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Gosain TP, Chugh S, Rizvi ZA, Chauhan NK, Kidwai S, Thakur KG, Awasthi A, Singh R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain with deletions in menT3 and menT4 is attenuated and confers protection in mice and guinea pigs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5467. [PMID: 38937463 PMCID: PMC11211403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes for a large repertoire of toxin-antitoxin systems. In the present study, MenT3 and MenT4 toxins belonging to MenAT subfamily of TA systems have been functionally characterized. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of these toxins inhibits bacterial growth and this is rescued upon co-expression of their cognate antitoxins. Here, we show that simultaneous deletion of menT3 and menT4 results in enhanced susceptibility of M. tuberculosis upon exposure to oxidative stress and attenuated growth in guinea pigs and mice. We observed reduced expression of transcripts encoding for proteins that are essential or required for intracellular growth in mid-log phase cultures of ΔmenT4ΔT3 compared to parental strain. Further, the transcript levels of proteins involved in efficient bacterial clearance were increased in lung tissues of ΔmenT4ΔT3 infected mice relative to parental strain infected mice. We show that immunization of mice and guinea pigs with ΔmenT4ΔT3 confers significant protection against M. tuberculosis infection. Remarkably, immunization of mice with ΔmenT4ΔT3 results in increased antigen-specific TH1 bias and activated memory T cell response. We conclude that MenT3 and MenT4 are important for M. tuberculosis pathogenicity and strains lacking menT3 and menT4 have the potential to be explored further as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannu Priya Gosain
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Chauhan
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Saqib Kidwai
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Krishan Gopal Thakur
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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Liu Y, Li H, Dai D, He J, Liang Z. Gene Regulatory Mechanism of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis during Dormancy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5825-5844. [PMID: 38921019 PMCID: PMC11203133 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex, is a zoonotic disease that remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Latent tuberculosis infection reactivation is a challenging obstacle to eradicating TB globally. Understanding the gene regulatory network of Mtb during dormancy is important. This review discusses up-to-date information about TB gene regulatory networks during dormancy, focusing on the regulation of lipid and energy metabolism, dormancy survival regulator (DosR), White B-like (Wbl) family, Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems, sigma factors, and MprAB. We outline the progress in vaccine and drug development associated with Mtb dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiduo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Dejia Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Jiakang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Zhengmin Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
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M.tb-Rv2462c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Shows Chaperone-like Activity and Plays a Role in Stress Adaptation and Immunomodulation. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010069. [PMID: 36671761 PMCID: PMC9855790 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)-encoded factors protect it against host-generated stresses and support its survival in the hostile host environment. M.tb possesses two peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases and a probable trigger factor encoded by Rv2462c which has an FKBP-like PPIase domain. PPIases are known to assist the folding of peptidyl-prolyl bonds and are involved in various cellular processes important for bacterial survival in host-generated stresses. In this study, we aim to functionally characterize Rv2462c of M.tb. Our data suggest that the trigger factor of M.tb exhibits chaperone activity both in vitro and in vivo. Heterologous expression of M.tb-Rv2462c locus into Mycobacterium smegmatis enhanced its survival within macrophages, adaptation to oxidative stress and biofilm formation. M.tb-trigger factor has strong immunomodulatory potential and modifies the cytokine profile of the host towards the proinflammatory axis.
