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Guk K, Yi S, Kim H, Kim S, Lim EK, Kang T, Jung J. PoreGlow: A split green fluorescent protein-based system for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Chem 2024; 438:138043. [PMID: 37992606 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a severe foodborne pathogen causing severe diseases underscores the necessity for the development of a detection system with high specificity, sensitivity and utility. Herein, the PoreGlow system, based on split green fluorescent protein (GFP), was developed and assessed for the fast and accurate detection of L. monocytogenes. Split GFP-encapsulated liposomes were optimized for targeted analysis. The system utilizes listeriolysin O (LLO), a toxin produced by L. monocytogenes that enlarges the pores split GFP-encapsulated liposomes, to detect L. monocytogenes by measuring the fluorescent signal generated when the encapsulated GFP is released and reacted with the externally added fragment of the split GFP. The system exhibited a limit of detection of 0.17 μg/ml for LLO toxin and 10 CFU/mL for L. monocytogenes with high sensitivity and specificity and no cross-reactivity with other bacteria. The PoreGlow system is practical, rapid, and does not require sample pre-treatment, making it a promising tool for the early detection of L. monocytogenes in food products, which is crucial for preventing outbreaks and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeonghye Guk
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Yi
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Kim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Huang S, Li Y, Hong C, Jin Y, Li S, Xu X, Xia Y, Zhang L, Lou Y, Guan W. Whole-genome sequencing-based analysis of antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and genetic diversity in Yersinia isolated in Wenzhou, China 2020. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 188:107903. [PMID: 37574177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia spp. vary significantly in their ability to cause diseases that threaten public health. Their pathogenicity is frequently associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and various virulence factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the AMR genes, virulence factors, and genetic diversity of Yersinia strains isolated from meats and fish in Wenzhou in 2020 by using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). A total of 50 isolates were collected. The phylogenetic relationships among the Yersinia species were also analyzed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. According to the results, all the strains could be classified into five species, with most isolated from beef, followed by poultry, pork, and fish. AMR genes were identified in 23 strains. And the qnrD1 genes were all located in the Col3M plasmid. Virulence genes, such as yaxA, ystB, pla, and yplA, were also found in the 15 Y. enterocolitica strains. And this study also found the presence of icm/dot type IVB-related genes in one Yersinia massiliensis isolate. MLST analysis identified 43 sequence types (STs), 19 of which were newly detected in Yersinia. Moreover, cgMLST analysis revealed that no dense genotype clusters were formed (cgMLST 5341, 5344, 5346-5350, 5353-5390). Instead, the strains appeared to be dispersed over large distances, except when multiple isolates shared the same ST. Isolates Y4 and Y26 were closely related to strains originating from South Korea and Denmark. This study showed considerable diversity in Yersinia spp. isolated from local areas (Wenzhou City). The data generated in our study may enrich the molecular traceability database of Yersinia and provide a basis for the development of more effective antipathogen control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Huang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Chengji Hong
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Yafang Jin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Shengkai Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xuelian Xu
- Yuhang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuhang, China.
| | - Yanmei Xia
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Leyi Zhang
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Łada P, Kończyk-Kmiecik K, Bancerz-Kisiel A. Isolation, characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica from Polish cattle and their carcasses. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:143. [PMID: 37670289 PMCID: PMC10478351 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yersinia enterocolitica is a heterogeneous bacterial species that has been divided into six biotypes and more than 70 serotypes. Each year, the European Food Safety Authority classifies yersiniosis caused by Y. enterocolitica as one of the most important zoonotic diseases. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in cattle has not been thoroughly analyzed in Poland, and beef and bovine carcasses contaminated with antimicrobial resistant Y. enterocolitica pose a health risk for both, farm workers and consumers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in cattle and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains. RESULTS A total of 1020 samples were analyzed, including 660 rectal swabs collected from live cattle and 360 swabs from cold-stored beef carcasses. The results of this study indicate that Y. enterocolitica was isolated from three of the 15 examined cattle herds and the prevalence within these herds ranged from 0% to nearly 32%. Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 14.7% of the examined heifers, 7.4% of calves and 5.5% of adult cows. More than 65% of the strains were isolated from cold enrichment. The strains isolated from live cattle tested positive for the ystB gene, while ail and ystA genes were not found. Most of the isolated strains belonged to bioserotype 1A/NT. The majority of the isolated strains were resistant to ampicillin, cefalexin and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, however these are expected phenotypes for Y. enterocolitica. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that Y. enterocolitica is present in cattle herds in Poland. The strains isolated from live cattle were ystB-positive, most of them belonged to bioserotype 1A/NT. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica strains was generally low in cold-stored beef carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Łada
