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Gómez-Bañuelos E, Mukherjee A, Darrah E, Andrade F. Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091309. [PMID: 31454946 PMCID: PMC6780899 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology characterized by immune-mediated damage of synovial joints and antibodies to citrullinated antigens. Periodontal disease, a bacterial-induced inflammatory disease of the periodontium, is commonly observed in RA and has implicated periodontal pathogens as potential triggers of the disease. In particular, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans have gained interest as microbial candidates involved in RA pathogenesis by inducing the production of citrullinated antigens. Here, we will discuss the clinical and mechanistic evidence surrounding the role of these periodontal bacteria in RA pathogenesis, which highlights a key area for the treatment and preventive interventions in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gómez-Bañuelos
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Amarshi Mukherjee
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Booth V, Solakoglu O, Bavisha N, Curtis MA. Serum IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:93-9. [PMID: 16476018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Protein and carbohydrate antigens of Porphyromonas gingivalis interact with the host to produce antibody of different subclasses. IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies frequently account for approximately 90% of the total serum IgG. This work aimed to investigate serum IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses of periodontitis patients to protein and carbohydrate-rich antigens of P. gingivalis. METHODS Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blots of P. gingivalis antigens and proteinase K digested antigens rich in carbohydrates were used to investigate the molecular weight of antigen recognised by serum IgG1 and IgG2. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure levels of IgG1 and IgG2 antibody to P. gingivalis and radial immunodiffusion was used to estimate the total concentration of IgG1 and IgG2 in serum. RESULTS Serum IgG antibodies bound to antigens of molecular weights 47, 39 and 32 kDa. Antigen most frequently recognised by both IgG1 and IgG2 antibody had a molecular weight of 47 kDa. Serum IgG2 antibody bound to carbohydrate antigen with a molecular weight of 32 kDa but there was no recognition of carbohydrate antigens by IgG1 antibodies. There was no correlation between the titre of anti-P. gingivalis IgG1 or IgG2 antibody and the total concentration of serum IgG1 or IgG2 antibodies of all specificities. CONCLUSION Both IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies recognised a dominant antigen of 47 kDa, probably Arg-gingipain. Much of the response to carbohydrate antigen is of the IgG2 subclass. Neither the level of IgG1 nor the IgG2 antibody specific to P. gingivalis was related to the total serum concentration of that antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Booth
- Kings College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals, Department of Periodontology, London, UK.
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Ní Eidhin D, Mouton C. The lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis is not antigenically cross-reactive with that of other species. J Dent Res 1994; 73:661-70. [PMID: 7513001 DOI: 10.1177/00220345940730031201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Large numbers of Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Bacteroides strains were screened by 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and 8 rabbit antisera raised against Porphyromonas gingivalis, in order to detect any possible recognition of non-P. gingivalis surface antigens by these immunoreagents. All three MAbs, which were LPS-specific, extensively recognized LPS from 10 P. gingivalis strains in immunoblotting, whereas they recognized none of the 34 non-P. gingivalis strains. Rabbit antisera were similarly specific for P. gingivalis cells in immunofluorescence and with LPS in grid-blotting, but several of them recognized LPS from one Prevotella melaninogenica and 5 Prevotella intermedia strains in Western blotting. Since several pre-immune sera and an irrelevant serum raised to a Streptococcus species recognized up to 5 of these preparations, we exclude that the reactions were due to antigens shared by P. gingivalis and Prevotella. Rather, we consider that they were false-positive reactions due to natural antibodies, stimulated in a non-specific manner upon immunization with P. gingivalis, in animals whose immune systems were sensitized to Prevotella species before immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ní Eidhin
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Hayakawa M, Abiko Y, Ito T, Sasahara H, Yamano H, Takiguchi H. Gene cloning of Porphyromonas gingivalis specific antigens recognized by serum of adult periodontitis patient. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:945-50. [PMID: 1319357 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Porphyromonas gingivalis is believed an important pathogen of adult periodontitis. A gene library of P. gingivalis 381 was constructed in lambda phage vector L47.1. The library was probed with serum obtained from patients of severe adult periodontitis. Two clones, lambda MDBG101 and lambda MDBG103 which were expressed, 200 and 160 kDa respectively, were selected and further studied. 2. The expressed antigens in these two clones were also reacted with rabbit antiserum against whole cells, capsular fraction and cell surface fraction of P. gingivalis. 3. Genes coding protein antigens in lambda MDBG101 and lambda MDBG103 were subcloned into high-copy-number plasmid vector pACYC184 and subclones obtained were designated as MD101 and MD103. Recombinant plasmids, pMD101 and pMD103, differed in their restriction endonuclease digestion. 4. Immunodiffusion analysis showed that cloned proteins from MD101 and MD103 reacted with antiserum against P. gingivalis but did not react with antiserum against Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella loescheii and Prevotella asaccharolyticus. 5. These data suggest that P. gingivalis species-specific antigens has been successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Since these cloned specific antigens were recognized by adult periodontitis patient sera, the recombinant antigen will be useful material for the development of serodiagnosis of P. gingivalis infection in adults periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiba, Japan
