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Jiang Z, Su W, Wen C, Li W, Zhang Y, Gong T, Du S, Wang X, Lu Z, Jin M, Wang Y. Effect of Porcine Clostridium perfringens on Intestinal Barrier, Immunity, and Quantitative Analysis of Intestinal Bacterial Communities in Mice. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:881878. [PMID: 35769317 PMCID: PMC9234579 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.881878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is one of the main pathogens which can cause a range of histotoxic and enteric diseases in humans or animals (pigs, or broilers). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates these bacteria cause nearly 1 million illnesses in the United States every year. For animal husbandry, necrotizing enteritis caused by C. perfringens can cost the global livestock industry between $2 billion and $6 billion per year. C. perfringens-infected animals can be isolated for its identification and pathology. A suitable animal model is one of the essential conditions for studying the disease pathogenesis. In previous studies, mice have been used as subjects for a variety of Clostridium perfringens toxicity tests. Thus, this study was designed to build a mouse model infected porcine C. perfringens which was isolated from the C.perfringens-infected pigs. A total of 32 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups. Control group was orally administrated with PBS (200 μL) on day 0. Low group, Medium group, and High group were gavaged with 200 ul of PBS resuspension containing 8.0 × 107 CFU, 4.0 × 108 CFU, and 2.0 × 109 CFU, respectively. We examined growth performance, immune status, intestinal barrier integrity, apoptosis-related genes expression, and copies of C. perfringens in mice. The results showed that the growth performance declined and intestinal structure was seriously damaged in High group. Meanwhile, pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in High group compared to other groups. The tight junctions and pro-apoptosis related genes' expression significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in High group, and high dose caused a disruption of intestinal villi integrity and tissue injury in the jejunum of mice. In addition, the enumerations of C. perfringens, Escherichia coli, and Lactobacillus explained why the gut of High group mice was seriously damaged, because the C. perfringens and Escherichia coli significantly enriched (P < 0.05), and Lactobacillus dramatically decreased (P < 0.05). Overall, our results provide an experimental and theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis and exploring the effects of porcine C. perfringens on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifa Su
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyue Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Du
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zeqing Lu
| | - Mingliang Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Yizhen Wang
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Bunkar N, Sharma J, Chouksey A, Kumari R, Gupta PK, Tiwari R, Lodhi L, Srivastava RK, Bhargava A, Mishra PK. Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C impairs innate immune response by inducing integrated stress response and mitochondrial-induced epigenetic modifications. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109776. [PMID: 32916276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, a rod-shaped, gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium is one of the most widely occurring bacterial pathogens, associated with a spectrum of diseases in humans. A major virulence factor during its infection is the enzyme phospholipase C encoded by the plc gene, known as Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C (CpPLC). The present study was designed to understand the role of CpPLC in inducing survival mechanisms and mitochondrial-induced epigenetic changes in a human lymphocyte cell culture model. Following exposure to CpPLC, a significant generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species was observed, which coincided with the changes in the expression of vital components of MAP/ERK/RTK signaling cascade that regulates the downstream cellular functions. These disturbances further led to alterations in the mitochondrial genome and functioning. This was supported by the observed upregulation in the expression of mitochondrial fission genes Drp1, Fis1, and Mff, and mitochondrial fusion genes MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1 following CpPLC exposure. CpPLC exposed cells showed upregulation of OMA1, DELE1, and HRI genes involved in the integrated stress response (ISR), which suggests that it may induce the ISR that provides a pro-survival mechanism to the host cell. CpPLC also initiated immune patho-physiologic mechanisms including mitochondrial-induced epigenetic modifications through a mitochondrial-ROS driven signaling pathway. Interestingly, epigenetic machinery not only play a pivotal role in lymphocyte homeostasis by contributing to cell-fate decisions but thought to be one of the mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens survive within the host cells. Importantly, the impairment of mtDNA repair among the CpPLC exposed cells, induced alterations within mtDNA methylation, and led to the deregulation of MT-CO1, MT-ND6, MT-ATPase 6, and MT-ATPase8 gene expression profiles that are important for mitochondrial bioenergetics and subsequent metabolic pathways. This was further confirmed by the changes in the activity of mitochondrial electron chain complexes (complex I, II, III, IV and V). The altered mtDNA methylation profile was also found to be closely associated with the varied expression of mitomiRs and their targets. CpPLC exposed cells showed up-regulation of miR24 expression and down-regulation of miR34a, miR150, and miR155, while the increased expression of mitomiR target genes i.e. of K-Ras, MYC, EGFR, and NF-kβ was also observed in these cells. Altogether, our findings provide novel insights into the derailment of redox signaling machinery in CpPLC treated lymphocytes and its role in the induction of survival mechanisms and mitochondrial-induced epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bunkar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Jahnavi Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Anju Chouksey
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Roshani Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Lalit Lodhi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Arpit Bhargava
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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