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Lohr T, Scheuplein NJ, Jenkins C, Norville I, Erk C, Stapf M, Kirchner L, Sarkar-Tyson M, Holzgrabe U. Identification of active main metabolites of anti-infective inhibitors of the macrophage infectivity potentiator protein by liquid chromatography using mass detection. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400032. [PMID: 38687906 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, the development of anti-infectives with new mechanisms of action is crucial. Virulence factors such as the "macrophage infectivity potentiator" (Mip) protein, which catalyzes the folding of proline-containing proteins by means of their cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity, have come into focus as a potential new target. Since the inhibition of Mip by small molecules has been shown to lead to reduced virulence and survival in vitro, especially of Gram-negative bacteria such as Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng), or Coxiella burnetii (Cb), among many others, a library of Mip inhibitors was developed. As drug metabolism has a significant impact on the overall therapeutic outcome, this report describes the biotransformation of the most potent Mip inhibitors. Therefore, the anti-infectives were treated using human liver microsomes in vitro. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) methods were applied to identify the metabolites and quantify the metabolic degradation of the hit compounds. Active metabolites, N-oxides, were found, leading to new opportunities for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Isobel Norville
- DSTL, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | - Christine Erk
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stapf
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Kirchner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Scheuplein NJ, Bzdyl NM, Lohr T, Kibble EA, Hasenkopf A, Herbst C, Sarkar-Tyson M, Holzgrabe U. Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel Inhibitors of the Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator (Mip) Proteins of Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Med Chem 2023; 66:8876-8895. [PMID: 37389560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein is a promising target for developing new drugs to combat antimicrobial resistance. New rapamycin-derived Mip inhibitors have been designed that may be able to combine two binding modes to inhibit the Mip protein of Burkholderia pseudomallei (BpMip). These novel compounds are characterized by an additional substituent in the middle chain linking the lateral pyridine to the pipecoline moiety, constituting different stereoisomers. These compounds demonstrated high affinity for the BpMip protein in the nanomolar range and high anti-enzymatic activity and ultimately resulted in significantly reduced cytotoxicity of B. pseudomallei in macrophages. They also displayed strong anti-enzymatic activity against the Mip proteins of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and substantially improved the ability of macrophages to kill the bacteria. Hence, the new Mip inhibitors are promising, non-cytotoxic candidates for further testing against a broad spectrum of pathogens and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole M Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
- DMTC Limited, Level 1, 620 High Street, Kew, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Anja Hasenkopf
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carina Herbst
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Nikolka F, Karagöz MS, Nassef MZ, Hiller K, Steinert M, Cordes T. The Virulence Factor Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator (Mip) Influences Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism and Pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila. Metabolites 2023; 13:834. [PMID: 37512541 PMCID: PMC10386555 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (Lp) is a common etiological agent of bacterial pneumonia that causes Legionnaires' disease (LD). The bacterial membrane-associated virulence factor macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) exhibits peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase (PPIase) activity and contributes to the intra- and extracellular pathogenicity of Lp. Though Mip influences disease outcome, little is known about the metabolic consequences of altered Mip activity during infections. Here, we established a metabolic workflow and applied mass spectrometry approaches to decipher how Mip activity influences metabolism and pathogenicity. Impaired Mip activity in genetically engineered Lp strains decreases intracellular replication in cellular infection assays, confirming the contribution of Mip for Lp pathogenicity. We observed that genetic and chemical alteration of Mip using the PPIase inhibitors rapamycin and FK506 induces metabolic reprogramming in Lp, specifically branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. Rapamycin also inhibits PPIase activity of mammalian FK506 binding proteins, and we observed that rapamycin induces a distinct metabolic signature in human macrophages compared to bacteria, suggesting potential involvement of Mip in normal bacteria and in infection. Our metabolic studies link Mip to alterations in BCAA metabolism and may help to decipher novel disease mechanisms associated with LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Nikolka
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mustafa Safa Karagöz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mohamed Zakaria Nassef