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Baumgartner JC, Falkler WA, Bernie RS, Suzuki JB. Serum IgG reactive with oral anaerobic microorganisms associated with infections of endodontic origin. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1992; 7:106-10. [PMID: 1528630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1992.tb00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous species of bacteria have been implicated with infections of endodontic origin. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of serum IgG antibodies reactive with a panel of 10 oral anaerobic microorganisms implicated in infections of endodontic origin. Serum samples were collected from 4 patient groups that included healthy patients without endodontic or periodontal disease, patients with chronic adult periodontal disease, patients with endodontic disease and patients with combined endodontic-periodontal disease. When Prevotella intermedia was allowed to react with sera from the 4 patient groups, significant pairwise differences were shown between the healthy group and each of the other 3 groups. In addition, there was a significant difference between the periodontal disease group and the combined endodontic-periodontal disease group. When Porphyromonas gingivalis was allowed to react with sera from the 4 patient groups, significant pairwise differences were shown between the healthy group and the periodontal disease group, the healthy group and the combined endodontic-periodontal disease group, the endodontic disease group and the periodontal disease group and the endodontic disease group and the combined endodontic-periodontal disease group. The results of this investigation support other studies that associate P. intermedia with both endodontic disease and chronic adult periodontal disease. The results also support studies that implicate P. gingivalis as a periodontopathogen.
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Nagata A, Man-yoshi T, Sato M, Nakamura R. Serological studies of Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis and correlation with enzyme activity. J Periodontal Res 1991; 26:184-90. [PMID: 1830621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1991.tb01644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis from the human oral cavity was serologically characterized using absorbed and unabsorbed rabbit antisera. The reference strains were ATCC 33277, W50, W83, 381 and hara 1. The 432 isolates were from periodontal pockets of 63 patients with adult periodontitis. Using sonicated antigens, four serotypes were identified by immunodiffusion tests and immunoelectrophoresis. Each patient harbored only one serotype of P. gingivalis, and serotypes I and IV predominated. The incidence of serotype I was four times higher than that of serotype II, and approximately seven times higher than that of serotype III. The collagenolytic and some proteolytic enzymes of representatives of each serotype were assessed. Although all strains produced these enzymes to some degree, some differences in their levels were observed. Serotype II strains were more collagenolytic than serotypes I or III, and serotype III exhibited lower activities of N-CBz-glycyl-glycyl-arginyl peptidase than other serotypes. Antibiotic sensitivity was also compared with antimicrobial disks, and serotype IV strains exhibited high sensitivity to the four antibiotics used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagata
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Tokushima, Japan
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Abstract
The microbial flora in adult advanced periodontitis lesions is comprised of Gram-negative rods, with Bacteroides gingivalis as one of the major representatives. This review deals with biological properties of surface antigens, hemagglutinin (attachment factor), and capsular structure of B. gingivalis. Sera containing high IgG antibody levels to B. gingivalis enhanced the complement-mediated bactericidal activity in vitro, although the susceptibility to complement-mediated lysis differed among B. gingivalis strains. The protective effect of immunization against B. gingival is infection was examined in hamsters in which cotton threads had been tied to the gingival margins of the mandibular first molar. Repeated oral topical application of hyper-immune sera against B. gingivalis resulted in effective elimination of the organisms from the periodontal lesions in the experimental animals.
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8
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Abiko Y, Hayakawa M, Aoki H, Takiguchi H. Gene cloning and expression of a Bacteroides gingivalis-specific protein antigen in Escherichia coli. Adv Dent Res 1988; 2:310-4. [PMID: 3078101 DOI: 10.1177/08959374880020021801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gene banks of chromosomal DNA from Bacteroides gingival is 381 were constructed utilizing the bacteriophage replacement vector λCharon4A. A clone encoding a protein antigen from B. gingivalis was identified by Western-blot screening, with use of antiserum induced to extracts of B. gingivalis cells. DNA fragments from the phage clone were subcloned into the plasmid vector pACYC184 to yield an immunoreactive clone. Cell extracts from the subclone reacted with antiserum against B. gingivalis, but did not react with antisera to B. asaccharolyticus, B. intermedius, or B. melaninogenicus. The antiserum against the purified clone products reacted with N-lauryl sarcosine extracts from B. gingivalis cells, but did not react with those of other Bacteroides cells. In addition, human serum from periodontitis patients reacted with the clone product by Western electrophoretic transfer and immunoblotting analysis. These data suggest that the gene coding for a B. gingivalis-specific protein antigen was successfully cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. This clone product may prove useful for further studies of B. gingival is as a periodontal pathogen.