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4
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Proteomics of extracellular vesicles produced by Granulicatella adiacens, which causes infective endocarditis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227657. [PMID: 33216751 PMCID: PMC7679012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
When oral bacteria accidentally enter the bloodstream due to transient tissue damage during dental procedures, they have the potential to attach to the endocardium or an equivalent surface of an indwelling prosthesis and cause infection. Many bacterial species produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) as part of normal physiology, but also use it as a virulence strategy. In this study, it was hypothesized that Granulicatella adiacens produce EVs that possibly help it in virulence. Therefore, the objectives were to isolate and characterize EVs produced by G. adiacens and to investigate its immune-stimulatory effects. The reference strain G. adiacens CCUG 27809 was cultured on chocolate blood agar for 2 days. From subsequent broth culture, the EVs were isolated using differential centrifugation and filtration protocol and then observed using scanning electron microscopy. Proteins in the vesicle preparation were identified by nano LC-ESI-MS/MS. The EVs proteome was analyzed and characterized using different bioinformatics tools. The immune-stimulatory effect of the EVs was studied via ELISA quantification of IL-8, IL-1β and CCL5, major proinflammatory cytokines, produced from stimulated human PBMCs. It was revealed that G. adiacens produced EVs, ranging in diameter from 30 to 250 nm. Overall, G. adiacens EVs contained 112 proteins. The proteome consists of several ribosomal proteins, DNA associated proteins, binding proteins, and metabolic enzymes. It was also shown that these EVs carry putative virulence factors including moonlighting proteins. These EVs were able to induce the production of IL-8, IL-1β and CCL5 from human PBMCs. Further functional characterization of the G. adiacens EVs may provide new insights into virulence mechanisms of this important but less studied oral bacterial species.
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Garg R, Borbora SM, Bansia H, Rao S, Singh P, Verma R, Balaji KN, Nagaraja V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Calcium Pump CtpF Modulates the Autophagosome in an mTOR-Dependent Manner. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:461. [PMID: 33042857 PMCID: PMC7525011 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a very important second messenger, whose concentration in various cellular compartments is under tight regulation. A disturbance in the levels of calcium in these compartments can play havoc in the cell, as it regulates various cellular processes by direct or indirect mechanisms. Here, we have investigated the functional importance of a calcium transporting P2A ATPase, CtpF of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the pathogen's interaction with the host. Among its uncanny ways of dealing with the host with umpteen strategies for survival and persistence in humans, CtpF is identified as a new player. The levels of ctpF are upregulated in macrophage stresses like hypoxia, high nitric oxide levels and acidic pH. Using confocal microscopy and fluorimetry, we show that CtpF effluxes calcium in macrophages in early stages of Mtb infection. Downregulation of ctpF expression by conditional knockdown resulted in perturbation of host calcium levels and consequent decreased activation of mTOR. We present a mechanism how calcium efflux by the pathogen inhibits mTOR-dependent autophagy and enhances bacterial survival. Our work highlights how Mtb engages its metal efflux pumps to exploit host autophagic process for its proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Salik Miskat Borbora
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Harsh Bansia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sandhya Rao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Prakruti Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rinkee Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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6
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Kim YJ, Park JY, Balusamy SR, Huo Y, Nong LK, Thi Le H, Yang DC, Kim D. Comprehensive Genome Analysis on the Novel Species Sphingomonas panacis DCY99 T Reveals Insights into Iron Tolerance of Ginseng. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2019. [PMID: 32188055 PMCID: PMC7139845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria play vital roles not only in plant growth, but also in reducing biotic/abiotic stress. Sphingomonas panacis DCY99T is isolated from soil and root of Panax ginseng with rusty root disease, characterized by raised reddish-brown root and this is seriously affects ginseng cultivation. To investigate the relationship between 159 sequenced Sphingomonas strains, pan-genome analysis was carried out, which suggested genomic diversity of the Sphingomonas genus. Comparative analysis of S. panacis DCY99T with Sphingomonas sp. LK11 revealed plant growth-promoting potential of S. panacis DCY99T through indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilizing, and antifungal abilities. Detailed genomic analysis has shown that S. panacis DCY99T contain various heavy metals resistance genes in its genome and the plasmid. Functional analysis with Sphingomonas paucimobilis EPA505 predicted that S. panacis DCY99T possess genes for degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon and phenolic compounds in rusty-ginseng root. Interestingly, when primed ginseng with S. panacis DCY99T during high concentration of iron exposure, iron stress of ginseng was suppressed. In order to detect S. panacis DCY99T in soil, biomarker was designed using spt gene. This study brings new insights into the role of S. panacis DCY99T as a microbial inoculant to protect ginseng plants against rusty root disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Kim
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 16710, Korea; (Y.H.); (D.C.Y.)
| | - Joon Young Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea; (J.Y.P.); (L.K.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | | | - Yue Huo
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 16710, Korea; (Y.H.); (D.C.Y.)
| | - Linh Khanh Nong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea; (J.Y.P.); (L.K.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Hoa Thi Le
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea; (J.Y.P.); (L.K.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 16710, Korea; (Y.H.); (D.C.Y.)