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 2 St, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kończyk-Kmiecik
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 2 St, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 2 St, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Jeong KB, Ryu M, Kim JS, Kim M, Yoo J, Chung M, Oh S, Jo G, Lee SG, Kim HM, Lee MK, Chi SW. Single-molecule fingerprinting of protein-drug interaction using a funneled biological nanopore. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1461. [PMID: 37015934 PMCID: PMC10073129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug discovery, efficient screening of protein-drug interactions (PDIs) is hampered by the limitations of current biophysical approaches. Here, we develop a biological nanopore sensor for single-molecule detection of proteins and PDIs using the pore-forming toxin YaxAB. Using this YaxAB nanopore, we demonstrate label-free, single-molecule detection of interactions between the anticancer Bcl-xL protein and small-molecule drugs as well as the Bak-BH3 peptide. The long funnel-shaped structure and nanofluidic characteristics of the YaxAB nanopore enable the electro-osmotic trapping of diverse folded proteins and high-resolution monitoring of PDIs. Distinctive nanopore event distributions observed in the two-dimensional (ΔI/Io-versus-IN) plot illustrate the ability of the YaxAB nanopore to discriminate individual small-molecule drugs bound to Bcl-xL from non-binders. Taken together, our results present the YaxAB nanopore as a robust platform for label-free, ultrasensitive, single-molecule detection of PDIs, opening up a possibility for low-cost, highly efficient drug discovery against diverse drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Baek Jeong
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Ryu
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jejoong Yoo
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Chung
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyunghee Jo
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Lee
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Wook Chi
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Mondal AK, Lata K, Singh M, Chatterjee S, Chauhan A, Puravankara S, Chattopadhyay K. Cryo-EM elucidates mechanism of action of bacterial pore-forming toxins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184013. [PMID: 35908609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) rupture plasma membranes and kill target cells. PFTs are secreted as soluble monomers that undergo drastic structural rearrangements upon interacting with the target membrane and generate transmembrane oligomeric pores. A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the pore-formation process remains unclear due to limited structural insights regarding the transmembrane oligomeric pore states of the PFTs. However, recent advances in the field of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have led to the high-resolution structure determination of the oligomeric pore forms of diverse PFTs. Here, we discuss the pore-forming mechanisms of various PFTs, specifically the mechanistic details contributed by the cryo-EM-based structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Kusum Lata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Shamaita Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Aakanksha Chauhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Sindhoora Puravankara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
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Prevalence, virulence determinants, and genetic diversity in Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from slaughtered pigs and pig carcasses. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 376:109756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ulhuq FR, Mariano G. Bacterial pore-forming toxins. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168:001154. [PMID: 35333704 PMCID: PMC9558359 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are widely distributed in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. PFTs can act as virulence factors that bacteria utilise in dissemination and host colonisation or, alternatively, they can be employed to compete with rival microbes in polymicrobial niches. PFTs transition from a soluble form to become membrane-embedded by undergoing large conformational changes. Once inserted, they perforate the membrane, causing uncontrolled efflux of ions and/or nutrients and dissipating the protonmotive force (PMF). In some instances, target cells intoxicated by PFTs display additional effects as part of the cellular response to pore formation. Significant progress has been made in the mechanistic description of pore formation for the different PFTs families, but in several cases a complete understanding of pore structure remains lacking. PFTs have evolved recognition mechanisms to bind specific receptors that define their host tropism, although this can be remarkably diverse even within the same family. Here we summarise the salient features of PFTs and highlight where additional research is necessary to fully understand the mechanism of pore formation by members of this diverse group of protein toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima R. Ulhuq
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Giuseppina Mariano
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Platt-Samoraj A. Toxigenic Properties of Yersinia enterocolitica Biotype 1A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:118. [PMID: 35202145 PMCID: PMC8877543 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica, an etiological agent of yersiniosis, is a bacterium whose pathogenicity is determined, among other things, by its ability to produce toxins. The aim of this article was to present the most important toxins that are produced by biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica, and to discuss their role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A strains are able to synthesize variants of thermostable YST enterotoxin and play a key role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica also produce Y. enterocolitica pore-forming toxins, YaxA and YaxB. These toxins form pores in the cell membrane of host target cells and cause osmotic lysis, which is of particular importance in systemic infections. Insecticidal toxin complex genes have been detected in some clinical biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica. However, their role has not yet been fully elucidated. Strains belonging to biotype 1A have long been considered non-pathogenic. This view is beginning to change due to the emerging knowledge about the toxigenic potential of these bacteria and their ability to overcome the defense barriers of the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Platt-Samoraj