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Abstract
Periodontal diseases are recognized as bacterial infections, and some forms are associated with specific organisms, such as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in juvenile periodontitis, and Bacteroides gingivalis and others in adult periodontitis. The source of the periodontal organisms, whether they are part of the indigenous or resident flora and overgrow to become opportunistic oral pathogens, or whether they are exogenous oral pathogens, is important to determine. The chain of periodontal infection, microbial agent(s) and their transmission, and host response are reviewed with respect to the role of A. actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis and B. gingivalis in adult periodontitis. The present data lead us to hypothesize that some periodontal organisms may be exogenous pathogens.Prevention of periodontal diseases may be influenced by the knowledge of whether various forms are caused by opportunistic organisms or exogenous pathogens. If exogenous pathogens are responsible, prevention can be directed to intercepting transmission, thereby preventing colonization. On the other hand, if the organisms are opportunistic pathogens, prevention might be directed at interfering with initial acquisition of the flora earlier in life, as well as suppressing them to low levels consistent with health. For those exogenous periodontal infections, attempts at eradication and prevention of re-infection are likely to be effective. If the organisms are part of the indigenous flora, there is little hope of complete elimination of the organism.Criteria for distinguishing exogenous periodontal pathogens from opportunistic periodontal pathogens include the prediction that exogenous pathogens would be transient members of the oral flora associated with periodontal disease, likely to be comprised of one or a few clonal types, and intrinsically virulent. In contrast, opportunistic periodontal pathogens would likely be members of the indigenous flora and would overgrow. They would likely be comprised of many clonal types, and have an intrinsically low level of virulence.
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Jonsson R, Howland BE, Bowden GH. Relationships between periodontal health, salivary steroids, and Bacteroides intermedius in males, pregnant and non-pregnant women. J Dent Res 1988; 67:1062-9. [PMID: 3261302 DOI: 10.1177/00220345880670080101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Relationships between four steroids, determined by radio-immunoassay of whole saliva, and clinical and bacteriological parameters were studied in 90 subjects: males, menstruating females, and pregnant females. Pocket depths and both plaque and gingival bleeding scores were recorded. Total counts and percentages of Gram-negative organisms Bacteroides and B. intermedius were determined from anaerobic cultures of subgingival plaque from 9-14 subjects in each group. None of the clinical parameters for the pregnant females differed significantly from those of non-pregnant females, nor did these parameters show any significant correlation with progression of pregnancy. No correlations were detected between bacterial and clinical parameters in the pregnant group. There were no statistically significant differences between the total bacterial counts from the three groups, yet males had significantly higher proportions of Gram-negative bacteria, Bacteroides, and B. intermedius, than did pregnant and non-pregnant females. Proportions of B. intermedius did not differ significantly between the two female groups, nor was there any correlation with progression of pregnancy. While some steroids appeared to affect some clinical or bacteriological parameters in some groups, no obvious patterns consistent with different steroid levels were detected. The results do not indicate that increased hormone levels cause more severe periodontal disease in pregnant women, nor that high salivary steroid levels result in increased recovery of B. intermedius from subgingival plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jonsson
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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12
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Johne B, Olsen I, Bryn K. Fatty acids and sugars in lipoplysaccharides from Bacteroides intermedius. Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides loescheii. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1988; 3:22-7. [PMID: 3268745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1988.tb00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Slots J, Listgarten MA. Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 1988; 15:85-93. [PMID: 3279073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1988.tb00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans seem to be major pathogens in advancing periodontitis in man. First, these organisms are recovered in higher prevalence and proportions from progressive periodontitis lesions than from quiescent periodontal sites. Second, antibody levels against B. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans are markedly elevated in serum and gingival crevice fluid of periodontitis patients compared to normal controls. Third, B. gingivalis and B. intermedius elaborate potent proteases and A. actinomycetemcomitans various noxious substances which have the potential to perturb important host defenses and to disintegrate key constituents of the periodontal tissues. Monitoring these bacteria in advanced periodontal lesions may greatly assist the assessment of treatment efficacy and risk of further periodontal breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Slots
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontics, Philadelphia 19104
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Chen P, Bochacki V, Reynolds HS, Beanan J, Tatakis DN, Zambon JJ, Genco RJ. The use of monoclonal antibodies to detect Bacteroides gingivalis in biological samples. Infect Immun 1986; 54:798-803. [PMID: 3781626 PMCID: PMC260240 DOI: 10.1128/iai.54.3.798-803.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridomas were established which produce monoclonal antibodies specific for Bacteroides gingivalis, a pathogen associated with human periodontal disease. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with formalinized B. gingivalis were fused with Sp2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells. Of 1,050 wells with positive growth, 60 contained antibody reactive with the immunizing strain of B. gingivalis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expansion of these cultures and cloning by limited dilution resulted in 28 clones which reacted with B. gingivalis but not with other orals and nonoral black-pigmented Bacteroides species or any of 29 representative strains of other oral bacteria. Of these 28 clones, 14 were also specific for B. gingivalis by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. One clone, BBG-12 producing immunoglobulin G2b(kappa), was chosen to identify B. gingivalis in subgingival plaque because of its high reactivity in indirect immunofluorescence assays. This antibody reacted strongly with all 17 representative B. gingivalis strains obtained from diverse sources. Furthermore, when this reagent was applied to subgingival plaque samples, B. gingivalis was stained with high specificity and low background fluorescence, indicating that it may be useful for clinical identification of this organism.