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea; (J.Y.P.); (L.K.N.); (H.T.L.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Korean Genomics Industrialization and Commercialization Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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7
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Hegde SR. Computational Identification of the Proteins Associated With Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3011. [PMID: 32038515 PMCID: PMC6988586 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With prolonged therapy and increased instances of drug resistance, tuberculosis is viewed as a serious infectious disease causing high mortality. Emerging concepts in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity include biofilm formation, which endows bacterial survival in the host for a long time. To tackle chronic tuberculosis infection, a detailed understanding of the bacterial survival mechanisms is crucial. Using comparative genomics and literature mining, 115 M. tuberculosis proteins were shortlisted for their likely association with biofilm formation or quorum sensing. These include essential genes such as secA2, lpqY-sugABC, Rv1176c, and Rv0195, many of which are also known virulence factors. Furthermore, the functional relationship among these proteins was established by considering known protein-protein interactions, regulatory interactions, and gene expression correlation data/information. Graph centrality and motif analyses predicted the importance of proteins, such as Rv0081, DevR, RegX3, Rv0097, and Rv1996 in M. tuberculosis biofilm formation. Analysis of conservation across other biofilm-forming bacteria suggests that most of these genes are conserved in mycobacteria. As the processes, such as quorum sensing, leading to biofilm formation involve diverse pathways and interactions between proteins, these system-wide studies provide a novel perspective toward understanding mycobacterial persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada R Hegde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India
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Doddam SN, Peddireddy V, Yerra P, Sai Arun PP, Qaria MA, Baddam R, Sarker N, Ahmed N. Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR regulon gene Rv2004c contributes to streptomycin resistance and intracellular survival. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:151353. [PMID: 31521502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the deadly infectious disease challenging the public health globally and its impact is further aggravated by co-infection with HIV and the emergence of drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, we attempted to characterise the Rv2004c encoded protein, a member of DosR regulon, for its role in drug resistance. In silico docking analysis revealed that Rv2004c binds with streptomycin (SM). Phosphotransferase assay demonstrated that Rv2004c possibly mediates SM resistance through the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase activity. Further, E. coli expressing Rv2004c conferred resistance to 100μM of SM in liquid broth cultures indicating a mild aminoglycoside phosphotransferase activity of Rv2004c. Moreover, we investigated the role of MSMEG_3942 (an orthologous gene of Rv2004c) encoded protein in intracellular survival, its effect on in-vitro growth and its expression in different stress conditions by over expressing it in Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis). MSMEG_3942 overexpressing recombinant M. smegmatis strains grew faster in acidic medium and also showed higher bacillary counts in infected macrophages when compared to M. smegmatis transformed with vector alone. Our results are likely to contribute to the better understanding of the involvement of Rv2004c in partial drug resistance, intracellular survival and adaptation of bacilli to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India; Department of Microbiology & FST, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM Deemed University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India.