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Research Group Cellular Metabolism in Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Debowski AW, Bzdyl NM, Thomas DR, Scott NE, Jenkins CH, Iwasaki J, Kibble EA, Khoo CA, Scheuplein NJ, Seibel PM, Lohr T, Metters G, Bond CS, Norville IH, Stubbs KA, Harmer NJ, Holzgrabe U, Newton HJ, Sarkar-Tyson M. Macrophage infectivity potentiator protein, a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, essential for Coxiella burnetii growth and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011491. [PMID: 37399210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes the debilitating disease Q fever, which affects both animals and humans. The only available human vaccine, Q-Vax, is effective but has a high risk of severe adverse reactions, limiting its use as a countermeasure to contain outbreaks. Therefore, it is essential to identify new drug targets to treat this infection. Macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) proteins catalyse the folding of proline-containing proteins through their peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity and have been shown to play an important role in the virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. To date the role of the Mip protein in C. burnetii pathogenesis has not been investigated. This study demonstrates that CbMip is likely to be an essential protein in C. burnetii. The pipecolic acid derived compounds, SF235 and AN296, which have shown utility in targeting other Mip proteins from pathogenic bacteria, demonstrate inhibitory activities against CbMip. These compounds were found to significantly inhibit intracellular replication of C. burnetii in both HeLa and THP-1 cells. Furthermore, SF235 and AN296 were also found to exhibit antibiotic properties against both the virulent (Phase I) and avirulent (Phase II) forms of C. burnetii Nine Mile Strain in axenic culture. Comparative proteomics, in the presence of AN296, revealed alterations in stress responses with H2O2 sensitivity assays validating that Mip inhibition increases the sensitivity of C. burnetii to oxidative stress. In addition, SF235 and AN296 were effective in vivo and significantly improved the survival of Galleria mellonella infected with C. burnetii. These results suggest that unlike in other bacteria, Mip in C. burnetii is required for replication and that the development of more potent inhibitors against CbMip is warranted and offer potential as novel therapeutics against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra W Debowski
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole M Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David R Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jua Iwasaki
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- DMTC Limited, Level 1, Kew, Australia
| | - Chen Ai Khoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicolas J Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pamela M Seibel
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georgie Metters
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Isobel H Norville
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Harmer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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5
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Scheithauer L, Karagöz MS, Mayer BE, Steinert M. Protein sociology of ProA, Mip and other secreted virulence factors at the Legionella pneumophila surface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1140688. [PMID: 36936764 PMCID: PMC10017501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1140688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of L. pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, depends on an arsenal of interacting proteins. Here we describe how surface-associated and secreted virulence factors of this pathogen interact with each other or target extra- and intracellular host proteins resulting in host cell manipulation and tissue colonization. Since progress of computational methods like AlphaFold, molecular dynamics simulation, and docking allows to predict, analyze and evaluate experimental proteomic and interactomic data, we describe how the combination of these approaches generated new insights into the multifaceted "protein sociology" of the zinc metalloprotease ProA and the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator). Both virulence factors of L. pneumophila interact with numerous proteins including bacterial flagellin (FlaA) and host collagen, and play important roles in virulence regulation, host tissue degradation and immune evasion. The recent progress in protein-ligand analyses of virulence factors suggests that machine learning will also have a beneficial impact in early stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Scheithauer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mustafa Safa Karagöz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benjamin E. Mayer
- Computational Biology & Simulation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Steinert,
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6
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Radwanska M, de Lemos Esteves F, Linsen L, Coltel N, Cencig S, Widart J, Massart AC, Colson S, Di Paolo A, Percier P, Ait Djebbara S, Guillonneau F, Flamand V, De Pauw E, Frère JM, Carlier Y, Truyens C. Macrophage-infectivity potentiator of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcMIP) is a new pro-type 1 immuno-stimulating protein for neonatal human cells and vaccines in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1138526. [PMID: 37033946 PMCID: PMC10077492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1138526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This work identifies the protein "macrophage infectivity potentiator" of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes, as supporting a new property, namely a pro-type 1 immunostimulatory activity on neonatal cells. In its recombinant form (rTcMIP), this protein triggers the secretion of the chemokines CCL2 and CCL3 by human umbilical cord blood cells from healthy newborns, after 24h in vitro culture. Further stimulation for 72h results in secretion of IFN-γ, provided cultures are supplemented with IL-2 and IL-18. rTcMIP activity is totally abolished by protease treatment and is not associated with its peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase enzymatic activity. The ability of rTcMIP to act as adjuvant was studied in vivo in neonatal mouse immunization models, using acellular diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-vaccine (DTPa) or ovalbumin, and compared to the classical alum adjuvant. As compared to the latter, rTcMIP increases the IgG antibody