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Xu L, Li Z, Su Z, Yang Y, Ma G, Yu R, Zhang S. Development of meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine that can elicit long-lasting and strong cellular immune response with hepatitis B core antigen virus-like particles as a novel carrier protein. Vaccine 2019; 37:956-964. [PMID: 30655174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis caused meningitis is life-threatening acute infection with high fatality and high frequency of severe sequelae. Meningococcal capsular polysaccharides can be used to prevent meningococcal disease; while conjugating the polysaccharides to carrier protein was found necessary to improve the immunogenicity and induce memory responses in infants and young children. Nevertheless, repeated administration of glycoconjugate vaccines might lead to carrier-induced epitope suppression due to limited number of carrier proteins. Here in this study, full-length hepatitis B core antigen virus-like particles (HBc VLPs) was used as a novel potential carrier protein for conjugation of meningococcal group C polysaccharides (CPS) with heterobifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different length (2, 5 and 10 kDa) as linkers. The physiochemical properties of the CPS-PEG-HBc conjugate vaccines were fully characterized. The TEM, DLS, native agarose gel electrophoresis, and HPLC analyses all confirmed the successful conjugation. As compared to plain CPS and the physical mixture of CPS and HBc, the immunization with the conjugate vaccines can generate about 10 times increase in CPS specific IgG titers with a significant boosting effect. HBc conjugation induced a shift to a Th1 cellular immune type response, as assessed by the increased IgG2a subclass production. In addition, vaccination of the conjugate vaccines elicited much enhanced avidity functional antibody and long-lasting immunological memory. IgG titers elicited by CPS-P2k-HBc, CPS-P5k-HBc and CPS-P10k-HBc at week 18 maintained 38.1%, 17.9% and 33.3% of their peak values. All these results demonstrated that HBc VLPs can be used as potential carrier protein to develop polysaccharide conjugate vaccines effective in eliciting long-lasting and strong cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Frasch CE, Kapre SV, Lee CH, Préaud JM. Technical Development of a New Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 5:S404-9. [PMID: 26553667 PMCID: PMC4639497 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Group A Neisseria meningitidis has been a major cause of bacterial meningitis in the sub-Saharan region of Africa in the meningitis belt. Neisseria meningitidis is an encapsulated pathogen, and antibodies against the capsular polysaccharide are protective. Polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccines have proven to be highly effective against several different encapsulated bacterial pathogens. Purified polysaccharide vaccines have been used to control group A meningococcal (MenA) epidemics with minimal success. Methods. A monovalent MenA polysaccharide–tetanus toxoid conjugate was therefore developed. This vaccine was developed by scientists working with the Meningitis Vaccine Project, a partnership between PATH and the World Health Organization. Results. A high-efficiency conjugation method was developed in the Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides in the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research and transferred to the Serum Institute of India, Ltd, which then developed methods for purification of the group A polysaccharide and used its tetanus toxoid as the carrier protein to produce the now-licensed, highly effective MenAfriVac conjugate vaccine. Conclusions. Although many years of application of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines have had minimal success in preventing meningococcal epidemics in the meningitis belt of Africa, our collaborative efforts to develop a MenA conjugate vaccine yielded a safe and highly effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Frasch
- Frasch Biologics Consulting, Martinsburg, West Virginia
| | | | - Che-Hung Lee
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland
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Lessons learned during the development and transfer of technology related to a new Hib conjugate vaccine to emerging vaccine manufacturers. Vaccine 2014; 32:4124-30. [PMID: 24923635 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib) disease in developed countries has decreased since the introduction of Hib conjugate vaccines in their National Immunization Programs (NIP). In countries where Hib vaccination is not applied routinely, due to limited availability and high cost of the vaccines, invasive Hib disease is still a cause of mortality. Through the development of a production process for a Hib conjugate vaccine and related quality control tests and the transfer of this technology to emerging vaccine manufacturers in developing countries, a substantial contribution was made to the availability and affordability of Hib conjugate vaccines in these countries. Technology transfer is considered to be one of the fastest ways to get access to the technology needed for the production of vaccines. The first Hib conjugate vaccine based on the transferred technology was licensed in 2007, since then more Hib vaccines based on this technology were licensed. This paper describes the successful development and transfer of Hib conjugate vaccine technology to vaccine manufacturers in India, China and Indonesia. By describing the lessons learned in this process, it is hoped that other technology transfer projects can benefit from the knowledge and experience gained.
