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Bauer BU, Herms TL, Jahnke R, Ossowski N, Walter MC, Frangoulidis D, Runge M, Ganter M, Knittler MR. Control of Coxiella burnetii shedding in a dairy goat herd by annual offspring vaccination. Vaccine 2024; 42:126125. [PMID: 39025699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
A Coxiella burnetii vaccination program, targeting only doelings, was introduced on a German goat farm to curb bacterial shedding. In 2018, adults were vaccinated with a C. burnetii Phase I vaccine at three-weeks apart following pathogen diagnosis, with a booster administered six months later due to sustained high shedding. From 2018 to 2021, doelings received two vaccine doses without any further boosters. To assess the program's efficacy, vaginal swabs from up to 40 animals per age group were collected during kidding seasons from 2019 to 2022. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were gathered monthly from January 2018 to October 2022 to monitor herd-level shedding. Real-time PCR analysis determined genome equivalents in all three sample types. Serum samples were taken before the initial immunization and during the post-kidding season from up to 40 goats per age group annually from 2018 to 2022. Phase-specific ELISAs determined IgG Phase I and Phase II antibodies. Additionally, two serum samples per age group from 2022 were analyzed using a neutralization assay. A few goats continued shedding small quantities during subsequent kidding seasons. Although positive BTM samples decreased, they displayed an undulating trend. Most age groups exhibited robust IgG Phase I responses and lower IgG Phase II levels post immunization. Mean IgG levels remained elevated until the study ended compared to pre-vaccination levels in most age groups. Additionally, neutralizing antibodies were present regardless of IgG response. Overall, double vaccination induced lasting antibody levels, but did not entirely prevent C. burnetii shedding. The resilience of the observed humoral immune activity requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin U Bauer
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
| | - T Louise Herms
- Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Eintrachtweg 17, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rico Jahnke
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
| | - Nina Ossowski
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mathias C Walter
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dimitrios Frangoulidis
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarters VI-2, Medical Intelligence & Information (MI2), Dachauer Straße 128, 80637 Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Runge
- Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Eintrachtweg 17, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michael R Knittler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
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Prolonged B-Lymphocyte-Mediated Immune and Inflammatory Responses to Tuberculosis Infection in the Lungs of TB-Resistant Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021140. [PMID: 36674664 PMCID: PMC9861759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During tuberculosis (TB) infection, B-lymphocytes migrate to the lungs and form B-cell follicles (BCFs) in the vicinity of TB granulomata. B-cell-lacking mice display enhanced susceptibility to TB infection, and early B-cell depletion in infected non-human primates alters T-lymphocyte cytokine responses and increases bacterial burdens in the lungs. However, the role of B cells during late TB stages remained unaddressed. Here, we demonstrate that B cells and BCFs persist up to weeks 25-45 post-challenge in the lungs of TB-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice. In hyper-susceptible I/St mice, B-cell content markedly drops between weeks 12-16 post-infection, paralleled by diffuse lung tissue inflammation and elevated gene expression levels for pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-11, IL-17a, and TNF-α. To check whether B-cells/BCFs control TB infection at advanced stages, we specifically depleted B-cells from B6 mice by administrating anti-CD20 mAbs at week 16 post-infection. This resulted in more rapid cachexia, a shortened lifespan of the infected animals, an increase in (i) lung-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, (ii) IL-6 production by F4/80+ macrophages, (iii) expression levels of genes for neutrophil-attracting factors CXCL1 and IL-17, and tissue-damaging factors MMP8, MMP9, and S100A8. Taken together, our results suggest that lung B cells and BCFs are moderately protective against chronic TB infection.
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Zhang P, Jiao J, Zhao Y, Fu M, Wang J, Song Y, Zhou D, Wang Y, Wen B, Yang R, Xiong X. Development and evaluation of an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay for rapid and quantitative detection of Coxiella burnetii phase I strains. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:251. [PMID: 32787788 PMCID: PMC7425161 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes a zoonotic disease commonly called Q fever globally. In this study, an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow (UPT-LF) assay was established for the rapid and specific detection of phase I strains of C. burnetii. Results Specific monoclonal antibodies (10B5 and 10G7) against C. burnetii phase I strains were prepared and selected for use in the UPT-LF assay by the double-antibody-sandwich method. The detection sensitivity of the Coxiella-UPT-LF was 5 × 104 GE/ml for a purified C. burnetii phase I strain and 10 ng/ml for LPS of C. burnetii Nine Mile phase I (NMI). Good linearity was observed for C. burnetii phase I and NMI LPS quantification (R2 ≥ 0.989). The UPT-LF assay also exhibited a high specificity to C. burnetii, without false-positive results even at 108 GE/ml of non-specific bacteria, and good inclusivity for detecting different phase I strains of C. burnetii. Moreover, the performance of the Coxiella-UPT-LF assay was further confirmed using experimentally and naturally infected samples. Conclusions Our results indicate that Coxiella-UPT-LF is a sensitive and reliable method for rapid screening of C. burnetii, suitable for on-site detection in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bohai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of POCT for Bio-emergency and Clinic (No.BZ0329), Beijing, P. R. China.