response towards several antigens meanwhile skewing antibody production towards the Th-1 dependent IgG2a isotype. The amplitude of the rTcMIP adjuvant effect varied depending on the antigen and the co-presence of alum. rTcMIP did by contrast not increase the IgE response to OVA combined with alum. The discovery of the rTcMIP immunostimulatory effect on neonatal cells opens new possibilities for potential use as pro-type 1 adjuvant for neonatal vaccines. This, in turn, may facilitate the development of more efficient vaccines that can be given at birth, reducing infection associated morbidity and mortality which are the highest in the first weeks after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (UCRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Loes Linsen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (UCRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Coltel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (UCRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Cencig
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (UCRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joelle Widart
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry (LSM), Department of Chemistry, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Cécile Massart
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry (LSM), Department of Chemistry, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Séverine Colson
- Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Université de Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Di Paolo
- Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Université de Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Pauline Percier
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (UCRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarra Ait Djebbara
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (UCRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Guillonneau
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry (LSM), Department of Chemistry, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Véronique Flamand
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry (LSM), Department of Chemistry, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Frère
- Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Université de Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves Carlier
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (UCRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, MA, United States
| | - Carine Truyens
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (UCRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Carine Truyens,
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Steinert M. Editorial: Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) in host-pathogen interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1097771. [PMID: 36569202 PMCID: PMC9768585 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1097771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Muruaga EJ, Briones G, Roset MS. Biochemical and functional characterization of Brucella abortus cyclophilins: So similar, yet so different. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1046640. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1046640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are the etiological agent of animal and human brucellosis. We have reported previously that cyclophilins of Brucella (CypA and CypB) are upregulated within the intraphagosomal replicative niche and required for stress adaptation and host intracellular survival and virulence. Here, we characterize B. abortus cyclophilins, CypA, and CypB from a biochemical standpoint by studying their PPIase activity, chaperone activity, and oligomer formation. Even though CypA and CypB are very similar in sequence and share identical chaperone and PPIase activities, we were able to identify outstanding differential features between them. A series of differential peptide loops were predicted when comparing CypA and CypB, differences that might explain why specific antibodies (anti-CypA or anti-CypB) were able to discriminate between both cyclophilins without cross-reactivity. In addition, we identified the presence of critical amino acids in CypB, such as the Trp134 which is responsible for the cyclosporin A inhibition, and the Cys128 that leads to CypB homodimer formation by establishing a disulfide bond. Here, we demonstrated that CypB dimer formation was fully required for stress adaptation, survival within HeLa cells, and mouse infection in B. abortus. The presence of Trp134 and the Cys128 in CypB, which are not present in CypA, suggested that two different kinds of cyclophilins have evolved in Brucella, one with eukaryotic features (CypB), another (CypA) with similar features to Gram-negative cyclophilins.
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Pascale MR, Salaris S, Mazzotta M, Girolamini L, Fregni Serpini G, Manni L, Grottola A, Cristino S. New Insight regarding Legionella Non- Pneumophila Species Identification: Comparison between the Traditional mip Gene Classification Scheme and a Newly Proposed Scheme Targeting the rpoB Gene. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0116121. [PMID: 34908503 PMCID: PMC8672888 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01161-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of Legionella non-pneumophila species (non-Lp) in clinical and environmental samples is based on the mip gene, although several studies suggest its limitations and the need to expand the classification scheme to include other genes. In this study, the development of a new classification scheme targeting the rpoB gene is proposed to obtain a more reliable identification of 135 Legionella environmental isolates. All isolates were sequenced for the mip and rpoB genes, and the results were compared to study the discriminatory power of the proposed rpoB scheme. Complete concordance between the mip and rpoB results based on genomic percent identity was found for 121/135 (89.6%) isolates; in contrast, discordance was found for 14/135 (10.4%) isolates. Additionally, due to the lack of reference values for the rpoB gene, inter- and intraspecies