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Choi HJ, Choi WS, Park JY, Kang KH, Prabagar MG, Shin CY, Kang YS. Enhanced immune response of T-cell independent or dependent antigens in SIGN-R1 knock-out mice. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2011; 30:109-16. [PMID: 21529282 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dextran was used to explore a novel method of enhancing an immune response against T-cell independent type 2 (TI-2) polysaccharide antigens, because of its suitability as a model for the immunogenecity of many TI-2 polysaccharide antigens and its high affinity to SIGN-R1. Here we showed that the primary immune response of IgM, IgG3, and IgG2b was enhanced by dextran in SIGN-R1 knock-out (KO) mice, further evoking the induction of a secondary immune response to IgG2b in parallel. On the other hand, an immune response of IgG1 and IgG2b against T-cell dependent (TD) antigen was strongly enhanced by the administration of ovalbumin (OVA) in SIGN-R1 KO mice. These results indicate that SIGN-R1 is critical in the regulation of immune responses. Therefore, our study suggests that inhibition of TI-2 polysaccharide antigen uptake in SIGN-R1(+) macrophages contributes to the development of novel vaccination strategies against TI-2 polysaccharide antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Jwa Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Grandjean C, Boutonnier A, Dassy B, Fournier JM, Mulard LA. Investigation towards bivalent chemically defined glycoconjugate immunogens prepared from acid-detoxified lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Inaba. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:41-55. [PMID: 18648931 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A free amino group present on the acid-detoxified lipopolysaccharide (pmLPS) of V. cholerae O1 serotype Inaba was investigated for site-specific conjugation. Chemoselective pmLPS biotinylation afforded the corresponding mono-functionalized derivative, which retained antigenicity. Thus, pmLPS was bound to carrier proteins using thioether conjugation chemistry. Induction of an anti-LPS antibody (Ab) response in BALB/c mice was observed for all conjugates. Interestingly, the sera had vibriocidal activity against both Ogawa and Inaba strains opening the way to a possible bivalent vaccine. However, the level of this Ab response was strongly affected by both the nature of the linker and of the carrier. Furthermore, no switch from IgM to IgG, i.e. from a T cell-independent to a T cell-dependent immune response was detected, a result tentatively explained by the possible presence of free polysaccharide in the formulation. Taken together, these results encourage further investigation towards the development of potent pmLPS-based neoglycoconjugate immunogens, fully aware of the challenge faced in the development of a cholera vaccine that will provide efficient serogroup coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Grandjean
- Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 25-28, Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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González-Fernández Á, Faro J, Fernández C. Immune responses to polysaccharides: Lessons from humans and mice. Vaccine 2008; 26:292-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Silveira IAFB, Bastos RC, Neto MS, Laranjeira AP, Assis EF, Fernandes SAR, Leal ML, Silva WC, Lee CH, Frasch CE, Peralta JM, Jessouroun E. Characterization and immunogenicity of meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine prepared using hydrazide-activated tetanus toxoid. Vaccine 2007; 25:7261-70. [PMID: 17719147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The steps to produce, purify and control an immunogenic Brazilian conjugate vaccine against group C meningococcus (MenCPS-TT) using hydrazide-activated tetanus toxoid were developed. The conjugation methodology reduced the reaction time easily allowing scale-up. One freeze-dried pilot vaccine lot purified by tangential filtration, showed satisfactory quality control results including safety and stability. The pilot vaccine was immunogenic in mice in a dose-dependent fashion generating a 10-20-fold rise in IgG response in mice. The vaccine also induced high bactericidal titers. Vaccine concentrations of 1 and 0.1 microg showed higher avidity indices, suggesting induction of immunologic memory. These results support initiation of Phase I clinical studies with the MenCPS-TT conjugate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A F B Silveira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bacteriana, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