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Miyoshi T, Hanazawa S, Hirose K, Saitoh K, Amano S, Ohmori Y, Kitano S. Humoral antibody response against Bacteroides gingivalis-specific antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody in adult periodontal patients. Infect Immun 1986; 53:366-71. [PMID: 2426200 PMCID: PMC260884 DOI: 10.1128/iai.53.2.366-371.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody specific for Bacteroides gingivalis was purified in the presence of 0.5% (wt/vol) beta-octyl-glucoside by immunoadsorbent column chromatography. The purified antigen was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and silver staining, and the pattern of SDS-PAGE agreed with that of immunoblotting. The molecule exhibited an apparent molecular weight of about 62,000 by SDS-PAGE. The antigen was sensitive to trypsin, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, DNase I and II, and heating, but insensitive to RNase and neuraminidase. By the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, the purified antigen was not cross-reactive with rat polyclonal antibodies to each of several black-pigmented Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Eikenella corrodens, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. These results indicate that the purified antigen is specific for B. gingivalis. Humoral antibody titers in adult periodontal patients against the specific antigen were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum immunoglobulin G antibody titers against the specific antigen in adult periodontal patients correlated significantly with the severity of periodontal disease. However, such significant correlation was not observed with serum immunoglobulin M antibody titers.
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Okuda K, Kato T, Naito Y, Ono M, Kikuchi Y, Takazoe I. Susceptibility of Bacteroides gingivalis to bactericidal activity of human serum. J Dent Res 1986; 65:1024-7. [PMID: 3458753 DOI: 10.1177/00220345860650070601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility of Bacteroides gingivalis strains to the complement-mediated bactericidal activity of human serum was examined under anaerobic conditions. Serum containing high concentrations of IgG antibody to B. gingivalis enhanced the bactericidal activity. No enhancement was found in serum which did not contain the specific antibody or in serum absorbed with intact cells. The sensitivity to the killing by pooled serum differed among B. gingivalis strains. Cells of B. gingivalis activated the pooled human serum complement not only through the classic pathway but also through an alternative pathway. It was found that the susceptibility of B. gingivalis to the bactericidal activity was classic-pathway-dependent.
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Okuda K, Ohta K, Kato T, Takazoe I, Slots J. Antigenic characteristics and serological identification of 10 black-pigmented Bacteroides species. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24:89-95. [PMID: 3088035 PMCID: PMC268838 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.24.1.89-95.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of 10 black-pigmented Bacteroides species were serologically characterized using absorbed and unabsorbed rabbit antisera. An agglutination test using intact cells or heated cells (100 degrees C for 60 min) from each species and unabsorbed antisera revealed only homologous reactions with little or no reactivity in heterologous assays. Immunodiffusion tests using sonicated antigen demonstrated that Bacteroides gingivalis, B. endodontalis, B. asaccharolyticus, B. macacae, and B. levii are antigenically distinct. Strains of B. gingivalis, B. endodontalis, and B. asaccharolyticus were also clearly identified by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody method. B. intermedius, B. corporis, B. loescheii, B. melaninogenicus, and B. denticola possessed common antigens; however, species-specific antigens detectable with immunoabsorbed antisera were also demonstrated. B. intermedius strains isolated from the human oral cavity included at least two serogroups. In each black-pigmented Bacteroides species, lipopolysaccharide constituted one of the species-specific antigens.