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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Johnstone BA, Christie MP, Morton CJ, Parker MW. X-ray crystallography shines a light on pore-forming toxins. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:1-46. [PMID: 33712183 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A common form of cellular attack by pathogenic bacteria is to secrete pore-forming toxins (PFTs). Capable of forming transmembrane pores in various biological membranes, PFTs have also been identified in a diverse range of other organisms such as sea anemones, earthworms and even mushrooms and trees. The mechanism of pore formation by PFTs is associated with substantial conformational changes in going from the water-soluble to transmembrane states of the protein. The determination of the crystal structures for numerous PFTs has shed much light on our understanding of these proteins. Other than elucidating the atomic structural details of PFTs and the conformational changes that must occur for pore formation, crystal structures have revealed structural homology that has led to the discovery of new PFTs and new PFT families. Here we review some key crystallographic results together with complimentary approaches for studying PFTs. We discuss how these studies have impacted our understanding of PFT function and guided research into biotechnical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronte A Johnstone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle P Christie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig J Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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Kumar H, Ananthanarayanan V. Friend or Foe? The Role of the Host Cytoskeleton in Cellular Responses to Bacterial Pore Forming Toxins. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00218-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Bozcal E. A general view on virulence determinants and infection strategies of Yersinia enterocolitica. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Duport C, Alpha-Bazin B, Armengaud J. Advanced Proteomics as a Powerful Tool for Studying Toxins of Human Bacterial Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100576. [PMID: 31590258 PMCID: PMC6832400 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotoxins contribute to the infectious processes of many bacterial pathogens, mainly by causing host tissue damages. The production of exotoxins varies according to the bacterial species. Recent advances in proteomics revealed that pathogenic bacteria are capable of simultaneously producing more than a dozen exotoxins. Interestingly, these toxins may be subject to post-transcriptional modifications in response to environmental conditions. In this review, we give an outline of different bacterial exotoxins and their mechanism of action. We also report how proteomics contributed to immense progress in the study of toxinogenic potential of pathogenic bacteria over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duport
- SQPOV, UMR0408, Avignon Université, INRA, F-84914 Avignon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Béatrice Alpha-Bazin
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France; (B.A.-B.); (J.A.)
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France; (B.A.-B.); (J.A.)
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13
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Wilson JS, Churchill-Angus AM, Davies SP, Sedelnikova SE, Tzokov SB, Rafferty JB, Bullough PA, Bisson C, Baker PJ. Identification and structural analysis of the tripartite α-pore forming toxin of Aeromonas hydrophila. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2900. [PMID: 31263098 PMCID: PMC6602965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha helical CytolysinA family of pore forming toxins (α-PFT) contains single, two, and three component members. Structures of the single component Eschericia coli ClyA and the two component Yersinia enterolytica YaxAB show both undergo conformational changes from soluble to pore forms, and oligomerization to produce the active pore. Here we identify tripartite α-PFTs in pathogenic Gram negative bacteria, including Aeromonas hydrophila (AhlABC). We show that the AhlABC toxin requires all three components for maximal cell lysis. We present structures of pore components which describe a bi-fold hinge mechanism for soluble to pore transition in AhlB and a contrasting tetrameric assembly employed by soluble AhlC to hide their hydrophobic membrane associated residues. We propose a model of pore assembly where the AhlC tetramer dissociates, binds a single membrane leaflet, recruits AhlB promoting soluble to pore transition, prior to AhlA binding to form the active hydrophilic lined pore. Pore forming toxins (PFTs) form the major group of virulence factors in many pathogenic bacteria. Here the authors identify tripartite α-helical PFTs in pathogenic Gram negative bacteria and structurally characterize AhlABC from Aeromonas hydrophila and propose a model for its pore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alicia M Churchill-Angus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Simon P Davies
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Svetlana E Sedelnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Svetomir B Tzokov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - John B Rafferty
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Per A Bullough
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Claudine Bisson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK.,ISMB, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Patrick J Baker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK.
