1
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Jiang R, Meng H, Raddassi K, Fleming I, Hoehn KB, Dardick KR, Belperron AA, Montgomery RR, Shalek AK, Hafler DA, Kleinstein SH, Bockenstedt LK. Single-cell immunophenotyping of the skin lesion erythema migrans identifies IgM memory B cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148035. [PMID: 34061047 PMCID: PMC8262471 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin lesion erythema migrans (EM) is an initial sign of the Ixodes tick-transmitted Borreliella spirochetal infection known as Lyme disease. T cells and innate immune cells have previously been shown to predominate the EM lesion and promote the reaction. Despite the established importance of B cells and antibodies in preventing infection, the role of B cells in the skin immune response to Borreliella is unknown. Here, we used single-cell RNA-Seq in conjunction with B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing to immunophenotype EM lesions and their associated B cells and BCR repertoires. We found that B cells were more abundant in EM in comparison with autologous uninvolved skin; many were clonally expanded and had circulating relatives. EM-associated B cells upregulated the expression of MHC class II genes and exhibited preferential IgM isotype usage. A subset also exhibited low levels of somatic hypermutation despite a gene expression profile consistent with memory B cells. Our study demonstrates that single-cell gene expression with paired BCR sequencing can be used to interrogate the sparse B cell populations in human skin and reveals that B cells in the skin infection site in early Lyme disease expressed a phenotype consistent with local antigen presentation and antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khadir Raddassi
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Alexia A. Belperron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A. Hafler
- Department of Immunobiology
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology
- Department of Pathology, and
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Linda K. Bockenstedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Bockenstedt LK, Wooten RM, Baumgarth N. Immune Response to Borrelia: Lessons from Lyme Disease Spirochetes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020; 42:145-190. [PMID: 33289684 PMCID: PMC10842262 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian host responds to infection with Borrelia spirochetes through a highly orchestrated immune defense involving innate and adaptive effector functions aimed toward limiting pathogen burdens, minimizing tissue injury, and preventing subsequent reinfection. The evolutionary adaptation of Borrelia spirochetes to their reservoir mammalian hosts may allow for its persistence despite this immune defense. This review summarizes our current understanding of the host immune response to B. burgdorferi sensu lato, the most widely studied Borrelia spp. and etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis. Pertinent literature will be reviewed with emphasis on in vitro, ex vivo and animal studies that influenced our understanding of both the earliest responses to B. burgdorferi as it enters the mammalian host and those that evolve as spirochetes disseminate and establish infection in multiple tissues. Our focus is on the immune response of inbred mice, the most commonly studied animal model of B. burgdorferi infection and surrogate for one of this pathogen's principle natural reservoir hosts, the white-footed deer mouse. Comparison will be made to the immune responses of humans with Lyme borreliosis. Our goal is to provide an understanding of the dynamics of the mammalian immune response during infection with B. burgdorferi and its relation to the outcomes in reservoir (mouse) and non-reservoir (human) hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Bockenstedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - R. Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Dept. Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
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3
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Issac JM, Mohamed YA, Bashir GH, Al-Sbiei A, Conca W, Khan TA, Iqbal A, Riemekasten G, Bieber K, Ludwig RJ, Cabral-Marques O, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Al-Ramadi BK. Induction of Hypergammaglobulinemia and Autoantibodies by Salmonella Infection in MyD88-Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1384. [PMID: 29973931 PMCID: PMC6019449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates a link between persistent infections and the development of autoimmune diseases. For instance, the inability to control Salmonella infection due to defective toll-like receptor (TLR)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) signaling has linked the development of persistent infections to a breakdown in B cell tolerance. However, the extent of immune dysregulation in the absence of TLR-MyD88 signaling remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that MyD88−/− mice are unable to eliminate attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, even when challenged with a low-dose inoculum (200 CFUs/mouse), developing a persistent and progressive infection when compared to wild-type (MyD88+/+) animals. The splenic niche of MyD88−/− mice revealed increased counts of activated, Sca-1-positive, myeloid subpopulations highly expressing BAFF during persistent Salmonella infection. Likewise, the T cell compartment of Salmonella-infected MyD88−/− mice showed increased levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing Sca-1 and CD25 and producing elevated amounts of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-21 in response to CD3/CD28 stimulation. This was associated with increased Tfh cell differentiation and the presence of CD4+ T cells co-expressing IFN-γ/IL-4 and IFN-γ/IL-10. Noteworthy, infected MyD88−/− mice had enhanced serum titers of both anti-Salmonella antibodies as well as autoantibodies directed against double-stranded DNA, thyroglobulin, and IgG rheumatoid factor, positive nuclear staining with HEp-2 cells, and immune complex deposition in the kidneys of MyD88−/− mice infected with live but not heat-killed Salmonella. Infection with other microorganisms (Acinetobacter baumanii, Streptococcus agalactiae, or Escherichia coli) was unable to trigger the autoimmune phenomenon. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of the immune response in the absence of MyD88 is pathogen-dependent and highlight potentially important genotype–environmental factor correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincy M Issac
