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Kohutova S, Jekl V. Urolithiasis in a captive Siberian chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus). J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1604-1607. [PMID: 34483186 PMCID: PMC8569880 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical case describes struvite urolithiasis in a pet chipmunk. Physical
examination revealed the presence of two ovoid palpable masses in the caudal part of the
abdomen, which were later confirmed by radiography as urinary bladder stone. The animal
underwent ventral midline laparotomy and uroliths were successfully removed. Uroliths
analysis revealed the presence of struvite and bacteriology showed the presence of
Proteus mirabilis. Little is known about aetiology and incidence of
urolithiasis in chipmunks. Client education about husbandry, dietary needs, and animal
behaviour is necessary, especially when dealing with less commonly kept exotic companion
mammals. This is the first report of struvite urolithiasis in a pet chipmunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Kohutova
- Kleintierpraxis Vetstation AG, Mitteldorfstrasse 76 St., 5033 Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Jekl
- Jekl & Hauptman Veterinary Clinic, Mojmirovo namesti 3105/6a, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Tavarna T, Phillips PL, Wu XJ, Reyes L. Fetal growth restriction is a host specific response to infection with an impaired spiral artery remodeling-inducing strain of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14606. [PMID: 32884071 PMCID: PMC7471333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontal pathogen implicated in a range of pregnancy disorders that involve impaired spiral artery remodeling (ISAR) with or without fetal growth restriction (FGR). Using a rodent periodontitis model, we assessed the ability of P. gingivalis to produce ISAR and FGR in Sprague Dawley (SD) and Wistar (WIS) rats. Both infected SD and WIS rats developed ISAR, but only WIS rats developed FGR despite both rat strains having equivalent microbial loads within the placenta. Neither maternal systemic inflammation nor placental (fetal) inflammation was a feature of FGR in WIS rats. Unique to infected WIS rats, was loss of trophoblast cell density within the junctional zone of the placenta that was not present in SD tissues. In addition, infected WIS rats had a higher proportion of junctional zone trophoblast cells positive for cytoplasmic high temperature requirement A1 (Htra1), a marker of cellular oxidative stress. Our results show a novel phenomenon present in P. gingivalis-induced FGR, with relevance to human disease since dysregulation of placental Htra1 and placental oxidative stress are features of preeclamptic placentas and preeclampsia with FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Tavarna
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Priscilla L Phillips
- Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Lewis AL, Gilbert NM. Roles of the vagina and the vaginal microbiota in urinary tract infection: evidence from clinical correlations and experimental models. GMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 8:Doc02. [PMID: 32373427 PMCID: PMC7186798 DOI: 10.3205/id000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that the vagina can harbor uropathogenic bacteria. Here, we consider three roles played by the vagina and its bacterial inhabitants in urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary health. First, the vagina can serve as a reservoir for Escherichia coli, the most common cause of UTI, and other recognized uropathogens. Second, several vaginal bacterial species are frequently detected upon urine culture but are underappreciated as uropathogens, and other vaginal species are likely under-reported because of their fastidious nature. Third, some vaginal bacteria that are not widely viewed as uropathogens can transit briefly in the urinary tract, cause injury or immunomodulation, and shift the balance of host-pathogen interactions to influence the outcomes of uropathogenesis. This chapter describes the current literature in these three areas and summarizes the impact of the vaginal microbiota on susceptibility to UTI and other urologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Lewis
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, United States
| | - Nicole M. Gilbert
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Louis, United States
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Maejima T, Kumagai K, Yabe K, Yasuno K, Ishikawa K, Okado K, Sasaki N, Kai K, Mori K. Urothelial hyperplasia with calculi (papillomatosis) in the urinary bladder of a male spontaneous diabetic Torii rat. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 33:21-24. [PMID: 32051661 PMCID: PMC7008208 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 40-week-old male spontaneous diabetic Torii rat, an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, was found to have marked urinary calculi with hematuria in the urinary bladder on necropsy. Histological findings in the urinary bladder included a papillary growth pattern with a fibrovascular stroma without atypia. Fine granular materials in the bladder lumen were positive for Von Kossa staining but negative for periodic acid-Schiff or Gram staining, indicating no apparent bacterial infection in the urinary bladder. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the urinary calculi were magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals (struvite). On the basis of the results, the lesion was diagnosed as urothelial hyperplasia with calculi (papillomatosis). Chronic inciting stimuli by struvite crystals were considered the primary cause of the bladder findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Maejima