| | - Priyadarshini Yerra
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Pv Parvati Sai Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500075, India
| | - Majjid A Qaria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ramani Baddam
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nishat Sarker
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India; Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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9
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Lewis MS, Danelishvili L, Rose SJ, Bermudez LE. MAV_4644 Interaction with the Host Cathepsin Z Protects Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis from Rapid Macrophage Killing. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050144. [PMID: 31117286 PMCID: PMC6560410 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) is an opportunistic pathogen that is ubiquitous in the environment and often isolated from faucets and showerheads. MAH mostly infects humans with an underlying disease, such as chronic pulmonary disorder, cystic fibrosis, or individuals that are immunocompromised. In recent years, MAH infections in patients without concurrent disease are increasing in prevalence as well. This pathogen is resistant to many antibiotics due to the impermeability of its envelope and due to the phenotypic resistance established within the host macrophages, making difficult to treat MAH infections. By screening a MAH transposon library for mutants that are susceptible to killing by reactive nitrogen intermediaries, we identified the MAV_4644 (MAV_4644:Tn) gene knockout clone that was also significantly attenuated in growth within the host macrophages. Complementation of the mutant restored the wild-type phenotype. The MAV_4644 gene encodes a dual-function protein with a putative pore-forming function and ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Protein binding assay suggests that MAV_4644 interacts with the host lysosomal peptidase cathepsin Z (CTSZ), a key regulator of the cell signaling and inflammation. Pathogenic mycobacteria have been shown to suppress the action of many cathepsins to establish their intracellular niche. Our results demonstrate that knocking-down the cathepsin Z in human macrophages rescues the attenuated phenotype of MAV_4644:Tn clone. Although, the purified cathepsin Z by itself does not have any killing effect on MAH, it contributes to bacterial killing in the presence of the nitric oxide (NO). Our data suggest that the cathepsin Z is involved in early macrophage killing of MAH, and the virulence factor MAV_4644 protects the pathogen from this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Lia Danelishvili
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Sasha J Rose
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Luiz E Bermudez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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10
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Adjuvant Potential of Poly-α-l-Glutamine from the Cell Wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00537-18. [PMID: 30104212 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00537-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel adjuvants are in demand for improving the efficacy of human vaccines. The immunomodulatory properties of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall components have been highlighted in the formulation of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). We have explored the adjuvant potential of poly-α-l-glutamine (PLG), a lesser-known constituent of the pathogenic mycobacterial cell wall. Immune parameters indicated that the adjuvant potency of PLG was statistically comparable to that of CFA and better than that of alum in the context of H1 antigen (Ag85B and ESAT-6 fusion). At 1 mg/dose, PLG augmented the immune response of Ag85B, BP26, and protective antigen (PA) by increasing serum antibodies and cytokines in the culture supernatant of antigen-stimulated splenocytes. PLG modulated the humoral response of vaccine candidate ESAT-6, eliciting significantly higher levels of total IgG and isotypes (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b). Additionally, the splenocytes from PLG-adjuvanted mice displayed a robust increase in the Th1-specific gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2 (IL-2), Th2-specific IL-6 and IL-10, and Th17-specific IL-17A cytokines upon antigenic stimulation. PLG improved the protective efficacy of ESAT-6 by reducing bacillary load in the lung and spleen as well as granuloma formation, and it helped in maintaining vital health parameters of mice challenged with M. tuberculosis The median survival time of PLG-adjuvanted mice was 205 days, compared to 146 days for dimethyl-dioctadecyl ammonium bromide-monophosphoryl lipid A (DDA-MPL)-vaccinated groups and 224 days for Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated groups. PLG enhanced the efficiency of the ESAT-6 vaccine to the level of BCG and better than that of DDA-MPL (P < 0.05), with no ill effect in C57BL/6J mice. Our results propose that PLG is a promising adjuvant candidate for advanced experimentation.
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11
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Deng W, Yang W, Zeng J, Abdalla AE, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE32 promotes cytokines production and host cell apoptosis through caspase cascade accompanying with enhanced ER stress response. