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Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Peña-Miller R, Hidalgo-Aguilar NA, Vences-Guzmán ML, Guan Z, Sohlenkamp C. Identification of the Flavobacterium johnsoniae cysteate-fatty acyl transferase required for capnine synthesis and for efficient gliding motility. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2448-2460. [PMID: 33626217 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonolipids (SLs) are bacterial lipids that are structurally related to sphingolipids. Synthesis of this group of lipids seems to be mainly restricted to Flavobacterium, Cytophaga and other members of the phylum Bacteroidetes. These lipids have a wide range of biological activities: they can induce multicellularity in choanoflagellates, act as von Willebrand factor receptor antagonists, inhibit DNA polymerase, or function as tumour suppressing agents. In Flavobacterium johnsoniae, their presence seems to be required for efficient gliding motility. Until now, no genes/enzymes involved in SL synthesis have been identified, which has been limiting for the study of some of the biological effects these lipids have. Here, we describe the identification of the cysteate-fatty acyl transferase Fjoh_2419 required for synthesis of the SL precursor capnine in F. johnsoniae. This enzyme belongs to the α-oxoamine synthase family similar to serine palmitoyl transferases, 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate coenzyme A ligase and 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthases. Expression of the gene fjoh_2419 in Escherichia coli caused the formation of a capnine-derived molecule. Flavobacterium johnsoniae mutants deficient in fjoh_2419 lacked SLs and were more sensitive to many antibiotics. Mutant growth was not affected in liquid medium but the cells exhibited defects in gliding motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Rafael Peña-Miller
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Nancy Adriana Hidalgo-Aguilar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Maritza Lorena Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christian Sohlenkamp
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
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Satpute SK, Banpurkar AG, Dhakephalkar PK, Banat IM, Chopade BA. Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 30:127-44. [PMID: 20210700 DOI: 10.3109/07388550903427280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce biosurfactant (BS)/bioemulsifier (BE) with wide structural and functional diversity which consequently results in the adoption of different techniques to investigate these diverse amphiphilic molecules. This review aims to compile information on different microbial screening methods, surface active products extraction procedures, and analytical terminologies used in this field. Different methods for screening microbial culture broth or cell biomass for surface active compounds production are also presented and their possible advantages and disadvantages highlighted. In addition, the most common methods for purification, detection, and structure determination for a wide range of BS and BE are introduced. Simple techniques such as precipitation using acetone, ammonium sulphate, solvent extraction, ultrafiltration, ion exchange, dialysis, ultrafiltration, lyophilization, isoelectric focusing (IEF), and thin layer chromatography (TLC) are described. Other more elaborate techniques including high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), infra red (IR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy (FAB-MS), protein digestion and amino acid sequencing are also elucidated. Various experimental strategies including static light scattering and hydrodynamic characterization for micelles have been discussed. A combination of various analytical methods are often essential in this area of research and a numbers of trials and errors to isolate, purify and characterize various surface active agents are required. This review introduces the various methodologies that are indispensable for studying biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surekha K Satpute
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Mavrommatis K, Gronow S, Saunders E, Land M, Lapidus A, Copeland A, Glavina Del Rio T, Nolan M, Lucas S, Chen F, Tice H, Cheng JF, Bruce D, Goodwin L, Pitluck S, Pati A, Ivanova N, Chen A, Palaniappan K, Chain P, Hauser L, Chang YJ, Jeffries CD, Brettin T, Detter JC, Han C, Bristow J, Göker M, Rohde M, Eisen JA, Markowitz V, Kyrpides NC, Klenk HP, Hugenholtz P. Complete genome sequence of Capnocytophaga ochracea type strain (VPI 2845). Stand Genomic Sci 2009; 1:101-9. [PMID: 21304645 PMCID: PMC3035226 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Capnocytophaga ochracea (Prévot et al. 1956) Leadbetter et al. 1982 is the type species of the genus Capnocytophaga. It is of interest because of its location in the Flavobacteriaceae, a genomically not yet charted family within the order Flavobacteriales. The species grows as fusiform to rod shaped cells which tend to form clumps and are able to move by gliding. C. ochracea is known as a capnophilic (CO2-requiring) organism with the ability to grow under anaerobic as well as aerobic conditions (oxygen concentration larger than 15%), here only in the presence of 5% CO2. Strain VPI 2845T, the type strain of the species, is portrayed in this report as a gliding, Gram-negative bacterium, originally isolated from a human oral cavity. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence, and annotation. This is the first completed genome sequence from the flavobacterial genus Capnocytophaga, and the 2,612,925 bp long single replicon genome with its 2193 protein-coding and 59 RNA genes is a part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.
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Drucker DB, Wade WG, Abdi M, Sayers NM, Boote V, Law D. Phospholipid analogue distribution in Capnocytophaga. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 289:115-24. [PMID: 10360312 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(99)80094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polar lipids of nineteen previously characterised culture collection strains of Capnocytophaga were analysed using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS) in negative mode. All strains examined had a major peak at m/z 241, consistent with the expected presence of the pentadecanoate anion. The most intense higher mass anions, consistent with expected presence of phospholipid molecular species, were as follows: m/z 574, 588, 618 and 662 which are consistent with presence of PE(24:2), PE(25:2), PE(27:1) and PE(30:0) respectively. Other anions putatively identified as phospholipid anions were: m/z 572, 578, 592, 602, 604, 616 and 720 consistent with presence of PE(24:3), PE(24:0), PE(25:0), PE(26:2), PE(26:1), PE(27:2) and OH-PE(33:0). Capnocytophaga isolates share a distinctive phospholipid fingerprint which appears to lack the somewhat higher mass phospholipid analogues observed in related oral bacteria. Within the genus, the profiles obtained showed only quantitative differences which did not correlate with previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Drucker
- Microbiology Laboratory, Turner Dental School, University of Manchester, UK.