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yassir A Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghada Hassan Bashir
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ashraf Al-Sbiei
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Walter Conca
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taj A Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Maria J Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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4
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MyD88 Signaling in T Cells Is Critical for Effector CD4 T Cell Differentiation following a Transitional T Follicular Helper Cell Stage. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00791-17. [PMID: 29507085 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00791-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of CD4 T cells by dendritic cells leads to their differentiation into various effector lineages. The nature of the effector lineage is determined by the innate cues provided by dendritic cells to newly primed T cells. Although the cytokines necessary for several effector lineages have been identified, the innate cues that drive T follicular helper (Tfh) lineage cell development remain unclear. Here we found that following priming, CD4 T cells undergoing clonal expansion acquire a transient Tfh-like phenotype before differentiating into other effector lineages. In addition, we found that T cell-intrinsic myeloid differentiation antigen 88 (MyD88) signaling, which occurs downstream of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-18 receptors, is critical for the primed CD4 T cells to transition out of the temporary Tfh lineage. Mice with T cell-specific deletion of MyD88 have a higher proportion of Tfh cells and germinal center (GC) B cells. These exaggerated Tfh cell and GC B cell responses, however, do not lead to protective immunity against infections. We demonstrate that T cell-intrinsic MyD88 is critical for effector lineage differentiation as well as production of the cytokines that are necessary for class switching. Overall, our study establishes that following priming and clonal expansion, CD4 T cells undergo a transitional Tfh-like phase and that further differentiation into effector lineages is dictated by T cell-intrinsic MyD88-dependent cues.
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5
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Androulidaki A, Wachsmuth L, Polykratis A, Pasparakis M. Differential role of MyD88 and TRIF signaling in myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29522531 PMCID: PMC5844544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. While the role of adaptive immunity has been extensively studied, the role of innate immune responses and particularly of Toll- like Receptor (TLR) signaling in T1D remains poorly understood. Here we show that myeloid cell-specific MyD88 deficiency considerably protected mice from the development of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. The protective effect of MyD88 deficiency correlated with increased expression of the immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in pancreatic lymph nodes from STZ-treated mice and in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) stimulated with apoptotic cells. Mice with myeloid cell specific TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) knockout showed a trend towards accelerated onset of STZ-induced diabetes, while TRIF deficiency resulted in reduced IDO expression in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, myeloid cell specific MyD88 deficiency delayed the onset of diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice, whereas TRIF deficiency had no effect. Taken together, these results identify MyD88 signaling in myeloid cells as a critical pathogenic factor in autoimmune diabetes, which is antagonized by TRIF-dependent responses. This differential function of MyD88 and TRIF depends at least in part on their opposite effects in regulating IDO expression in phagocytes exposed to apoptotic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/physiology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Enzyme Induction
- Female
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/biosynthesis
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/deficiency
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/physiology
- Phagocytosis
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Streptozocin
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Androulidaki
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laurens Wachsmuth
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Apostolos Polykratis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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6