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Martin SA, Falkler WA, Suzuki JB, Hawley CE, Mackler BF. Local and systemic immunoglobulins reactive to Bacteroides gingivalis in rapidly progressive and adult periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 1986; 21:351-64. [PMID: 2942663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1986.tb01469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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van Winkelhoff AJ, Kippuw N, de Graaff J. Serological characterization of black-pigmented Bacteroides endodontalis. Infect Immun 1986; 51:972-4. [PMID: 3949388 PMCID: PMC260998 DOI: 10.1128/iai.51.3.972-974.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological studies on the black-pigmented Bacteroides species B. endodontalis revealed three serotypes based on capsular determinants. A common antigen (O-antigen) could be demonstrated after decapsulation. Weak cross-reactivity was found with B. asaccharolyticus, but not with B. gingivalis. Similarity between the serology of Enterobacteriaceae and black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. is discussed.
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Parent R, Mouton C, Lamonde L, Bouchard D. Human and animal serotypes of Bacteroides gingivalis defined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Infect Immun 1986; 51:909-18. [PMID: 3949386 PMCID: PMC260985 DOI: 10.1128/iai.51.3.909-918.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigenic complexity of three strains of Bacteroides gingivalis and four strains resembling B. gingivalis isolated from animals was analyzed and compared by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Thirteen antigens of the human biotype were present in all human strains and six antigens of the animal biotype were present in all animal strains, indicating a marked serological homogeneity within each biotype. Four antigens cross-reacting between the human B. gingivalis and the animal strains were identified. This antigenic relatedness defined the serological homogeneity of the two biotypes within the species and allowed recognition of four species-specific antigens. Two antigens specific to the human strains and two antigens specific to the animal strains were identified, indicating that serotype-specific antigens can distinguish each biotype. It is thus proposed that the oral, black-pigmented asaccharolytic Bacteroides strains of animal origin be classified as catalase-positive variants of B. gingivalis. It is also proposed that two serotypes be recognized within the species B. gingivalis. Serotype 1 includes the catalase-negative human biotype, and serotype 2 includes the catalase-positive animal biotype.
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Ebersole JL, Taubman MA, Smith DJ, Frey DE. Human immune responses to oral microorganisms: patterns of systemic antibody levels to Bacteroides species. Infect Immun 1986; 51:507-13. [PMID: 3943900 PMCID: PMC262365 DOI: 10.1128/iai.51.2.507-513.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human systemic antibody levels to oral members of the Bacteroides genus were assessed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody levels to B. gingivalis, two homology groups of B. intermedius, B. melaninogenicus, B. denticola, B. loescheii, B. corporis, B. oralis, B. buccae, and B. gracilis were determined in subjects with localized juvenile periodontitis, advanced destructive periodontitis, or adult periodontitis and in normal persons. Significantly elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels to B. gingivalis were seen in adult and advanced destructive periodontitis patients. Serum IgM and IgA antibodies were increased in diseased versus normal subjects, whereas negligible levels of serum IgE antibody were detected to this microorganism. Serum IgG antibody levels to B. intermedius were increased in advanced destructive periodontitis patients; however, the frequency of elevated responses were similar among the groups. Extreme antibody levels to the other Bacteroides spp. were occasionally observed in this population. Additionally, all of the elevated levels were found in diseased patients. Distribution analyses of the antibody levels indicated that most patients exhibited a pattern of elevated antibodies to a limited number of the oral Bacteroides spp. The results suggested that elevated systemic antibody levels to oral Bacteroides spp. are more frequently found in periodontal disease patients. These antibody responses presumably reflect a colonization of the patients. The distribution of the responses may indicate the potential pathogenicity of the microorganisms and is consistent with distinctive host-parasite interactions in this disease.