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67347-67359. [PMID: 27634911 PMCID: PMC5341880 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, remains a grave global public health burden which claims the lives around two to three million annually. PE and PPE proteins, featured by the Pro-Glu (PE) or Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) motifs at the conserved N-terminal domain, are abundant in the MTB genome. PPE32 can increase intracellular survival of mycobacteria through abnormally increase in cytokines production. PPE32 might subvert the macrophage immune response and thwart its bactericidal effect. THP-1 macrophages treated with PPE32 or infected with Mycobacterium smegmatis (MS) expression PPE32 showed increase of cytokines production and multiple hallmarks of apoptosis. We found that PPE32 significantly increases the expression of IL-12p40 and IL-32 through ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In addition, the cell viability of macrophage was inhibited after PPE32 stimulation. We noted that PPE32 induces cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9, while inhibition of caspase activity significantly abrogates the PPE32-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, PPE32 treatment promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress related gene expression, suggesting ER stress might be responsible for PPE32-induced cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyan Deng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wenmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jie Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Jianping Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
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12
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Chen J, Jiang L, Su W, Zheng G, Hongmei X. The novel gene mtb192 is a candidate marker for the detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Gene 2017; 626:264-268. [PMID: 28533124 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most main threats to the global TB control work at present. And it's very difficult to detect. From a screen of differentially expressed genes in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains, we identified a new gene, mtb192. In the present study, we verified the association of mtb192 with TB drug resistance by detecting its expression in clinical isolates from paediatric TB patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The homology of mtb192 was analysed by gene blasting in GenBank. The drug resistance of clinical TB isolates was tested, and mtb192 gene expression was compared using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative PCR. RESULTS Gene homology suggested that mtb192 is a new gene sequence. Among the 120 clinical isolates, 14 were positive for mtb192, including 12 in the MDR group, 2 in the single drug-resistant group, 1 in the poly-resistant group, and 1 in the sensitive group. The mtb192 positive expression rate was significantly higher in the MDR group than all other groups, and the mtb192 mRNA expression level was significantly higher in the MDR group than in the non-MDR group. CONCLUSIONS The new gene mtb192 showed significantly higher expression in MDR-TB strains and could be related to the development of MDR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, highlighting it as a new genetic marker in the detection of MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Chen
- Infection Department of the Children's Hospital, The Pediatrics Institution of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, No. 136 Zhongshan 2, Yuzhong District, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 0086400014, PR China
| | - Li Jiang
- Infection Department of the Children's Hospital, The Pediatrics Institution of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, No. 136 Zhongshan 2, Yuzhong District, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 0086400014, PR China
| | - Wei Su
- Infection Department of the Children's Hospital, The Pediatrics Institution of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, No. 136 Zhongshan 2, Yuzhong District, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 0086400014, PR China
| | - Gaihuan Zheng
- Infection Department of the Children's Hospital, The Pediatrics Institution of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, No. 136 Zhongshan 2, Yuzhong District, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 0086400014, PR China.
| | - Xu Hongmei
- Infection Department of the Children's Hospital, The Pediatrics Institution of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, No. 136 Zhongshan 2, Yuzhong District, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 0086400014, PR China
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Sun C, Yang G, Yuan J, Peng X, Zhang C, Zhai X, Luo T, Bao L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis hypoxic response protein 1 (Hrp1) augments the pro-inflammatory response and enhances the survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis in murine macrophages. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1033-1044. [PMID: 28671529 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The DosR/DosS two-component regulatory system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulates the expression of numerous genes under stress conditions and is important for the long-term survival of M. tuberculosis in the host. The rv2626c gene of M. tuberculosis is one of the most strongly induced transcripts of the dormancy regulon. This study focused on the immunological effects and possible function of Rv2626c in maintaining mycobacterial survival under various stress conditions. METHODOLOGY We heterologously expressed the Rv2626c protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis by constructing a recombinant strain Ms_rv2626c. The viability of Ms_rv2626c was evaluated both in vivo and ex vivo. Different stress conditions, including acidified sodium nitrite, malachite green, low pH, SDS and lysozyme, were used to evaluate the effect of Rv2626c on bacterial resistance. An in vitro assay using a macrophage infection model was utilized to investigate the potential effect of Rv2626c to alter the immune response of host cell and its associated pathways. The effect of Rv2626c on cell necrosis was also explored. RESULTS The expression of Rv2626c-enhanced M. smegmatis survival under hypoxia and nitric oxide stress in vitro, and this enhancement was maintained within macrophages and in mouse tissues. In addition, macrophages infected with M. smegmatis expressing Rv2626c showed significantly higher interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, as well as a higher level of cell necrosis, compared with the control. CONCLUSION M. tuberculosis protein Rv2626c plays a significant role in stimulating macrophages to provoke a pro-inflammatory response and in mycobacterial survival during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Sun