Meningococcal disease, both endemic and epidemic, remains a major cause of meningitis in many countries. Protective immunity is mediated primarily by bacteriocidal antibodies against the capsular polysaccharides for serogroups other than B, and against non-capsular surface components for group B. This article focuses on the development of conjugate vaccines for serogroup A, with special emphasis on the needs of Africa. The first licensed (1999) meningococcal conjugate was against group C in the UK and was > 90% effective in infants, children and young adults. The problem now is to develop a highly immunogenic group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine for use in developing countries as an alternative to the presently licensed group AC polysaccharide vaccine. Immunogenicity studies on the group A polysaccharide show the polysaccharide itself to be uniquely immunogenic in young children compared with other polysaccharides, making comparative studies with a highly immunogenic conjugate of considerable importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Frasch
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, FDA, 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States and worldwide. A serogroup A/C/W-135/Y polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine has been licensed in the United States since 1981 but has not been used universally outside of the military. On 14 January 2005, a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine that covers meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y was licensed in the United States for 11- to 55-year-olds and is now recommended for the routine immunization of adolescents and other high-risk groups. This review covers the changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the United States, issues related to vaccine prevention, and recommendations on the use of the new vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee H Harrison
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, 521 Parran Hall, 130 Desoto St., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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García-Ojeda PA, Hardy S, Kozlowski S, Stein KE, Feavers IM. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of antipolysaccharide antibody specificity: responses to meningococcal group C conjugate vaccines and bacteria. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3451-60. [PMID: 15155652 PMCID: PMC415682 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3451-3460.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody (Ab) responses to polysaccharides (PS), such as Neisseria meningitidis group C PS (MCPS), are characterized as being thymus independent and are restricted with regard to clonotype and isotype expression. PS conjugated to proteins, e.g., MCPS coupled with tetanus toxoid or the diphtheria toxin derivative CRM197, elicit thymus-dependent responses. The present study developed a surface plasmon resonance approach to evaluate Ab responses to MCPS conjugate vaccines, including either O-acetylated (OAc+) or de-O-acetylated (OAc-) forms of the PS. The results were generally consistent with those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and showed that sera from mice immunized with conjugate vaccines contain Abs that bind more effectively to OAc+ and OAc- MCPS than sera from mice immunized with fixed bacteria. The data suggest a critical shared or overlapping epitope recognized by all the conjugate vaccine immune sera and strategies for assessing polyclonal Ab avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A García-Ojeda
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Although meningococcal disease is rare in industrialized nations, Neisseria meningitidis holds a prominent position amongst pediatric infections because of the dramatic clinical presentation of the disease, high mortality, epidemic potential and the recent disappearance of many other important infectious diseases in developed countries through improvements in public health and vaccination. The precise nature of natural immunity to meningococci remains unknown, although a complex interaction between the organism and nasopharyngeal mucosal barrier, innate immune mechanisms and acquired immunity is involved. Study of the mechanisms of natural immunity may provide the key to development of vaccines that can reduce the burden of disease in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pollard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, 950, West 28th Avenue, Room 375, BC V5Z 4H4, Vancouver,
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pollard
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, BC Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, Vancouver, Canada
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13