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14
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Heine SJ, Franco-Mahecha OL, Sears KT, Drachenberg CB, van Roosmalen ML, Leenhouts K, Picking WL, Pasetti MF. A Combined YopB and LcrV Subunit Vaccine Elicits Protective Immunity against Yersinia Infection in Adult and Infant Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:2005-2016. [PMID: 30787109 PMCID: PMC6424635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica causes a severe enteric infection in infants and young children. There is no vaccine approved for use in humans. We investigated the immunogenicity and protective capacity of Yersinia YopB, a conserved type III secretion system protein, alone or combined with LcrV in adult mice immunized intranasally. YopB or LcrV (5 μg) administered with the Escherichia coli double mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) adjuvant afforded modest (10-30%) protection against lethal Y. enterocolitica oral infection. The combination of YopB and LcrV (5 μg each) dramatically improved vaccine efficacy (70-80%). Additionally, it afforded complete protection against Y. pestis pulmonary infection. Immunization with YopB/LcrV+dmLT resulted in Ag-specific serum IgG, systemic and mucosal Ab-secreting cells, as well as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, and KC production by spleen cells. Serum Abs elicited by YopB/LcrV+dmLT had enhanced bactericidal and opsonophagocytic killing activity. After Y. enterocolitica challenge, YopB/LcrV+dmLT-vaccinated mice exhibited intact intestinal tissue, active germinal centers in mesenteric lymph nodes, IgG+ and IgA+ plasmablasts in the lamina propria, and Abs in intestinal fluid. On the contrary, complete tissue destruction and abscesses were seen in placebo recipients that succumbed to infection. Mice immunized as infants with YopB+dmLT or LcrV+dmLT achieved 60% protection against lethal Y. enterocolitica infection, and vaccine efficacy increased to 90-100% when they received YopB/LcrV+dmLT. YopB+dmLT also afforded substantial (60%) protection when administered intradermally to infant mice. YopB/LcrV+dmLT is a promising subunit vaccine candidate with the potential to elicit broad protection against Yersinia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Heine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Olga L Franco-Mahecha
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Khandra T Sears
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Cinthia B Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | | | | | - Wendy L Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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15
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Bräuning B, Groll M. Structural and Mechanistic Features of ClyA-Like α-Pore-Forming Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090343. [PMID: 30142951 PMCID: PMC6162564 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances have seen increasing numbers of complex structures from diverse pore-forming toxins (PFT). The ClyA family of α-PFTs comprises a broad variety of assemblies including single-, two- and three-component toxin systems. With crystal structures available for soluble subunits of all major groups in this extended protein family, efforts now focus on obtaining molecular insights into physiological pore formation. This review provides an up-to-date discussion on common and divergent structural and functional traits that distinguish the various ClyA family PFTs. Open questions of this research topic are outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bräuning
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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16
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Identification of Two Regulators of Virulence That Are Conserved in Klebsiella pneumoniae Classical and Hypervirulent Strains. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01443-18. [PMID: 30087173 PMCID: PMC6083908 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01443-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is widely recognized as a pathogen with a propensity for acquiring antibiotic resistance. It is capable of causing a range of hospital-acquired infections (urinary tract infections [UTI], pneumonia, sepsis) and community-acquired invasive infections. The genetic heterogeneity of K. pneumoniae isolates complicates our ability to understand the virulence of K. pneumoniae. Characterization of virulence factors conserved between strains as well as strain-specific factors will improve our understanding of this important pathogen. The MarR family of regulatory proteins is widely distributed in bacteria and regulates cellular processes such as antibiotic resistance and the expression of virulence factors. Klebsiella encodes numerous MarR-like proteins, and they likely contribute to the ability of K. pneumoniae to respond to and survive under a wide variety of environmental conditions, including those present in the human body. We tested loss-of-function mutations in all the marR homologues in a murine pneumonia model and found that two (kvrA and kvrB) significantly impacted the virulence of K1 and K2 capsule type hypervirulent (hv) strains and that kvrA affected the virulence of a sequence type 258 (ST258) classical strain. In the hv strains, kvrA and kvrB mutants displayed phenotypes associated with reduced capsule production, mucoviscosity, and transcription from galF and manC promoters that drive expression of capsule synthesis genes. In contrast, kvrA and kvrB mutants in the ST258 strain had no effect on capsule gene expression or capsule-related phenotypes. Thus, KvrA and KvrB affect virulence in classical and hv strains but the effect on virulence may not be exclusively due to effects on capsule production. In addition to having a reputation as the causative agent for hospital-acquired infections as well as community-acquired invasive infections, Klebsiella pneumoniae has gained widespread attention as a pathogen with a propensity for acquiring antibiotic resistance. Due to the rapid emergence of carbapenem resistance among K. pneumoniae strains, a better understanding of virulence mechanisms and identification of new potential drug targets are needed. This study identified two novel regulators (KvrA and KvrB) of virulence in K. pneumoniae and demonstrated that their effect on virulence in invasive strains is likely due in part to effects on capsule production (a major virulence determinant) and hypermucoviscosity. KvrA also impacts the virulence of classical strains but does not appear to affect capsule gene expression in this strain. KvrA and KvrB are conserved among K. pneumoniae strains and thus could regulate capsule expression and virulence in diverse strains regardless of capsule type.
