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The Role of 17β-Estrogen in Escherichia coli Adhesion on Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells via FAK Phosphorylation. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0021921. [PMID: 34424749 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00219-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen, the predominant sex hormone, has been found to be related to the occurrence of vaginal infectious diseases. However, its role in the occurrence and development of bacterial vaginitis caused by Escherichia coli is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of 17β-estrogen in E. coli adhesion on human vaginal epithelial cells. The vaginal epithelial cell line VK2/E6E7 was used to study the molecular events induced by estrogen between E. coli and cells. An adhesion study was performed to evaluate the involvement of the estrogen-dependent focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation with cell adhesion. The phosphorylation status of FAK and estrogen receptor α (ERα) upon estrogen challenge was assessed by Western blotting. Specific inhibitors for ERα were used to validate the involvement of ERα-FAK signaling cascade. The results showed that, following stimulation with 1,000 nM estrogen for 48 h, transient activation of ERα and FAK was observed, as was an increased average number of E. coli cells adhering to vaginal epithelial cells. In addition, estrogen-induced activation of ERα and FAK was inhibited by the specific inhibitor of ERα, especially when the inhibitor reached a 10 μM concentration and acted for 1 h, and a decrease in the number of adherent E. coli cells was observed simultaneously. However, this inhibitory effect diminished as the concentration of estrogen increased. In conclusion, FAK and ERα signaling cascades were associated with the increasing E. coli adherence to vaginal epithelial cells, which was promoted by a certain concentration of estrogen.
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Stensen DB, Småbrekke L, Olsen K, Grimnes G, Nielsen CS, Simonsen GS, Sollid JUE, Furberg AS. Hormonal contraceptive use and Staphylococcus aureus nasal and throat carriage in a Norwegian youth population. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218511. [PMID: 31276521 PMCID: PMC6611591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of hormonal contraceptives has been associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in adult women. However, the role of hormonal contraceptives in S. aureus colonization among adolescents and associations with progestin only contraceptives are unknown. METHODS We obtained nasal and throat swab samples from 439 girls aged 17-21 years in the population-based Tromsø study Fit Futures, 2012-2013, Norway, with information on lifestyle, health and biomarkers. We used multivariable logistic regression to study the association between use of hormonal contraceptives and Staphylococcus aureus carriage while adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage prevalence were 34%, 42%, and 61% among progestin-only users, non-users, and progestin-estrogen combination contraceptive users, respectively (P<0.001). Use of combination contraceptives doubled the odds of nasal carriage (non-users reference; OR = 2.31, 95%CI = 1.43-3.74). The OR of nasal carriage was 0.29 among progestin-only users compared to combination contraceptives users (95% CI = 0.12-0.67). DISCUSSION In this study, use of combination hormonal contraceptives was associated with higher risk of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in adolescent girls. Experimental design studies are needed to establish the role of exogenous sex steroids in Staphylococcus aureus colonization in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina B. Stensen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars Småbrekke
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karina Olsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Grimnes
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Endocrinology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christopher Sivert Nielsen
- Division of Ageing and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Division of Emergencies and Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Skov Simonsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johanna U. E. Sollid
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Sofie Furberg
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Katsnelson A. Beyond the breath: Exploring sex differences in tuberculosis outside the lungs. Nat Med 2019; 23:398-401. [PMID: 28388608 DOI: 10.1038/nm0417-398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
Blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. At present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. Blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. In addition, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or adhesion through the organization of membrane microdomains. Several blood groups can modify the innate immune response to infection. Several distinct phenotypes associated with increased host resistance to malaria are overrepresented in populations living in areas where malaria is endemic, as a result of evolutionary pressures. Microorganisms can also stimulate antibodies against blood group antigens, including ABO, T, and Kell. Finally, there is a symbiotic relationship between blood group expression and maturation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Luthje P, Brauner H, Ramos NL, Ovregaard A, Glaser R, Hirschberg AL, Aspenstrom P, Brauner A. Estrogen Supports Urothelial Defense Mechanisms. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:190ra80. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zanger P, Nurjadi D, Gaile M, Gabrysch S, Kremsner PG. Hormonal contraceptive use and persistent Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1625-32. [PMID: 22955426 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human nares colonized with Staphylococcus aureus are the most important reservoir for this pathogen. We studied the influence of sex and hormonal contraceptive use on persistent S. aureus nasal carriage. METHODS We conducted a cohort study in healthy volunteers and determined carriage status at baseline and again at follow-up by using the results of 2 swab samples at each time point. We applied logistic regression to analyze associations of interest. RESULTS At baseline, 266 of 1180 volunteers (22.5%) were classified as persistent nasal carriers. Compared with women not using hormonal contraceptives, women taking reproductive hormones (odds ratio [OR]. 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-2.75; P = .001) and men (OR., 1.57; 95% CI, 1.08-2.28; P = .02) were more likely to be persistent carriers. These associations remained stable after adjusting for known risk factors of nasal carriage. Women taking hormonal contraceptives and being persistent carriers at baseline were more likely to remain carriers after a median follow-up time of 70 days than women not using such medication (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.44-7.34; P = .005). No patterns of association could be observed between persistent carriage among women and type of progestin or dose of estrogen used. Assuming causality and using estimates from multivariable logistic regression, we approximated that 20% (95% CI, 2.4%-34.9%) of persistent nasal carriage among women represented by our sample is attributable to hormonal contraception (population-attributable fraction). CONCLUSIONS The widespread use of hormonal contraception may substantially increase the human S. aureus reservoir with potential impact on S. aureus infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zanger
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany.
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Sommer P, Cowley HM. Hormone-induced changes in HeLa cell membrane architecture relate to changes in microbial adherence: Implications for treatment strategies. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600510031367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sommer
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Heather M. Cowley
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, South Africa
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8
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Prospects for a vaccine against Chlamydia genital disease I. — Microbiology and pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-2452(96)85299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Forsberg JG. A morphologist's approach to the vagina--age-related changes and estrogen sensitivity. Maturitas 1995; 22 Suppl:S7-S15. [PMID: 8775771 DOI: 10.1016/0378-5122(95)00957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews basic facts on vagina histology and ultrastructure with respect to passage of different substances and drugs through the epithelium. Particular interest is devoted to the action mechanism of topically-applied vaginal estrogen, its binding to receptors in different vaginal cell types, and possible local metabolic routes. Differences in estrogen sensitivity between uterus and vagina are discussed as well as the background for the high vaginal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Forsberg
- Department of Anatomy, University of Lund, Sweden
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Rank RG, Sanders MM, Kidd AT. Influence of the estrous cycle on the development of upper genital tract pathology as a result of chlamydial infection in the guinea pig model of pelvic inflammatory disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1993; 142:1291-6. [PMID: 8475999 PMCID: PMC1886865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Guinea pigs were infected intravaginally with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis at varying times during the estrous cycle. Genital tract tissues were collected 30 days after infection and processed for histopathological analysis. No difference was seen in the course of lower genital tract infection. However, a significantly greater percentage of tissues from animals infected on day 11 of the cycle were found to have chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the mesosalpinx compared to those from animals infected on day 6 or day 16. In addition, a significantly greater percentage of oviduct tissues from day 11-infected guinea pigs had marked tubal dilatation when compared to oviducts from day 6-or day 16-infected animals. The increased incidence of pathological changes was also noted in the endocervix, uterine fundus, and uterine horns but not the exocervix. These data indicate that the time of the estrous cycle and the corresponding hormonal influences may be an important influence on the development of upper genital tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Rank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205
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Abstract
Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are characterized by the expression of distinctive bacterial properties, products, or structures referred to as virulence factors because they help the organism overcome host defenses and colonize or invade the urinary tract. Virulence factors of recognized importance in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI) include adhesins (P fimbriae, certain other mannose-resistant adhesins, and type 1 fimbriae), the aerobactin system, hemolysin, K capsule, and resistance to serum killing. This review summarizes the virtual explosion of information regarding the epidemiology, biochemistry, mechanisms of action, and genetic basis of these urovirulence factors that has occurred in the past decade and identifies areas in need of further study. Virulence factor expression is more common among certain genetically related groups of E. coli which constitute virulent clones within the larger E. coli population. In general, the more virulence factors a strain expresses, the more severe an infection it is able to cause. Certain virulence factors specifically favor the development of pyelonephritis, others favor cystitis, and others favor asymptomatic bacteriuria. The currently defined virulence factors clearly contribute to the virulence of wild-type strains but are usually insufficient in themselves to transform an avirulent organism into a pathogen, demonstrating that other as-yet-undefined virulence properties await discovery. Virulence factor testing is a useful epidemiological and research tool but as yet has no defined clinical role. Immunological and biochemical anti-virulence factor interventions are effective in animal models of UTI and hold promise for the prevention of UTI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455
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Wyrick PB, Choong J, Davis CH, Knight ST, Royal MO, Maslow AS, Bagnell CR. Entry of genital Chlamydia trachomatis into polarized human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1989; 57:2378-89. [PMID: 2744852 PMCID: PMC313458 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.8.2378-2389.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the initial invasion process(es) of genital chlamydiae, a model system consisting of hormonally maintained primary cultures of human endometrial gland epithelial cells (HEGEC), grown in a polarized orientation on collagen-coated filters, was utilized. After Chlamydia trachomatis inoculation of the apical surface of polarized HEGEC, chlamydiae were readily visualized, by transmission electron microscopy, in coated pits and coated vesicles. This was true for HEGEC maintained in physiologic concentrations of estrogen (proliferative phase) and of estrogen plus progesterone (secretory phase), despite the finding that association of chlamydiae with secretory-phase HEGEC is significantly reduced (P = 0.025; A.S. Maslow, C.H. Davis, J. Choong, and P.B. Wyrick, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 159:1006-1014, 1988). In contrast, chlamydiae were rarely observed in the clathrin-associated structures if the HEGEC were cultured on plastic surfaces. The same pattern of coated pit versus noncoated pit entry was reproducible in HeLa cells. The quantity of coated pits associated with isolated membrane sheets derived from HeLa cells, grown on poly-L-lysine-coated cover slips in medium containing the female hormones, was not significantly different as monitored by radiolabeling studies and by laser scanning microscopy. These data suggest that culture conditions which mimic in vivo cellular organization may enhance entry into coated pits for some obligate intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Wyrick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599
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14
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Mackowiak PA, Goggans ML. Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on adherence of Escherichia coli to human endometrial stromal cells. Infection 1989; 17:97-9. [PMID: 2654020 DOI: 10.1007/bf01646885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 17 beta-estradiol on in vitro adherence of six strains of uropathic Escherichia coli to human endometrial stromal cells was examined. In contrast to the findings of earlier investigations using murine urogenital cells and malignant human urogenital cell lines, our studies showed no significant effect of 17 beta-estradiol on adherence.
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Abstract
In this overview the actual international knowledge regarding phenomenons and their proven or speculated mechanisms of adaptative microecological, hormonal and immunological responses to neuroemotional stress conditions including space-flights is represented. In most cases a decreased stability of the intestinal microflora provokes further reactions of the body. The necessity to predict the various possible disorders and to find optimal measures for their prophylaxis and elimination is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Lizko
- Institute for Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, USSR
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16
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Sobel JD, Kaye D. Enhancement of Escherichia coli adherence to epithelial cells derived from estrogen-stimulated rats. Infect Immun 1986; 53:53-6. [PMID: 3522431 PMCID: PMC260074 DOI: 10.1128/iai.53.1.53-56.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of exogenous estrogen administered to male and oophorectomized female rats was investigated with regard to in vitro adherence of eight uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli to exfoliated bladder and vaginal epithelial cells. Uroepithelial cells obtained from estrogenized male and estrogenized oophorectomized female rats and vaginal cells obtained from estrogenized oophorectomized female rats demonstrated significantly enhanced (P less than 0.005) host cell avidity for E. coli attachment, irrespective of bacterial adhesin expressed, when compared with such cells from nonestrogenized male and female oophorectomized rats. These animal studies suggest that female reproductive hormones may contribute to urinary-tract infection in premenopausal females by enhancing susceptibility to E. coli colonization of uroepithelial cells.