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Expanding the clinicopathological spectrum of late cutaneous Lyme borreliosis (acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans [ACA]): A prospective study of 20 culture- and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-documented cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74:685-92. [PMID: 26781226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), the late cutaneous manifestation of Lyme borreliosis, can be challenging. Histologic changes in ACA have been described in a few studies from endemic countries, relying on cases documented by serology only. OBJECTIVES We sought to reassess the clinicopathological spectrum of ACA in a series of thoroughly documented cases. METHODS Patients prospectively included in a national prospective study were selected on the basis of positive culture and/or polymerase chain reaction of a skin biopsy sample. The diagnosis of ACA was confirmed by reviewing the clinical and serologic data. Histopathological samples were carefully reviewed. RESULTS Twenty patients were included. Unusual clinical features (ie, numerous small violaceous patches and equidistant small spinous papules with background faint erythema) were observed in 2 patients. Histopathological examination revealed a classic plasma cell-rich perivascular and interstitial pattern with telangiectases in 16 of 25 samples, whereas strikingly prominent granuloma annulare-like or lichenoid features were observed in 4 and 2 of 25 cases, respectively, and discrete nonspecific minor changes in 3 of 25 cases. LIMITATIONS The small number of patients was a limitation. CONCLUSIONS Genuine culture- and/or polymerase chain reaction-proven ACA can rarely present as numerous violaceous patches or cluster of spinous papules clinically, and as a granuloma annulare-like or lichenoid dermatosis histologically.
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7
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Jung S, Schickel JN, Kern A, Knapp AM, Eftekhari P, Da Silva S, Jaulhac B, Brink R, Soulas-Sprauel P, Pasquali JL, Martin T, Korganow AS. Chronic bacterial infection activates autoreactive B cells and induces isotype switching and autoantigen-driven mutations. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:131-46. [PMID: 26474536 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The links between infections and the development of B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases are still unclear. In particular, it has been suggested that infection-induced stimulation of innate immune sensors can engage low affinity autoreactive B lymphocytes to mature and produce mutated IgG pathogenic autoantibodies. To test this hypothesis, we established a new knock-in mouse model in which autoreactive B cells could be committed to an affinity maturation process. We show that a chronic bacterial infection allows the activation of such B cells and the production of nonmutated IgM autoantibodies. Moreover, in the constitutive presence of their soluble antigen, some autoreactive clones are able to acquire a germinal center phenotype, to induce Aicda gene expression and to introduce somatic mutations in the IgG heavy chain variable region on amino acids forming direct contacts with the autoantigen. Paradoxically, only lower affinity variants are detected, which strongly suggests that higher affinity autoantibodies secreting B cells are counterselected. For the first time, we demonstrate in vivo that a noncross-reactive infectious agent can activate and induce autoreactive B cells to isotype switching and autoantigen-driven mutations, but on a nonautoimmune background, tolerance mechanisms prevent the formation of consequently dangerous autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jung
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,"Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires", University Hospital and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aurélie Kern
- EA 7290, "Early Bacterial Virulence", Bacteriology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Marie Knapp
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Eftekhari
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvia Da Silva
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA 7290, "Early Bacterial Virulence", Bacteriology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pauline Soulas-Sprauel
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pasquali
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Martin
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/ Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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8
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Kern A, Schnell G, Bernard Q, Bœuf A, Jaulhac B, Collin E, Barthel C, Ehret-Sabatier L, Boulanger N. Heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto Population and Its Involvement in Borrelia Pathogenicity: Study on Murine Model with Specific Emphasis on the Skin Interface. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197047 PMCID: PMC4510351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a multisystemic disorder caused by B. burgdorferi sl. The molecular basis for specific organ involvement is poorly understood. The skin plays a central role in the development of Lyme disease as the entry site of B. burgdorferi in which specific clones are selected before dissemination. We compared the skin inflammatory response (antimicrobial peptides, cytokines and chemokines) elicited by spirochete populations recovered from patients presenting different clinical manifestations. Remarkably, these spirochete populations induced different inflammatory profiles in the skin of C3H/HeN mice. As spirochete population transmitted into the host skin is heterogeneous, we isolated one bacterial clone from a population recovered from a patient with neuroborreliosis and compared its virulence to the parental population. This clone elicited a strong cutaneous inflammatory response characterized by MCP-1, IL-6 and antimicrobial peptides induction. Mass spectrometry of this clone revealed 110 overexpressed proteins when compared with the parental population. We further focused on the expression of nine bacterial surface proteins. bb0347 coding for a protein that interacts with host fibronectin, allowing bacterial adhesion to vascular endothelium and extracellular matrix, was found to be induced in host skin with another gene bb0213 coding for a hypothetical protein. These findings demonstrate the heterogeneity of the B. burgdorferi ss population and the complexity of the interaction involved early in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Kern