variation intervals were calculated based on a pairwise identity matrix that was built using the entire rpoB gene (∼4,107 bp) and a partial region (329 bp) to better evaluate the genomic identity obtained. The interspecies variation interval found here (4.9% to 26.7%) was then proposed as a useful sequence-based classification scheme for the identification of unknown non-Lp isolates. The results suggest that using both the mip and rpoB genes makes it possible to correctly discriminate between several species, allowing possible new species to be identified, as confirmed by preliminary whole-genome sequencing analyses performed on our isolates. Therefore, starting from a valid and reliable identification approach, the simultaneous use of mip and rpoB associated with other genes, as it occurs with the sequence-based typing (SBT) scheme developed for Legionella pneumophila, could support the development of multilocus sequence typing to improve the knowledge and discovery of Legionella species subtypes. IMPORTANCELegionella spp. are a widely spread bacteria that cause a fatal form of pneumonia. While traditional laboratory techniques have provided valuable systems for Legionella pneumophila identification, the amplification of the mip gene has been recognized as the only useful tool for Legionella non-pneumophila species identification both in clinical and environmental samples. Several studies focused on the mip gene classification scheme showed its limitations and the need to improve the classification scheme, including other genes. Our study provides significant advantages on Legionella identification, providing a reproducible new rpoB gene classification scheme that seems to be more accurate than mip gene sequencing, bringing out greater genetic variation on Legionella species. In addition, the combined use of both the mip and rpoB genes allowed us to identify presumed new Legionella species, improving epidemiological investigations and acquiring new understanding on Legionella fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Pascale
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvano Salaris
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Mazzotta
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luna Girolamini
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Fregni Serpini
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis of Legionellosis, Molecular Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital-Policlinico Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Manni
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis of Legionellosis, Molecular Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital-Policlinico Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonella Grottola
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Clinical Diagnosis of Legionellosis, Molecular Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital-Policlinico Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Sandra Cristino
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bento FMM, Darolt JC, Merlin BL, Penã L, Wulff NA, Cônsoli FL. The molecular interplay of the establishment of an infection - gene expression of Diaphorina citri gut and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:677. [PMID: 34544390 PMCID: PMC8454146 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is one the causative agents of greening disease in citrus, an unccurable, devastating disease of citrus worldwide. CLas is vectored by Diaphorina citri, and the understanding of the molecular interplay between vector and pathogen will provide additional basis for the development and implementation of successful management strategies. We focused in the molecular interplay occurring in the gut of the vector, a major barrier for CLas invasion and colonization. RESULTS We investigated the differential expression of vector and CLas genes by analyzing a de novo reference metatranscriptome of the gut of adult psyllids fed of CLas-infected and healthy citrus plants for 1-2, 3-4 and 5-6 days. CLas regulates the immune response of the vector affecting the production of reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen, and the production of antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, CLas overexpressed peroxiredoxin, probably in a protective manner. The major transcript involved in immune expression was related to melanization, a CLIP-domain serine protease we believe participates in the wounding of epithelial cells damaged during infection, which is supported by the down-regulation of pangolin. We also detected that CLas modulates the gut peristalsis of psyllids through the down-regulation of titin, reducing the elimination of CLas with faeces. The up-regulation of the neuromodulator arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase implies CLas also interferes with the double brain-gut communication circuitry of the vector. CLas colonizes the gut by expressing two Type IVb pilin flp genes and several chaperones that can also function as adhesins. We hypothesized biofilm formation occurs by the expression of the cold shock protein of CLas. CONCLUSIONS The thorough detailed analysis of the transcritome of Ca. L. asiaticus and of D. citri at different time points of their interaction in the gut tissues of the host led to the identification of several host genes targeted for regulation by L. asiaticus, but also bacterial genes coding for potential effector proteins. The identified targets and effector proteins are potential targets for the development of new management strategies directed to interfere with the successful utilization of the psyllid vector by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Moura Manoel Bento
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Josiane Cecília Darolt
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo 14807-040 Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Bruna Laís Merlin
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Leandro Penã
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo 14807-040 Brazil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nelson Arno Wulff
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo 14807-040 Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