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Williams BL, Ebersole JL, Spektor MD, Page RC. Assessment of serum antibody patterns and analysis of subgingival microflora of members of a family with a high prevalence of early-onset periodontitis. Infect Immun 1985; 49:742-50. [PMID: 4030102 PMCID: PMC261261 DOI: 10.1128/iai.49.3.742-750.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a study of members of a large family with a high prevalence of early-onset periodontitis, we sampled the subgingival microflora and characterized 40 isolates from each sample. We surveyed serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies reacting with any of a panel of 21 periodontal bacteria. The mother and 7 of her 13 children had early-onset periodontitis. Bacteroides gingivalis was not detected in the subgingival flora of any affected or unaffected family member, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was isolated from only one affected child. Capnocytophaga ochracea was isolated from five of seven affected children and from none of their normal siblings. We found no significant differences among the floras from family members who had rapidly progressive, juvenile, and prepubertal forms of periodontitis. Elevated levels of serum antibody reacting with one or more of the bacteria tested were found in all family members with disease, but in only one periodontally normal family member. Both children with prepubertal periodontitis had antibodies reacting with C. sputigena, a species not found in their subgingival floras, but with none of the other bacteria tested. All remaining affected family members had antibodies to one or more serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans, and four had antibodies reacting with additional bacteria, including C. sputigena, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Haemophilus aphrophilus. Sera from patients contained antibodies specific for putative periodontal pathogens not found in their pocket flora, and conversely, putative periodontal pathogens for which no serum antibodies were found frequently comprised a large proportion (10% or more) of the pocket flora. In no case were both the bacterium and its antibody found. These observations are suggestive of sequential infection in the early-onset forms of periodontitis and of induction of protective immunity against reinfection by the same microorganism.
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Abiko Y, Hayakawa M, Murai S, Takiguchi H. Glycylprolyl dipeptidylaminopeptidase from Bacteroides gingivalis. J Dent Res 1985; 64:106-11. [PMID: 3882793 DOI: 10.1177/00220345850640020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity was found in the culture medium of Bacteroides gingivalis 381. The enzyme, hydrolyzing glycylprolyl-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide, was purified 750-fold from culture medium by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, and DEAE Bio Gel A column chromatography. The molecular weight, determined by gel filtration, was approximately 160,000. The isoelectric point of the enzyme, estimated by isoelectric focusing using polyacrylamide disk gel electrophoresis, was about pH 6.2. The optimum pH of the enzyme was about 8.0, and the Km value was 0.05 mM. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and diisopropylfluorophosphate. The purified enzyme specifically cleaved glycylprolyl dipeptide from partially digested type I collagen.
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Yoshimura F, Takahashi K, Nodasaka Y, Suzuki T. Purification and characterization of a novel type of fimbriae from the oral anaerobe Bacteroides gingivalis. J Bacteriol 1984; 160:949-57. [PMID: 6150029 PMCID: PMC215801 DOI: 10.1128/jb.160.3.949-957.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fimbriae and their constituent protein (fimbrilin) were purified to homogeneity from the bacterial wash fluid and cell lysate fraction, respectively, of Bacteroides gingivalis 381. Fimbriae, observed by negative staining, were curly, single-stranded filaments with a diameter of ca. 5 nm. The apparent molecular weight of the fimbrilin was 43,000. Fimbriae were resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate denaturation at 70 degrees C. Heating at 100 degrees C in sodium dodecyl sulfate was needed to completely dissociate them to monomers of fimbrilin. Different sets of antigenic determinants seemed to be exposed on the surfaces of fimbriae and sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured fimbrilin. Purified fimbriae did not show either hemagglutinating activity or hemagglutination inhibitory activity, although it has been inferred on the basis of circumstantial evidence that fimbriae are correlated to hemagglutinating activity of the organism. Hemagglutinin activity, however, was detected in culture supernatant, and this observation suggests that fimbriae of a different type or a lectin-like protein may be acting as hemagglutinin in B. gingivalis.
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Hanazawa S, Saitoh K, Ohmori Y, Nishihara H, Fujiwara S, Kitano S. Production of monoclonal antibodies that recognize specific and cross-reactive antigens of Bacteroides gingivalis. Infect Immun 1984; 46:285-7. [PMID: 6480112 PMCID: PMC261481 DOI: 10.1128/iai.46.1.285-287.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Four monoclonal antibodies directed against Bacteroides gingivalis were established by hybridoma technology. Their reactivity against B. gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius, and Bacteroides melaninogenicus was detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Three monoclonal antibodies specifically reacted with B. gingivalis. One recognized antigens that were cross-reactive between B. gingivalis and B. intermedius. These monoclonal antibodies provide new tools for antigenic analysis of B. gingivalis.
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Boyd J, McBride BC. Fractionation of hemagglutinating and bacterial binding adhesins of Bacteroides gingivalis. Infect Immun 1984; 45:403-9. [PMID: 6746097 PMCID: PMC263237 DOI: 10.1128/iai.45.2.403-409.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
An outer membrane complex containing hemagglutinating and bacterial aggregating activity has been isolated from Bacteroides gingivalis. Examination of the membrane material by biochemical analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunological means revealed that the crude outer membrane preparation contained three major proteins and a lipopolysaccharide population that displayed size heterogeneity. At least two membrane proteins as well as the lipopolysaccharide were found to be antigenically active by immunoblot analysis. With gel chromatography and a lipopolysaccharide disaggregating buffer the membrane material was separated into two fractions. An accompanying separation of the two adherence activities was observed. The first membrane fraction, containing mostly protein and carbohydrate material, was found to contain the bacterial aggregating activity. This fraction also contained a high-molecular-weight lipopolysaccharide population. The second membrane fraction, consisting of low-molecular-weight lipopolysaccharide, protein, and loosely bound lipid was found to contain the hemagglutinating activity.