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Duplantier AJ, Shurtleff AC, Miller C, Chiang CY, Panchal RG, Sunay M. Combating biothreat pathogens: ongoing efforts for countermeasure development and unique challenges. DRUG DISCOVERY TARGETING DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA 2020. [PMCID: PMC7258707 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818480-6.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research to discover and develop antibacterial and antiviral drugs with potent activity against pathogens of biothreat concern presents unique methodological and process-driven challenges. Herein, we review laboratory approaches for finding new antibodies, antibiotics, and antiviral molecules for pathogens of biothreat concern. Using high-throughput screening techniques, molecules that directly inhibit a pathogen’s entry, replication, or growth can be identified. Alternatively, molecules that target host proteins can be interesting targets for development when countering biothreat pathogens, due to the modulation of the host immune response or targeting proteins that interfere with the pathways required by the pathogen for replication. Monoclonal and cocktail antibody therapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for countering anthrax and under development for treatment of Ebola virus infection are discussed. A comprehensive tabular review of current in vitro, in vivo, pharmacokinetic and efficacy datasets has been presented for biothreat pathogens of greatest concern. Finally, clinical trials and animal rule or traditional drug approval pathways are also reviewed. Opinions; interpretations; conclusions; and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the US Army.
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Feng J, Hu X, Fu M, Dai L, Yu Y, Luo W, Zhao Z, Lu Z, Du Z, Zhou D, Wen B, Jiao J, Xiong X. Enhanced protection against Q fever in BALB/c mice elicited by immunization of chloroform-methanol residue of Coxiella burnetii via intratracheal inoculation. Vaccine 2019; 37:6076-6084. [PMID: 31477436 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human Q fever is recognized as a worldwide public health problem. It often occurs by inhalation of airborne aerosols contaminated with Coxiella burnetii, a gram-negative intracellular bacterium, mainly from domestic livestock. In this study, we analyzed the possibility to establish mucosal and systemic immunity against C. burnetii infection using a pulmonary delivery of chloroform-methanol residue of C. burnetii (CMR) vaccine. Mice were immunized by the intratracheal inoculation of CMR (IT-CMR) or the subcutaneous injection of CMR (SC-CMR), and the immunized mice were challenged with C. burnetii by the intratracheal route. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-5, and IL-4 in the IT-CMR group in splenic T cells stimulated ex vivo were significantly higher than in the SC-CMR group. Significantly elevated sIgA to C. burnetii was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice immunized by IT-CMR but not by SC-CMR, which might have contributed to the significant reduction in C. burnetii load and pathological lesions in the lungs of the mice after the challenge of C. burnetii. These results suggest that compared with SC-CMR in mice, IT-CMR was more efficient to elicit cellular and lung mucosal immune responses against aerosol infection of C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xueyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mengjiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lupeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Anhui Medical University, Mei-Shan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zengming Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhiyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Bohai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20(#) Dong-Dia-Jie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China.
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Casadevall A. Antibody-based vaccine strategies against intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:74-80. [PMID: 29704764 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Historically, antibody-mediated immunity was considered effective against toxins, extracellular pathogens and viruses, while control of intracellular pathogens was the domain of cellular immunity. However, numerous observations in recent decades have conclusively shown that antibody can protect against intracellular pathogens. This paradigmatic shift has tremendous implications for immunology and vaccine design. For immunology the observation that antibody can protect against intracellular pathogens has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of antibody action. For vaccine design the knowledge that humoral immunity can be effective in protection means that the knowledge acquired in more than a century of antibody studies can be applied to make new vaccines against this class of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Both Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II Molecules Are Required, while MHC-I Appears To Play a Critical Role in Host Defense against Primary Coxiella burnetii Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00602-17. [PMID: 29311245 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00602-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) and class II MHC (MHC-II) antigen presentation pathways in host defense against Coxiella burnetii infection, we examined whether MHC-I or MHC-II deficiency in mice would significantly influence their susceptibility to virulent C. burnetii Nine Mile phase I (NMI) infection. The results indicate that NMI infection induced more severe disease in both MHC-I-deficient and MHC-II-deficient mice than in wild-type (WT) mice, while only MHC-I-deficient mice developed a severe persistent infection and were unable to control bacterial replication. These results suggest that both MHC-I-restricted CD8+ T cells and MHC-II-restricted CD4+ T cells contribute to host defense against primary C. burnetii infection, while MHC-I-restricted CD8+ T cells appear to play a more critical role in controlling bacterial replication. Additionally, although NMI infection induced more severe disease in TAP1-deficient mice than in their WT counterparts, TAP1 deficiency in mice did not significantly influence their ability to eliminate C. burnetii This suggests that C. burnetii antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells by the MHC-I classical pathway may depend only partially on TAP1. Furthermore, granzyme B deficiency in mice did not significantly alter their susceptibility to C. burnetii infection, but perforin-deficient mice were unable to control host inflammatory responses during primary C. burnetii infection. These results suggest that perforin, but not granzyme B, is required for C. burnetii antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to control primary C. burnetii infection.
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Achkar JM, Chan J, Casadevall A. B cells and antibodies in the defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:167-81. [PMID: 25703559 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Better understanding of the immunological components and their interactions necessary to prevent or control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans is critical for tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development strategies. Although the contributory role of humoral immunity in the protection against Mtb infection and disease is less defined than the role of T cells, it has been well-established for many other intracellular pathogens. Here we update and discuss the increasing evidence and the mechanisms of B cells and antibodies in the defense against Mtb infection. We posit that B cells and antibodies have a variety of potential protective roles at each stage of Mtb infection and postulate that such roles should be considered in the development strategies for TB vaccines and other immune-based interventions.
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