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Centre of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, no. 17, 3rd Section, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Guoping Yang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Centre of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, no. 17, 3rd Section, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jinning Yuan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Centre of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, no. 17, 3rd Section, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xuan Peng
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Centre of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, no. 17, 3rd Section, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Chunxi Zhang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Centre of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, no. 17, 3rd Section, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhai
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Centre of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, no. 17, 3rd Section, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tao Luo
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Centre of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, no. 17, 3rd Section, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Lang Bao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, School of Basic Medical Science, West China Centre of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, no. 17, 3rd Section, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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Kumar A, Saini V, Kumar A, Kaur J, Kaur J. Modulation of Trehalose Dimycolate and Immune System by Rv0774c Protein Enhanced the Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis in Human Macrophages Cell Line. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:289. [PMID: 28713776 PMCID: PMC5491638 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0774c protein was reported previously to express under stress conditions. Therefore, Rv0774c gene was cloned and expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis, a surrogate host, to determine its role in bacterial persistence and immune modulation in natural environment. The bacterial colonies expressing Rv0774c (Ms_rv0774c) were larger, smoother, more moist, and flatter than the control ones (Ms_ve). Enhanced survival of Ms_rv0774c after treatment with streptomycin was observed when compared with control. The cell envelope of Ms_rv0774c was demonstrated to have more trehalose di-mycolate (TDM) and lesser amount of mycolylmannosylphosphorylheptaprenol (Myc-PL) in comparison to control. Higher intracellular survival rate was observed for Ms_rv0774c as compared to Ms_ve in the THP-1 cells. This could be correlated to the reduction in the levels of reactive NO and iNOS expression. Infection of macrophages with Ms_rv0774c resulted in significantly increased expression of TLR2 receptor and IL-10 cytokines. However, it lowered the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 in Ms_rv0774c infected macrophages in comparison to the control and could be associated with decreased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Though, predicted with high antigenicity index bioinformatically, extracellular in nature and accessible to host milieu, Rv0774c was not able to generate humoral response in patient samples. Overall, the present findings indicated that Rv0774c altered the morphology and streptomycin sensitivity by altering the lipid composition of M. smegmatis as well as modulated the immune response in favor of bacterial persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
| | - Varinder Saini
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College and HospitalChandigarh, India
| | - Anjani Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
| | - Jasbinder Kaur
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College and HospitalChandigarh, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and HospitalChandigarh, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
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Peddireddy V, Doddam SN, Ahmed N. Mycobacterial Dormancy Systems and Host Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:84. [PMID: 28261197 PMCID: PMC5309233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), claims more than 1.5 million lives worldwide annually. Despite promulgation of multipronged strategies to prevent and control TB, there is no significant downfall occurring in the number of new cases, and adding to this is the relapse of the disease due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the ability of Mtb to remain dormant after primary infection. The pathology of Mtb is complex and largely attributed to immune-evading strategies that this pathogen adopts to establish primary infection, its persistence in the host, and reactivation of pathogenicity under favorable conditions. In this review, we present various biochemical, immunological, and genetic strategies unleashed by Mtb inside the host for its survival. The bacterium enables itself to establish a niche by evading immune recognition via resorting to masking, establishment of dormancy by manipulating immune receptor responses, altering innate immune cell fate, enhancing granuloma formation, and developing antibiotic tolerance. Besides these, the regulatory entities, such as DosR and its regulon, encompassing various putative effector proteins play a vital role in maintaining the dormant nature of this pathogen. Further, reactivation of Mtb allows relapse of the disease and is favored by the genes of the Rtf family and the conditions that suppress the immune system of the host. Identification of target genes and characterizing the function of their respective antigens involved in primary infection, dormancy, and reactivation would likely provide vital clues to design novel drugs and/or vaccines for the control of dormant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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16