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11
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Lecocq M, Groussin M, Gouy M, Brochier-Armanet C. The Molecular Determinants of Thermoadaptation: Methanococcales as a Case Study. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1761-1776. [PMID: 33450027 PMCID: PMC8097290 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that environmental temperature impacts proteome evolution in Bacteria and Archaea. However, it is unknown whether thermoadaptation mainly occurs via the sequential accumulation of substitutions, massive horizontal gene transfers, or both. Measuring the real contribution of amino acid substitution to thermoadaptation is challenging, because of confounding environmental and genetic factors (e.g., pH, salinity, genomic G + C content) that also affect proteome evolution. Here, using Methanococcales, a major archaeal lineage, as a study model, we show that optimal growth temperature is the major factor affecting variations in amino acid frequencies of proteomes. By combining phylogenomic and ancestral sequence reconstruction approaches, we disclose a sequential substitutional scheme in which lysine plays a central role by fine tuning the pool of arginine, serine, threonine, glutamine, and asparagine, whose frequencies are strongly correlated with optimal growth temperature. Finally, we show that colonization to new thermal niches is not associated with high amounts of horizontal gene transfers. Altogether, although the acquisition of a few key proteins through horizontal gene transfer may have favored thermoadaptation in Methanococcales, our findings support sequential amino acid substitutions as the main factor driving thermoadaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lecocq
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathieu Groussin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manolo Gouy
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Céline Brochier-Armanet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Huang Q, Yang J, Li C, Song Y, Zhu Y, Zhao N, Mou X, Tang X, Luo G, Tong A, Sun B, Tang H, Li H, Bai L, Bao R. Structural characterization of PaFkbA: A periplasmic chaperone from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2460-2467. [PMID: 34025936 PMCID: PMC8113782 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Mip-like FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) mostly exhibit peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities. These activities are associated with various intracellular functions with diverse molecular mechanisms. Herein, we report the PA3262 gene-encoded crystal structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1's Mip-like protein PaFkbA. Biochemical characterization of PaFkbA demonstrated PaFkbA's chaperone activity for periplasmic protein MucD, a negative regulator of alginate biosynthesis. Furthermore, structural analysis of PaFkbA was used to describe the key features of PaFkbA chaperone activity. The outcomes of this analysis showed that the hinge region in the connecting helix of PaFbkA leads to the crucial conformational state transition for PaFkbA activity. Besides, the N-terminal domains participated in dimerization, and revealed its potential connection with FKBP domain and substrate binding. Mutagenesis and chaperone activity assay supported the theory that inter-domain motions are essential for PaFkbA function. These results provide biochemical and structural insights into the mechanism for FKBP's chaperone activity and establish a plausible correlation between PaFkbA and P. aeruginosa MucD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changcheng Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingjie Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yibo Zhu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ninglin Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Mou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Guihua Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
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Shome A, Sarkhel R, Apoorva S, Nair SS, Chauhan TKS, Bhure SK, Mahawar M. Role of protein repair enzymes in oxidative stress survival and virulence of Salmonella. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Proteins are the principal biomolecules in bacteria that are affected by the oxidants produced by the phagocytic cells. Most of the protein damage is irreparable though few unfolded proteins and covalently modified amino acids can be repaired by chaperones and repair enzymes respectively. This study reviews the three protein repair enzymes, protein l-isoaspartyl O-methyl transferase (PIMT), peptidyl proline cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), and methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR).
Methods
Published articles regarding protein repair enzymes were collected from Google Scholar and PubMed. The information obtained from the research articles was analyzed and categorized into general information about the enzyme, mechanism of action, and role played by the enzymes in bacteria. Special emphasis was given to the importance of these enzymes in Salmonella Typhimurium.
Results
Protein repair is the direct and energetically preferred way of replenishing the cellular protein pool without translational synthesis. Under the oxidative stress mounted by the host during the infection, protein repair becomes very crucial for the survival of the bacterial pathogens. Only a few covalent modifications of amino acids are reversible by the protein repair enzymes, and they are highly specific in activity. Deletion mutants of these enzymes in different bacteria revealed their importance in the virulence and oxidative stress survival.
Conclusion
PIMT repairs isoaspartate residues, PPiase catalyzes the conversion of cis-trans forms of proline residues, while MSR repairs oxidized methionine (Met) residues in the proteins. These repair enzymes maintain the activities of the target protein(s), thus aid in bacterial survival and virulence. The interventions which can interfere with this mechanism could be used for the development of novel therapeutics.
