antibody. We found that deletion of sbi, but not spa, impaired virulence, as assessed by skin lesion severity, and that Sbi-mediated virulence required B lymphocytes/antibody. Furthermore, neither Sbi nor SpA impaired the elicited antibody response or protection against secondary SSTI. Taken together, these findings highlight a B lymphocyte/antibody-dependent role of Sbi in the pathogenesis of S. aureus SSTI, and demonstrate that neither Sbi nor SpA interfered with elicited antibody-mediated immunity.
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11
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The Role of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems in Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Regulation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 409:145-198. [PMID: 26728068 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_5019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile, opportunistic human pathogen that can asymptomatically colonize a human host but can also cause a variety of cutaneous and systemic infections. The ability of S. aureus to adapt to such diverse environments is reflected in the presence of complex regulatory networks fine-tuning metabolic and virulence gene expression. One of the most widely distributed mechanisms is the two-component signal transduction system (TCS) which allows a pathogen to alter its gene expression profile in response to environmental stimuli. The simpler TCSs consist of only a transmembrane histidine kinase (HK) and a cytosolic response regulator. S. aureus encodes a total of 16 conserved pairs of TCSs that are involved in diverse signalling cascades ranging from global virulence gene regulation (e.g. quorum sensing by the Agr system), the bacterial response to antimicrobial agents, cell wall metabolism, respiration and nutrient sensing. These regulatory circuits are often interconnected and affect each other's expression, thus fine-tuning staphylococcal gene regulation. This manuscript gives an overview of the current knowledge of staphylococcal environmental sensing by TCS and its influence on virulence gene expression and virulence itself. Understanding bacterial gene regulation by TCS can give major insights into staphylococcal pathogenicity and has important implications for knowledge-based drug design and vaccine formulation.
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