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Zambon JJ, Slots J, Miyasaki K, Linzer R, Cohen R, Levine M, Genco RJ. Purification and characterization of the serotype c antigen from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Infect Immun 1984; 44:22-7. [PMID: 6423542 PMCID: PMC263456 DOI: 10.1128/iai.44.1.22-27.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotype c antigen from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was purified with fractional ethanol precipitation of cell-free culture supernatant, sequential ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. The preparation obtained demonstrated a single precipitin line in immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis when rabbit antisera to serotype c whole bacterial cells were used. No immunological reaction was detected with antisera to serotype c lipopolysaccharide, indicating that lipopolysaccharide was not present in the preparation. The serotype c antigen was composed of 95% carbohydrate, 2% protein, and 3.1% phosphate. Gas chromatographic analysis of the antigen obtained from growth in either complex or chemically defined media revealed that the carbohydrate constituent was composed of 84 to 90.1% mannose, 4.8 to 16% glucose, 1.9% N-acetylglucosamine, 1.4% fucose, and 0.2% galactose. The present data suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype c antigen is predominantly a mannose-containing carbohydrate suggestive of a mannan.
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Abstract
Great progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, the primary role of bacteria as etiologic agents, and the critical modifying role of host responses. It is useful to consider several stages in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease - (a) colonization, (b) invasion, (c) destruction, and (d) healing - and to place into perspective the various host responses as they may affect each of these four stages (Table 5). With respect to colonization, although very little direct evidence is available, it is reasonable to suggest that antibodies, either secretory or serum-derived, acting by virtue of their ability to block attachment, could inhibit colonization by immune reduction of adherence mechanisms. With respect to invasion of the tissue, it appears that phagocytes, particularly the neutrophils, are important, acting in concert with opsonic antibody and complement in ingesting and killing the periodontal microflora before or during the early invasive process. A major advance in our understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases is the realization that the virulence of periodontopathic bacteria relates to their leukaggressive properties, allowing them to evade neutrophil protective mechanisms. Invasion of the periodontal tissues by bacterial products may be inhibited by the complexing of these products with antibody with the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that are phagocytosed and digested, particularly by scavenger phagocytes such as the macrophage. With respect to the destructive phase of periodontal disease, it is clear that the direct effect of lymphocytes mediated either through direct cytotoxic activity, or through biologically-active destructive lymphokines (such as alpha-lymphotoxin and osteoclast activating factor), can lead to tissue destruction. Macrophages, through the production of monokines, collagenase, and reactive oxygen species, can also lead to tissue destruction. The direct effects of bacterial toxins or enzymes which can lead to tissue destruction can be inhibited by complexing with antitoxic or enzyme-neutralizing antibodies. With respect to healing and fibrosis, very little direct information is available; however, it is possible that the lymphocytes and macrophages affect fibrosis by the production of chemotactic factors for fibroblasts which would be expected to bring them to the area of periodontal inflammation and also by production of fibroblast-activating factors, which then cause the fibroblasts to proliferate and produce collagen which replaces lost collagen or results in fibrosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Okuda K, Ohta K, Sasaki T, Takazoe I. Morphological changes in the bacterium Bacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies melaninogenicus isolated from the human mouth and grown in culture without added blood components. Arch Oral Biol 1984; 29:81-5. [PMID: 6140911 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(84)90048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Striking polymorphism in the cellular morphology could be induced by removal of blood components from the liquid growth medium, but the cells of Bacteroides gingivalis and B. melaninogenicus subspecies intermedius did not exhibit polymorphism when grown under these conditions. The major changes observed with light microscopy were an increase in cell size and extreme polymorphism. Electron microscopy of the polymorphic forms of B. melaninogenicus subspecies melaninogenicus strains showed that such cells lacked both the outer cell membrane and peptidoglycan layer. Serum promoted the growth of these strains, suggesting that some blood component is either conducive to the synthesis of the cell wall or masks an unknown inhibitor for cell-wall synthesis contained in the medium.