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14
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Scheuplein NJ, Bzdyl NM, Kibble EA, Lohr T, Holzgrabe U, Sarkar-Tyson M. Targeting Protein Folding: A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Pathogenic Bacteria. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13355-13388. [PMID: 32786507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, exacerbated by increasing antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species. The development of drugs with new modes of action is essential. A leading strategy is antivirulence, with the aim to target bacterial proteins that are important in disease causation and progression but do not affect growth, resulting in reduced selective pressure for resistance. Immunophilins, a superfamily of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) enzymes have been shown to be important for virulence in a broad-spectrum of pathogenic bacteria. This Perspective will provide an overview of the recent advances made in understanding the role of each immunophilin family, cyclophilins, FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs), and parvulins in bacteria. Inhibitor design and medicinal chemistry strategies for development of novel drugs against bacterial FKBPs will be discussed. Furthermore, drugs against human cyclophilins and parvulins will be reviewed in their current indication as antiviral and anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole M Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 6150 Murdoch, Australia
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
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Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase ppiB Is Essential for Proteome Homeostasis and Virulence in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00528-19. [PMID: 31331957 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00528-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Mortality rates in these areas are high even with antimicrobial treatment, and there are few options for effective therapy. Therefore, there is a need to identify antibacterial targets for the development of novel treatments. Cyclophilins are a family of highly conserved enzymes important in multiple cellular processes. Cyclophilins catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of xaa-proline bonds, a rate-limiting step in protein folding which has been shown to be important for bacterial virulence. B. pseudomallei carries a putative cyclophilin B gene, ppiB, the role of which was investigated. A B. pseudomallei ΔppiB (BpsΔppiB) mutant strain demonstrates impaired biofilm formation and reduced motility. Macrophage invasion and survival assays showed that although the BpsΔppiB strain retained the ability to infect macrophages, it had reduced survival and lacked the ability to spread cell to cell, indicating ppiB is essential for B. pseudomallei virulence. This is reflected in the BALB/c mouse infection model, demonstrating the requirement of ppiB for in vivo disease dissemination and progression. Proteomic analysis demonstrates that the loss of PpiB leads to pleiotropic effects, supporting the role of PpiB in maintaining proteome homeostasis. The loss of PpiB leads to decreased abundance of multiple virulence determinants, including flagellar machinery and alterations in type VI secretion system proteins. In addition, the loss of ppiB leads to increased sensitivity toward multiple antibiotics, including meropenem and doxycycline, highlighting ppiB inhibition as a promising antivirulence target to both treat B. pseudomallei infections and increase antibiotic efficacy.
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16
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Ünal CM, Karagöz MS, Berges M, Priebe C, Borrero de Acuña JM, Wissing J, Jänsch L, Jahn D, Steinert M. Pleiotropic Clostridioides difficile Cyclophilin PpiB Controls Cysteine-Tolerance, Toxin Production, the Central Metabolism and Multiple Stress Responses. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:340. [PMID: 31024308 PMCID: PMC6459899 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive pathogen Clostridioides difficile is the main bacterial agent of nosocomial antibiotic associated diarrhea. Bacterial peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerases (PPIases) are well established modulators of virulence that influence the outcome of human pathologies during infections. Here, we present the first interactomic network of the sole cyclophilin-type PPIase of C. difficile (CdPpiB) and show that it has diverse interaction partners including major enzymes of the amino acid-dependent energy (LdhA, EtfAB, Had, Acd) and the glucose-derived (Fba, GapA, Pfo, Pyk, Pyc) central metabolism. Proteins of the general (UspA), oxidative (Rbr1,2,3, Dsr), alkaline (YloU, YphY) and cold shock (CspB) response were found bound to CdPpiB. The transcriptional (Lrp), translational (InfC, RFF) and folding (GroS, DnaK) control proteins were also found attached. For a crucial enzyme of cysteine metabolism, O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (CysK), the global transcription regulator Lrp and the flagellar subunit FliC, these interactions were independently confirmed using a bacterial two hybrid system. The active site residues F50, F109, and F110 of CdPpiB were shown to be important for the interaction with the residue P87 of Lrp. CysK activity after heat denaturation was restored by interaction with CdPpiB. In accordance, tolerance toward cell wall stress caused by the exposure to amoxicillin was reduced. In the absence of CdPpiB, C. difficile was more susceptible toward L-cysteine. At the same time, the cysteine-mediated suppression of toxin production ceased resulting in higher cytotoxicity. In summary, the cyclophilin-type PPIase of C. difficile (CdPpiB) coordinates major cellular processes via its interaction with major regulators of transcription, translation, protein folding, stress response and the central metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Murat Ünal
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Moleküler Biyoteknoloji Bölümü, Türk-Alman Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mareike Berges
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christina Priebe
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Josef Wissing
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Proteomics Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Proteomics Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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