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Kawazoe R, Okuyama H, Reichardt W, Sasaki S. Phospholipids and a novel glycine-containing lipoamino acid in Cytophaga johnsonae Stanier strain C21. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:5470-5. [PMID: 1885525 PMCID: PMC208259 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.17.5470-5475.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography revealed that Cytophaga johnsonae contains at least 10 kinds of lipid, 2 of which are phospholipids, namely, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. One of the remaining lipids is a novel lipid that contains an amino acid. The structure of this unusual lipid (lipoamino acid) was resolved by chemical and physicochemical methods. The fatty acyl moiety of this lipid was diverse. The structure of the major molecular species of the lipid was determined as iso-3-hydroxy heptadecanoic acid, amide linked to glycine and esterified to isopentadecanoic acid. This type of glycine-containing lipid is a novel biological material which we have called cytolipin, basing this nomenclature on the genus of the bacterium. This is the first report of the lipid composition of C. johnsonae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kawazoe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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6
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Asselineau J. Bacterial lipids containing amino acids or peptides linked by amide bonds. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1991; 56:1-85. [PMID: 2050312 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9084-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Asselineau
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Toulouse, France
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7
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Pitta TP, Leadbetter ER, Godchaux W. Increase of ornithine amino lipid content in a sulfonolipid-deficient mutant of Cytophaga johnsonae. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:952-7. [PMID: 2914878 PMCID: PMC209687 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.2.952-957.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative gliding bacterium Cytophaga johnsonae contains not only large quantities of unusual sulfonolipids but also, as we report here, a second class of unusual lipids. These lipids were detected and quantified by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of lipids from cells grown in the presence of [14C]acetate and shown by chemical studies to be alpha-N-(3-fatty acyloxy fatty acyl)ornithines. Like the sulfonolipids, these ornithine lipids were localized in the outer membrane (whereas phosphatidylethanolamine was the predominant lipid of the inner membrane). In a sulfonolipid-deficient mutant, the missing lipid was replaced, specifically, by an increased amount of ornithine lipid. Cells grown in liquid media contained predominantly ornithine lipids with nonhydroxylated residues in the O-fatty acyl position. In contrast, surface-grown cells contained a high proportion of ornithine lipids in which the O-fatty acyl group was 3-hydroxylated. The sulfonolipids and ornithine lipids are apparently coregulated in the sense that, regardless of perturbations caused by mutation or growth conditions, their total amounts remain constant at 40% of total cell lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Pitta
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-2131
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Collins MD, Shah HN, McKee AS, Kroppenstedt RM. Chemotaxonomy of the genus Capnocytophaga (Leadbetter, Holt & Socransky). THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1982; 52:409-15. [PMID: 7118751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1982.tb05071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Goldfine H. Lipids of Prokaryotes–Structure and Distribution. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mayberry WR. Cellular distribution and linkage of D-(-)-3-hydroxy fatty acids in Bacteroides species. J Bacteriol 1980; 144:200-4. [PMID: 7419488 PMCID: PMC294620 DOI: 10.1128/jb.144.1.200-204.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two strains of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and two strains of Bacteroides fragilis were analyzed for total fatty acid, total lipid fatty acid, and total bound fatty acid profiles. Extracted lipids and defatted cell residues were subjected to sequential alkaline and acid methanolyses to distinguish ester- and amide-linked fatty acids in each fraction. In the lipid fractions, all the ester-linked fatty acids were nonhydroxylated, whereas all of the amide-linked fatty acids were hydroxylated. In the nonextractable fractions, both hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids were found in both ester and amide linkage, although hydroxy acids predominated. The fatty acid profiles of the bound fractions differed widely from those of the lipid fractions. Bound fatty acid represented approximately 10% of the total cellular fatty acids.
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Mayberry WR. Hydroxy fatty acids in Bacteroides species: D-(--)-3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecanoate and its homologs. J Bacteriol 1980; 143:582-7. [PMID: 7204330 PMCID: PMC294318 DOI: 10.1128/jb.143.2.582-587.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid hydrolysates of 140 strains, representing 11 species of the genus Bacteroides, were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography for total cellular fatty acid. All samples contained components which appeared to be hydroxy fatty acid. The relative amount and chain length distribution of the hydroxy fatty acids, as well as the nonhydroxy fatty acids, varied according to species. To characterize the presumed hydroxy acids, a composite of some 40 of these samples was analyzed by thin-layer and capillary gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, infrared spectrophotometry, and polarimetry. The hydroxy acids were shown to be of the D-(--)-3-hydroxy acid family. The predominant component was the iso-branched D-(--)-3-hydroxy-15-methylhexadecanoic acid. Lesser amounts of the iso-branched 15-carbon, straight-chain 16-carbon, and anteiso-branched 17-carbon acids were also found.
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