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gilles Schnell
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Bernard
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Amandine Bœuf
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elody Collin
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Barthel
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Ehret-Sabatier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA7290: Virulence bactérienne précoce: groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de médecine et de pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Mühlbauer M, Perez-Chanona E, Jobin C. Epithelial cell-specific MyD88 signaling mediates ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal injury independent of microbial status. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2857-66. [PMID: 24141713 PMCID: PMC4039295 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000435445.96933.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor/MyD88 signaling pathway has been shown to mediate protective functions during intestinal exposure to various noxious events. The goal of this study was to define the role of bacteria and MyD88 signaling in intestinal response to damage using an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury model. We showed that conventionalized mice displayed a better outcome to I/R-induced injury than germ-free mice (3.8 ± 1.98 vs. 11.8 ± 1.83, P < 0.05). However, mice with intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletion of Myd88 (Myd88) were protected from I/R-induced injury compared with Myd88 control mice. Myd88 mice also displayed a significantly reduced bacterial translocation (∼85%) into lymph nodes compared with Myd88 mice. Expression of ccl2 and cxcl1 mRNA was significantly reduced (85% and 62%, respectively) in intestinal tissue of Myd88 mice compared with Myd88 mice, which associated with a reduced number of myeloperoxidase-positive cells in intestinal tissues of I/R-exposed Myd88 mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a reduced IgA deposition and complement staining in ischemic tissue of Myd88 mice compared with Myd88 mice. These findings suggest that I/R-induced intestinal injury involves IEC-derived MyD88 signaling leading to increased IgA deposition/degradation, and complement activation in conjunction with an influx of neutrophils mediated by chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mühlbauer
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ernesto Perez-Chanona
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christian Jobin
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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10
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Hidri N, Barraud O, de Martino S, Garnier F, Paraf F, Martin C, Sekkal S, Laskar M, Jaulhac B, Ploy MC. Lyme endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:E531-2. [PMID: 23043635 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is a common tick-borne disease with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Cardiac involvement has been reported during both the acute phase (atrioventricular block, pericarditis) and the chronic stage (dilated cardiomyopathy), but is rare (<5%). Here we describe the first case of Borrelia afzelii Lyme endocarditis, in a 61-year-old man living in an endemic area of France. The diagnosis was confirmed by detection of B. afzelii DNA in the mitral valve by specific real-time PCR. He was treated empirically with amoxicillin for 6 weeks and remains well 12 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hidri
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, Limoges, France
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Differential outcome of infection with attenuated Salmonella in MyD88-deficient mice is dependent on the route of administration. Immunobiology 2012; 218:52-63. [PMID: 22386951 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system is a prerequisite for the induction of adaptive immunity to both infectious and non-infectious agents. TLRs are key components of the innate immune recognition system and detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Most TLRs utilize the MyD88 adaptor for their signaling pathways. In the current study, we investigated innate and adaptive immune responses to primary as well as secondary Salmonella infections in MyD88-deficient (MyD88(-/-)) mice. Using i.p. or oral route of inoculation, we demonstrate that MyD88(-/-) mice are hypersusceptible to infection by an attenuated, double auxotrophic, mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium). This is manifested by 2-3 logs higher bacterial loads in target organs, delayed recruitment of phagocytic cells, and defective production of proinflammatory cytokines in MyD88(-/-) mice. Despite these deficiencies, MyD88(-/-) mice developed Salmonella-specific memory Th1 responses and produced elevated serum levels of anti-Salmonella Abs, not only of Th1-driven (IgG2c, IgG3) but also IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes. Curiously, these adaptive responses were insufficient to afford full protection against a secondary challenge with a virulent strain of S. typhimurium. In comparison with the high degree of mortality seen in MyD88(-/-) mice following i.p. inoculation, oral infections led to the establishment of a state of long-term persistence, characterized by continuous bacterial shedding in animal feces that lasted for more than 6 months, but absence from systemic organs. These findings suggest that the absent expression of MyD88 affects primarily the innate effector arm of the immune system and highlights its critical role in anti-bacterial defense.