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Kumar A, Singh SM, Singh R, Kaur J. Rv0774c, an iron stress inducible, extracellular esterase is involved in immune-suppression associated with altered cytokine and TLR2 expression. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:126-138. [PMID: 28161108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, one of the leading cause of death from infectious diseases, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The genome of M. tuberculosis has been sequenced and nearly 40% of the whole genome sequence was categorized as hypothetical. Rv0774c was annotated as membrane exported hypothetical protein in TB database. In silico analysis revealed that Rv0774c is a paralog of PE-PGRS multi gene family with 100 aa N-terminal domain similar to PE domain of PE-PGRS proteins. Its C-terminal domain is quite different from PGRS domain, having characteristic lipase signature GXSXG & HG and catalytic residues predicted for lipolytic activity. Therefore, DNA coding for Rv0774c (303 aa), its N-terminal (1-100 aa) and C- terminal domain (100-303 aa) were separately cloned from M. tuberculosis and were over expressed in E. coli. Rv0774c gene and its C-terminal lipolytic domain preferably hydrolyzed short chain esters. Though no enzyme activity was observed in N-terminus PE like domain, it was demonstrated to enhance the thermostability of full length Rv0774c. Tetrahydrolipstatin inhibited the enzyme activity and predicted catalytic residues (Ser-185, Asp-255 and His-281) were confirmed by site directed mutagenesis. Rv0774c was secreted out in culture media by M. tuberculosis and was up-regulated in iron limiting conditions. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rRv0774c resulted in a decline in the LPS induced production of NO and expression of iNOS. rRv0774c treated THP-1 cells also showed an enhanced expression of IL-10 and TLR2. On contrary, it suppressed the LPS induced production of IL-12, chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8. Rv0774c inhibited the LPS induced phosphorylation of p38. These observations suggested that Rv0774c could modulate the pro-inflammatory immune response to support intracellular survival of the mycobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | | | - Ranvir Singh
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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17
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Prosser G, Brandenburg J, Reiling N, Barry CE, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA. The bacillary and macrophage response to hypoxia in tuberculosis and the consequences for T cell antigen recognition. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:177-192. [PMID: 27780773 PMCID: PMC5335906 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative anaerobe and its characteristic pathological hallmark, the granuloma, exhibits hypoxia in humans and in most experimental models. Thus the host and bacillary adaptation to hypoxia is of central importance in understanding pathogenesis and thereby to derive new drug treatments and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Prosser
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Julius Brandenburg
- Microbial Interface Biology, Priority Research Area Infections, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Priority Research Area Infections, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Borstel, Germany
| | - Clifton Earl Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 2AT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 2AT, United Kingdom
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18
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Mohammad O, Kaur J, Singh G, Faisal SM, Azhar A, Rauf MA, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Pal R, Zubair S. TLR Agonist Augments Prophylactic Potential of Acid Inducible Antigen Rv3203 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in Experimental Animals. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152240. [PMID: 27023750 PMCID: PMC4811581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, the members of Lip gene family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis evoke strong immune response in the host. Keeping this fact into consideration, we investigated role of Rv3203, a cell wall associated protein with lipolytic activity, in imparting protection against experimental murine tuberculosis. The data of the present study suggested that archaeosome encapsulated Rv3203 induce strong lymphocyte proliferation, up-regulated Th-1 biased cytokines profile, increased expression of co-stimulatory markers on both antigen presenting cells and T lymphocytes. The immuno-prophylactic response was further modulated by exposure of the animals to zymosan, a TLR2/6 agonist, prior to immunization with archaeosome encapsulated Rv3203. Interestingly, pre-treatment of experimental animals with zymosan boosted strong immunological memory as compared to archaeosome encapsulated Rv3203 as well as BCG vaccine. We conclude that priming of immunized animal with TLR agonist followed by immunization with archaeosomes encapsulated Rv3203 offer substantial protection against tuberculosis infection and could be a potential subunit vaccine based prophylactic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owais Mohammad
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- * E-mail: (SZ); (OM)
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Syed Mohd Faisal
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Asim Azhar
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Ahmar Rauf
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Umesh Dutt Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Rahul Pal
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Swaleha Zubair
- Women’s College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- * E-mail: (SZ); (OM)
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19