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17
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Martinotti MG, Martinetto P, Savoia D. Adherence of Trichomonas vaginalis to cell culture monolayers. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1986; 5:320-3. [PMID: 3527701 DOI: 10.1007/bf02017789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro adherence to WISH cells of a pathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis strain was studied with a method utilizing thymidine-labeled protozoa. A marked dose-related adherence was observed. Glutaraldehyde fixed trichomonads were not adherent. The presence of fetal calf serum during the assay did not influence attachment. Concanavalin A inhibited adherence of protozoa. Complete or partial inhibition of adherence was achieved by preincubating WISH cells with Lactobacillus fermentum or Streptococcus agalactiae. Finally, pretreatment of cells with alpha-estradiol, beta-estradiol, progesterone and estrone influenced attachment of protozoa, whereas estriol was ineffective. These results suggest that adherence of Trichomonas vaginalis is dependent on different factors, whose manipulation may have clinical relevance in preventing recurrence of trichomonad vaginitis.
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Effect of estrogen (17 beta-estradiol) on the susceptibility of mice to disseminated gonococcal infection. Infect Immun 1985; 49:238-43. [PMID: 2989180 PMCID: PMC262084 DOI: 10.1128/iai.49.1.238-243.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of the effect of sex hormones on the susceptibility of mice to the disseminated gonococcal infection demonstrated significantly enhanced susceptibility of mice injected with estrogen (17 beta-estradiol). In mice treated with estradiol, bacteremia progressively developed within 12 h postinoculation and mice died within the next 6 h, whereas bacteremia in mice treated with progesterone was completely cleared within 3 h postinoculation. The administration of estradiol affected the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) responsible for eliminating gonococci, but the administration of progesterone did not. The bactericidal activity of PMN mediated by myeloperoxidase was affected by estradiol, but the capacity of PMN to release superoxide anion was not. Furthermore, peritoneal cell analysis demonstrated that the infiltration of PMN in the peritoneal cavity of estradiol-treated mice significantly decreased when mice were injected intraperitoneally with gonococci. These effects on PMN by estradiol may play an important role in the enhanced susceptibility of estradiol-treated mice to gonococcal infection.
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Nishikawa Y. Adherence of Escherichia coli in pathogenesis of endometritis and effects of estradiol examined by scanning electron microscopy. Infect Immun 1985; 47:318-21. [PMID: 3880726 PMCID: PMC261515 DOI: 10.1128/iai.47.1.318-321.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli was inoculated into the uterine lumen of ovariectomized rats, and the endometrial surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Adherence of E. coli to the epithelium and destruction of the surface leading to purulent endometritis were noticed. When rats were treated previously with estradiol, adherence of E. coli was not detected.
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Moses EB, Peck EJ, Barron AL. Enhancement of growth of the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis in HeLa cells by estradiol. Curr Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01567383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Botta GA, Pedullà D, Madoff S. Adherence of urogenital tract pathogens to estrogen- and progesterone-stimulated epithelial cells as detected by Papanicolaou staining. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Zinc significantly enhances the ability of piliated Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to attach to HeLa cells. This effect is related to the concentration of zinc and degree of bacterial piliation, and is not present with unpiliated organisms. Bacterial viability is not necessary for this effect, and sulfhydryl blockers decrease the response. These data suggest that zinc can bind to bacterial pili and augment bacterial adherence; in this manner, zinc may act as a virulence factor.
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