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17
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Bräuning B, Bertosin E, Praetorius F, Ihling C, Schatt A, Adler A, Richter K, Sinz A, Dietz H, Groll M. Structure and mechanism of the two-component α-helical pore-forming toxin YaxAB. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1806. [PMID: 29728606 PMCID: PMC5935710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFT) are virulence factors that transform from soluble to membrane-bound states. The Yersinia YaxAB system represents a family of binary α-PFTs with orthologues in human, insect, and plant pathogens, with unknown structures. YaxAB was shown to be cytotoxic and likely involved in pathogenesis, though the molecular basis for its two-component lytic mechanism remains elusive. Here, we present crystal structures of YaxA and YaxB, together with a cryo-electron microscopy map of the YaxAB complex. Our structures reveal a pore predominantly composed of decamers of YaxA-YaxB heterodimers. Both subunits bear membrane-active moieties, but only YaxA is capable of binding to membranes by itself. YaxB can subsequently be recruited to membrane-associated YaxA and induced to present its lytic transmembrane helices. Pore formation can progress by further oligomerization of YaxA-YaxB dimers. Our results allow for a comparison between pore assemblies belonging to the wider ClyA-like family of α-PFTs, highlighting diverse pore architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bräuning
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany.
| | - Eva Bertosin
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Praetorius
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str.4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str.4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Agnes Adler
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str.4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Hendrik Dietz
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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18
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Bancerz-Kisiel A, Pieczywek M, Łada P, Szweda W. The Most Important Virulence Markers of Yersinia enterocolitica and Their Role during Infection. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E235. [PMID: 29751540 PMCID: PMC5977175 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is the causative agent of yersiniosis, a zoonotic disease of growing epidemiological importance with significant consequences for public health. This pathogenic species has been intensively studied for many years. Six biotypes (1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, 5) and more than 70 serotypes of Y. enterocolitica have been identified to date. The biotypes of Y. enterocolitica are divided according to their pathogenic properties: the non-pathogenic biotype 1A, weakly pathogenic biotypes 2⁻5, and the highly pathogenic biotype 1B. Due to the complex pathogenesis of yersiniosis, further research is needed to expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the infection process and the clinical course of the disease. Many factors, both plasmid and chromosomal, significantly influence these processes. The aim of this study was to present the most important virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica and their role during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marta Pieczywek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Łada
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Szweda
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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19
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Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria sense environmental cues, including the local temperature, to control the production of key virulence factors. Thermal regulation can be achieved at the level of DNA, RNA or protein and although many virulence factors are subject to thermal regulation, the exact mechanisms of control are yet to be elucidated in many instances. Understanding how virulence factors are regulated by temperature presents a significant challenge, as gene expression and protein production are often influenced by complex regulatory networks involving multiple transcription factors in bacteria. Here we highlight some recent insights into thermal regulation of virulence in pathogenic bacteria. We focus on bacteria which cause disease in mammalian hosts, which are at a significantly higher temperature than the outside environment. We outline the mechanisms of thermal regulation and how understanding this fundamental aspect of the biology of bacteria has implications for pathogenesis and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lam
- a The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology ; University of Oxford ; Oxford , UK
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