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kumagai
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Koichi Yabe
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yasuno
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ishikawa
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Keiko Okado
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd. 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Noriko Sasaki
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd. 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kai
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
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Colman K. Impact of the Genetics and Source of Preclinical Safety Animal Models on Study Design, Results, and Interpretation. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:94-106. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316672743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been long established that not only the species but also the strain and supplier of rodents used in preclinical safety studies can have a significant impact on the outcome of studies due to variability in their genetic background and thus spontaneous pathologic findings. In addition, local husbandry, housing, and other environmental conditions may have effects on the development and expression of comorbidities, particularly in longer-term or chronic studies. More recently, similar effects related to the source, including genetic and environmental variability, have been recognized in cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). The increased use of cynomolgus macaques from various sources of captive-bred animals (including nonnative, U.S./European Union-based breeding facilities or colonies) can affect study design and study results and outcome. It is important to acknowledge and understand the impact of this variability on the results and interpretation of research studies. This review includes recent examples where variability of preclinical animal models (rats and monkeys) affected the postmortem observations highlighting its relevance to study design or interpretation in safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Colman
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Pang J, Borjeson TM, Parry NMA, Fox JG. Struvite Urolithiasis in Long-Evans Rats. Comp Med 2015; 65:486-491. [PMID: 26678365 PMCID: PMC4681242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Struvite urinary calculi, which are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate, can cause complications including sepsis and renal failure. Struvite calculi were identified within the urinary bladder and renal pelvis of 2 Long-Evans rats that died within days after arrival from a commercial vendor. The remaining rats in the shipment were screened by physical examination, radiography, and ultrasonography, revealing an additional 2 animals that were clinically affected. These rats were euthanized, necropsied, and yielded similar findings to those from the first 2 rats. In addition, urine samples had an alkaline pH and contained numerous bacteria (predominantly Proteus mirabilis), leukocytes, and crystals. All calculi were composed completely of struvite. Another 7 rats in the shipment had alkaline urine with the presence of blood cells; 6 of these rats also had abundant struvite crystals, and P. mirabilis was cultured from the urine of 3 rats. Further investigation by the vendor identified 2 of 100 rats with struvite calculi from the same colony. Although no specific cause could be implicated, the fact that all the affected rats came from the same breeding area suggests a genetic or environmental triggering event; a contribution due to diet cannot be ruled out. Our findings suggest that the affected rats had metabolic disturbances coupled with bacterial infection that predisposed them to develop struvite calculi. During sudden increases of struvite urinary calculi cases in rats, urine cultures followed by appropriate surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy is warranted. Additional factors, including diet, merit attention as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassia Pang
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Biological Resource Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Tiffany M Borjeson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicola M A Parry
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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Vincent CR, Thomas TL, Reyes L, White CL, Canales BK, Brown MB. Symptoms and Risk Factors Associated with First Urinary Tract Infection in College Age Women: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Urol 2013; 189:904-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Vincent