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Pasquali JL, Martin T. Control of B cells expressing naturally occurring autoantibodies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 750:145-56. [PMID: 22903672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3461-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) are typically polyreactive, bind with low affinity to a discrete set of autoantigens and are encoded by variable region genes in germline configuration. They differ from disease-associated autoantibodies (autoAb), which are mostly monoreactive, somatically mutated and of high affinities. Structure-function studies have shown that polyreactivity of NAbs relies on the somatically generated complementarity determining region, CDR3, of the heavy chain. This finding suggested that NAb-producing B cells were positively selected from the pre-immune B-cell repertoire. The biological significance of this selection remains, however, unclear. Data originating mainly from transgenic mice have shown that mature NAb-producing B cells are frequently ignorant toward their antigen, possibly due to their low affinity, though active tolerance mechanisms are not excluded. An important issue is whether NAb-producing B cells constitute the pool from which pathologic auto Ab emerge after autoantigen-driven maturation. We summarize results obtained in mouse models, showing that some infectious agents are able to induce an autoantigen-driven activation of certain NAb-producing B cells. However direct proof that selection by autoantigen may lead to somatic hypermutation are still lacking. Other data tend to suggest that pathologic auto Abs may derive from non-autoimmune B cells that have diversified by somatic hypermutation of their variable region genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Louis Pasquali
- Clinical Immunology Department, National Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Ko HJ, Yang H, Yang JY, Seo SU, Chang SY, Seong JK, Kweon MN. Expansion of Tfh-like cells during chronic Salmonella exposure mediates the generation of autoimmune hypergammaglobulinemia in MyD88-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:618-28. [PMID: 22105301 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of TLR signaling in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems has been a controversial issue that remains to be solved. Here, we determined whether MyD88-dependent TLR signals are required for the generation of B-cell responses during chronic Salmonella infection. Oral administration of recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine (RASV) strain in MyD88(-/-) mice resulted in chronic infection. Infection was accompanied by enlarged germinal centers and hypergammaglobulinemia with anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-specific Ab in sera, and the deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys, suggesting onset of autoimmunity. CD4(+) T cells expressing PD-1, CXCR5, ICOS, and IL-21 were dramatically increased in chronically infected mice, indicating the expansion of follicular helper T (Tfh)-like cells. Of note, the depletion of CD4(+) T cells completely blocked the generation of polyclonal IgG Ab in sera after oral RASV challenge. Inflammatory myeloid cells expressing CD11b and Gr-1 accumulated in high numbers in the spleen of MyD88(-/-) mice. Interestingly, the blockade of PD-1 or ICOS significantly reduced the hypergammaglobulinemia and dsDNA-specific autoantibody production. Overall, these results suggest that Tfh-like cells in chronic bacterial infection trigger autoimmune hypergammaglobulinemia in a PD-1- and ICOS-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Kern A, Collin E, Barthel C, Michel C, Jaulhac B, Boulanger N. Tick Saliva Represses Innate Immunity and Cutaneous Inflammation in a Murine Model of Lyme Disease. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1343-50. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Kern
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elody Collin
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Barthel
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chloé Michel
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA4438, Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle, Groupe Borréliose de Lyme, Facultés de pharmacie et de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Malkiel S, Kuhlow CJ, Mena P, Benach JL. The Loss and Gain of Marginal Zone and Peritoneal B Cells Is Different in Response to Relapsing Fever and Lyme DiseaseBorrelia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 182:498-506. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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