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Omer H, Alpha-Bazin B, Brunet JL, Armengaud J, Duport C. Proteomics identifies Bacillus cereus EntD as a pivotal protein for the production of numerous virulence factors. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1004. [PMID: 26500610 PMCID: PMC4595770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive pathogen that causes a wide variety of diseases in humans. It secretes into the extracellular milieu proteins that may contribute directly or indirectly to its virulence. EntD is a novel exoprotein identified by proteogenomics of B. cereus ATCC 14579. We constructed a ΔentD mutant and analyzed the impact of entD disruption on the cellular proteome and exoproteome isolated from early, late, and stationary-phase cultures. We identified 308 and 79 proteins regulated by EntD in the cellular proteome and the exoproteome, respectively. The contribution of these proteins to important virulence-associated functions, including central metabolism, cell structure, antioxidative ability, cell motility, and toxin production, are presented. The proteomic data were correlated with the growth defect, cell morphology change, reduced motility, and reduced cytotoxicity of the ΔentD mutant strain. We conclude that EntD is an important player in B. cereus virulence. The function of EntD and the putative EntD-dependent regulatory network are discussed. To our knowledge, this study is the first characterization of an Ent family protein in a species of the B. cereus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Omer
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France ; INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France ; CEA-Marcoule, DSV/IBITEC-S/SPI/Li2D, Laboratory "Innovative technologies for Detection and Diagnostic" Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Béatrice Alpha-Bazin
- CEA-Marcoule, DSV/IBITEC-S/SPI/Li2D, Laboratory "Innovative technologies for Detection and Diagnostic" Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | | | - Jean Armengaud
- CEA-Marcoule, DSV/IBITEC-S/SPI/Li2D, Laboratory "Innovative technologies for Detection and Diagnostic" Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Catherine Duport
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France ; INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale Avignon, France
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20
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Garhyan J, Bhuyan S, Pulu I, Kalita D, Das B, Bhatnagar R. Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Persistence in the Hypoxic Niche of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Therapy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1924-34. [PMID: 26066709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis, is difficult to eliminate by antibiotic therapy. We recently identified CD271(+) bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) as a potential site of MTB persistence after therapy. Herein, we have characterized the potential hypoxic localization of the post-therapy MTB-infected CD271(+) BM-MSCs in both mice and human subjects. We first demonstrate that in a Cornell model of MTB persistence in mice, green fluorescent protein-labeled virulent MTB-strain H37Rv was localized to pimonidazole (an in vivo hypoxia marker) positive CD271(+) BM-MSCs after 90 days of isoniazid and pyrazinamide therapy that rendered animal's lung noninfectious. The recovered CD271(+) BM-MSCs from post-therapy mice, when injected into healthy mice, caused active tuberculosis infection in the animal's lung. Moreover, MTB infection significantly increased the hypoxic phenotype of CD271(+) BM-MSCs. Next, in human subjects, previously treated for pulmonary tuberculosis, the MTB-containing CD271(+) BM-MSCs exhibited high expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and low expression of CD146, a hypoxia down-regulated cell surface marker of human BM-MSCs. These data collectively demonstrate the potential localization of MTB harboring CD271(+) BM-MSCs in the hypoxic niche, a critical microenvironmental factor that is well known to induce the MTB dormancy phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaishree Garhyan
- KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India; Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Bhuyan
- KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Ista Pulu
- KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Deepjyoti Kalita
- KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Bikul Das
- KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India; Department of Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Tripathi D, Kant S, Garg R, Bhatnagar R. Low expression level of glnA1 accounts for absence of cell wall associated poly-l-glutamate/glutamine in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:240-5. [PMID: 25637529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall associated poly-l-glutamine (PLG) layer synthesis is directly linked to glutamine synthetase (GS) encoded by glnA1 in tuberculosis causing mycobacteria. Avirulent Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) despite of having a glnA1 homolog lacks cell wall associated PLG layer. In the present study, we complemented a ΔglnA1 mutant of Mycobacterium bovis (lack PLG in cell wall) with M. smegmatis glnA1 cloned under M. bovis glnA1 promoter. PLG synthesis was restored in the cell wall of complemented strain. The complemented strain also showed increased resistance to physical stresses such as lysozyme, SDS and increased survival in THP-1 macrophages in comparison to the knockout. Further, in β-galactosidase reporter assay M. smegmatis glnA1 promoter showed ten times less activity as compared to M. bovis glnA1 promoter. GACT-8-11 → TGAC mutations in the M. smegmatis glnA1 promoter restored its activity by 60% as compared to the activity of glnA1 promoter of M. bovis. This mutation also showed increased GS expression and produced cell wall associated PLG in M. smegmatis. The results of this study demonstrate that glnA1 promoter of M. smegmatis accounts for low expression level of GS and apparently responsible for absence of cell wall associated PLG layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Tripathi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sashi Kant
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Rajni Garg
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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