- Departments of Urology and Infectious Disease and Pathology (TLT, LR, CLW, MBB), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tami L. Thomas
- Departments of Urology and Infectious Disease and Pathology (TLT, LR, CLW, MBB), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Departments of Urology and Infectious Disease and Pathology (TLT, LR, CLW, MBB), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - C. LeAnn White
- Departments of Urology and Infectious Disease and Pathology (TLT, LR, CLW, MBB), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Benjamin K. Canales
- Departments of Urology and Infectious Disease and Pathology (TLT, LR, CLW, MBB), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mary B. Brown
- Departments of Urology and Infectious Disease and Pathology (TLT, LR, CLW, MBB), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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von Chamier M, Allam A, Brown MB, Reinhard MK, Reyes L. Host genetic background impacts disease outcome during intrauterine infection with Ureaplasma parvum. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44047. [PMID: 22952869 PMCID: PMC3430619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ureaplasma parvum, an opportunistic pathogen of the human urogenital tract, has been implicated in contributing to chorioamnionitis, fetal morbidity, and fetal mortality. It has been proposed that the host genetic background is a critical factor in adverse pregnancy outcome as sequela to U. parvum intra-amniotic infection. To test this hypothesis we assessed the impact of intrauterine U. parvum infection in the prototypical TH1/M1 C57BL/6 and TH2/M2 BALB/c mouse strain. Sterile medium or U. parvum was inoculated into each uterine horn and animals were evaluated for intra-amniotic infection, fetal infection, chorioamnionitis and fetal pathology at 72 hours post-inoculation. Disease outcome was assessed by microbial culture, in situ detection of U. parvum in fetal and utero-placental tissues, grading of chorioamnionitis, and placental gene expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, S100A8, and S100A9. Placental infection and colonization rates were equivalent in both strains. The in situ distribution of U. parvum in placental tissues was also similar. However, a significantly greater proportion of BALB/c fetuses were infected (P<0.02). C57BL/6 infected animals predominantly exhibited mild to moderate chorioamnionitis (P<0.0001), and a significant reduction in placental expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, S100A8, and S100A9 compared to sham controls (P<0.02). Conversely, severe protracted chorioamnionitis with cellular necrosis was the predominant lesion phenotype in BALB/c mice, which also exhibited a significant increase in placental expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, S100A8, and S100A9 (P<0.01). Fetal pathology in BALB/c was multi-organ and included brain, lung, heart, liver, and intestine, whereas fetal pathology in C57BL/6 was only detected in the liver and intestines. These results confirm that the host genetic background is a major determinant in ureaplasmal induced chorioamnionitis with fetal infection and fetal inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria von Chamier
- Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Allam AB, Alvarez S, Brown MB, Reyes L. Ureaplasma parvum infection alters filamin A dynamics in host cells. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:101. [PMID: 21507248 PMCID: PMC3107797 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ureaplasmas are among the most common bacteria isolated from the human urogenital tract. Ureaplasmas can produce asymptomatic infections or disease characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response. Most investigations have focused on elucidating the pathogenic potential of Ureaplasma species, but little attention has been paid to understanding the mechanisms by which these organisms are capable of establishing asymptomatic infection. Methods We employed differential proteome profiling of bladder tissues from rats experimentally infected with U. parvum in order to identify host cell processes perturbed by colonization with the microbe. Tissues were grouped into four categories: sham inoculated controls, animals that spontaneously cleared infection, asymptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI), and complicated UTI. One protein that was perturbed by infection (filamin A) was used to further elucidate the mechanism of U. parvum-induced disruption in human benign prostate cells (BPH-1). BPH-1 cells were evaluated by confocal microscopy, immunoblotting and ELISA. Results Bladder tissue from animals actively colonized with U. parvum displayed significant alterations in actin binding proteins (profilin 1, vinculin, α actinin, and filamin A) that regulate both actin polymerization and cell cytoskeletal function pertaining to focal adhesion formation and signal transduction (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.004; ANOVA, P < 0.02). This phenomenon was independent of clinical profile (asymptomatic vs. complicated UTI). We selected