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Gmür R, Guggenheim B. Antigenic heterogeneity of Bacteroides intermedius as recognized by monoclonal antibodies. Infect Immun 1983; 42:459-70. [PMID: 6196291 PMCID: PMC264452 DOI: 10.1128/iai.42.2.459-470.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Four hybrid cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against antigens of Bacteroides intermedius were generated by fusing murine NSI cells with splenocytes from a rat immunized with B. intermedius strain OMZ248. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze the distribution of the recognized antigens on 39 strains from various Bacteroides species and on 5 strains from other genera. Only Bacteroides species B. intermedius, B. loescheii, B. melaninogenicus, and B. corporis were found to express at least one of the recognized antigens. Strains of the two asaccharolytic black-pigmenting Bacteroides species were negative. Among the strains capable of binding to one or more of the monoclonal antibodies, five groups with different reactivity patterns could be distinguished. Two of the monoclonal antibodies were specific for B. intermedius. The B. intermedius strains were metabolically almost identical, expressed at least three of the recognized antigens, and fell into three distinct antibody reactivity groups, suggesting a tentative separation of this species into three new serogroups. Oral and nonoral isolates of B. intermedius were, however, not distinguished by the monoclonal antibodies. One monoclonal antibody was directed against an antigen strongly expressed on all saccharolytic black-pigmenting Bacteroides strains tested so far, thus confirming the previously noted antigenic relationship between the species which had emerged from the former B. melaninogenicus subsp. intermedius and B. melaninogenicus subsp. melaninogenicus groups.
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Slots J. Enzymatic characterization of some oral and nonoral gram-negative bacteria with the API ZYM system. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 14:288-94. [PMID: 7026598 PMCID: PMC271956 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.14.3.288-294.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The API ZYM system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.), containing 19 chromogenic substrates, was utilized semiquantitatively to detect extracellular acid and alkaline phosphatases, aminopeptidases, proteases, esterase-lipase, phosphoamidase, and glycosidases in 128 oral and nonoral isolates of black-pigmented Bacteroides, Actinobacillus, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Wolinella recta, and Veillonella parvula. In the black-pigmented Bacteroides group of organisms, a strong trypsin reaction was present in Bacteroides gingivalis (oral species) but not in Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (nonoral species). Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. melaninogenicus, in contrast to Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. intermedius, exhibited strong N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity. H. aphrophilus produced beta-galactosidase and alpha-glucosidase, but the closely related Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans did not. Capnocytophaga was distinct with respect to strong aminopeptidase reactions. This study showed that a wide range of enzymes which have the potential of causing tissue injury and inflammation can be elaborated from major oral gram-negative species. Also, the API ZYM system appears to be a valuable adjunct to traditional biochemical testing in identifying oral gram-negative species.
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Mouton C, Hammond PG, Slots J, Genco RJ. Serum antibodies to oral Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (Bacteroides gingivalis): relationship to age and periondontal disease. Infect Immun 1981; 31:182-92. [PMID: 7216444 PMCID: PMC351768 DOI: 10.1128/iai.31.1.182-192.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay microplate method was used for measuring levels of antibody specific for the oral serotype of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (Bacteroides gingivalis) in serum samples obtained from umbilical cords, infants, children, periodontally normal adults, and edentulous adults. Serum from patients with various periodontal diseases, including adult periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis, generalized juvenile periodontitis, post-localized juvenile periodontitis, and acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, were also studied. A positive correlation between increase in age and increase in both prevalence and level of specific antibody in the G, A, and M classes of immunoglobulins was observed. This indicates that antibodies reactive with oral B. asaccharolyticus found in up to 84% of normal adults are natural antibodies, presumably with a protective role. Among the patient groups, those with adult periodontitis were found to have levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies to oral B. asaccharolyticus that were five times higher than the antibody levels found in control subjects. The levels of IgG antibodies to this organism in the other patient groups were comparable to the levels found in the control group. However, 50% of the individuals in the generalized juvenile periodontitis group had high levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies to B. asaccharolyticus, suggesting heterogeneity with respect to immune response in these patients. These results indicate that antibodies to oral B. asaccharolyticus (B. gingivalis) occur at low levels in most normal children and adults and that the rise in titer of the specific antibodies of each major class of immunoglobulins parallels the ontogenic change in serum levels of that isotype. In contrast, there is a marked increase in titer of immunoglobulin G antibodies to oral B. asaccharolyticus in the group of patients with adult periodontitis and in patients with the generalized form of juvenile periodontitis.
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Okuda K, Slots J, Genco RJ. Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, andBacteroides melaninogenicus subspecies: Cell surface morphology and adherence to erythrocytes and human buccal epithelial cells. Curr Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01566718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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