filamin A as a target for additional studies. In the BPH-1 model, we confirmed that U. parvum perturbed the regulation of filamin A. Specifically, infected BPH-1 cells exhibited a significant increase in filamin A phosphorylated at serine2152 (P ≤ 0.01), which correlated with impaired proteolysis of the protein and its normal intracellular distribution. Conclusion Filamin A dynamics were perturbed in both models of infection. Phosphorylation of filamin A occurs in response to various cell signaling cascades that regulate cell motility, differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation. Thus, this phenomenon may be a useful molecular marker for identifying the specific host cell pathways that are perturbed during U. parvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman B Allam
- Department of Infectious Disease & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Fahad J, . V, Kumar MCS, . S, Kodancha GP, Adarsh B, Udupa AL, Rathnakar UP. Antiurolithiatic activity of aqueous extract of bark of moringa oleifera (lam.) in rats. Health (London) 2010. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2010.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reyes L, Alvarez S, Allam A, Reinhard M, Brown MB. Complicated urinary tract infection is associated with uroepithelial expression of proinflammatory protein S100A8. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4265-74. [PMID: 19667050 PMCID: PMC2747944 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00458-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
F344 rats chronically infected with Ureaplasma parvum develop two distinct profiles: asymptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and UTI complicated by struvite urolithiasis. To identify factors that affect disease outcome, we characterized the temporal host immune response during infection by histopathologic analysis and in situ localization of U. parvum. We also used differential quantitative proteomics to identify distinguishing host cellular responses associated with complicated UTI. In animals in which microbial colonization was limited to the mucosal surface, inflammation was indistinguishable from that which occurred in sham-inoculated controls, and the inflammation resolved by 72 h postinoculation (p.i.) in both groups. However, inflammation persisted in animals with microbial colonization that extended into the deeper layers of the submucosa. Proteome profiling showed that bladder tissues from animals with complicated UTIs had significant increases (P < 0.01) in proteins involved in apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Animals with complicated UTIs (2 weeks p.i.) had the highest concentrations of the proinflammatory protein S100A8 (P
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
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Reyes L, Reinhard M, Brown MB. Different inflammatory responses are associated with Ureaplasma parvum-induced UTI and urolith formation. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:9. [PMID: 19171043 PMCID: PMC2656517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic studies show a strong association between Ureaplasmas and urogenital tract disease in humans. Since healthy humans can be colonized with Ureaplasmas, its role as a pathogen remains controversial. In order to begin to define the role of the host in disease, we developed a rodent model of urinary tract infection (UTI) using Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Animals were inoculated with sterile broth, 101, 103, 105, 107, or 109 log CFU of a rat-adapted strain of Ureaplasma parvum. Results Infected animals exhibited two distinct profiles, asymptomatic UTI and UTI complicated with struvite urolithiasis. Inoculum dose of U. parvum affected the incidence of UTI, and 50% to 57% of animals inoculated with ≥ 107 CFU of U. parvum remained infected (p < 0.04). However, inoculum dose did not influence immune response to U. parvum. Asymptomatic UTI was characterized by a minimal immune response that was predominantly monocytic and lymphocytic, with limited lesions, and elevated urinary levels of IFN-γ, IL-18 and MCP-1 (P ≤ 0.02). UTI complicated with struvite formation was characterized by an exaggerated immune response that was mostly neutrophilic (P ≤ 0.0001), with lesions that showed extensive uroepithelial hyperplasia (P ≤ 0.0001), and a predominance of IL-1α, IL-1β, and GRO/KC in the urine (P ≤ 0.02). Animals with asymptomatic UTI also had a significantly high rate of kidney infection (P ≤ 0.0005). Conclusion Complications associated with U. parvum infection are primarily dependent upon host-specific factors rather than Ureaplasma microbial load. The immune response in F344 rats is similar to that which occurs in humans with ureaplasmal associated disease. Therefore, this model of infection is a useful tool for elucidating U. parvum-host interactions that confer UTI and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Infectious Disease & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Concurrent urinary tract infection and stone disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:668-75. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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