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García-Ojeda PA, Monser ME, Rubinstein LJ, Jennings HJ, Stein KE. Murine immune response to Neisseria meningitidis group C capsular polysaccharide: analysis of monoclonal antibodies generated in response to a thymus-independent antigen and a thymus-dependent toxoid conjugate vaccine. Infect Immun 2000; 68:239-46. [PMID: 10603394 PMCID: PMC97127 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.1.239-246.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody (Ab) responses to polysaccharides (PSs) such as Neisseria meningitidis group C PS (MCPS) are characterized as being thymus independent (TI) and are restricted with regard to clonotype and isotype expression. PS conjugated to proteins, e.g., MCPS coupled to tetanus toxoid (MCPS-TT), elicits a thymus-dependent (TD) response. In order to understand the influence of the form of a vaccine (TI versus TD) on the Ab repertoire, we generated monoclonal antibody (MAb) panels from mice immunized and boosted with MCPS or MCPS-TT in different ways. The panels of MAbs were examined for isotype, fine specificity, affinity, and V(H) gene family usage. The use of MCPS-TT resulted in a shift in the isotype from immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG3 elicited in response to the MCPS to primarily IgG1. This isotype shift was accompanied by a change in the fine specificity of the response to the conjugate compared to that of PS. New fine specificities and increased affinity were observed in response to the TD antigen (Ag). Dot blot and Northern analyses of MCPS MAbs revealed that V(H) gene family usage is dominated by V(H)J558, used by 23 of 39 MAbs. V(H)3609 was seen in three MAbs of restricted fine specificity. V(H)Q52, V(H)7183, and V(H)VGAM3-8 were seen in more than one MAb across these panels, while V(H)10 and V(H)X24 were detected only once in response to the TI-2 Ag. All MAbs in the panels utilized kappa light chains, and all functional J(kappa) genes were expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A García-Ojeda
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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14
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Rubinstein LJ, García-Ojeda PA, Michon F, Jennings HJ, Stein KE. Murine immune responses to Neisseria meningitidis group C capsular polysaccharide and a thymus-dependent toxoid conjugate vaccine. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5450-6. [PMID: 9784556 PMCID: PMC108682 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.11.5450-5456.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide (PS) capsules of many pathogenic bacteria are poor immunogens in infants and young children as a result of the delayed response to PS antigens during ontogeny. The development of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b, which have proven to be efficacious in this age group, has led to active development by a number of investigators of conjugate vaccines for other diseases. We describe here the response of several mouse strains to the capsular PS of Neisseria meningitidis group C (MCPS) conjugated to tetanus toxoid (MCPS-TT) and the same response in BALB/c mice as a model of the immune consequences of conjugate vaccine immunization. The use of a conjugate vaccine results in a shift in the isotype elicited in response to the MCPS, from immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG3 to primarily IgG1. A response to MCPS-TT is seen even among mouse strains which respond poorly to MCPS itself, emphasizing the importance of a strain survey when choosing a mouse model for a vaccine. The marked increase in IgG1 antibody titer was accompanied by a large increase in bactericidal activity of sera from these animals. Animals primed with the conjugate vaccine demonstrated a booster response after secondary immunization with either the MCPS or the conjugate. The ability to produce a boosted IgG1 anti-MCPS response to the MCPS can be transferred to adoptive recipients by B cells alone from mice primed with MCPS-TT but not mice primed with MCPS alone. These data indicate that in BALB/c mice a single immunization with MCPS-TT is sufficient to induce a shift to IgG1 and generate a memory B-cell population that does not require T cells for boosting.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/genetics
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Blood Bactericidal Activity
- Crosses, Genetic
- Female
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunologic Memory
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Tetanus Toxoid/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Rubinstein
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Lemercinier X, Jones C. Full 1H NMR assignment and detailed O-acetylation patterns of capsular polysaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis used in vaccine production. Carbohydr Res 1996; 296:83-96. [PMID: 9008844 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)00253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report essentially complete 1H NMR assignments for the capsular polysaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis serotypes A, C, W-135, and Y. These polysaccharides are components of current polysaccharide vaccines against meningococcal infection and of the polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines under development. From these NMR data the pattern of O-acetylation was determined. O-Acetylation of the W-135 polysaccharide is reported for the first time. We also show that, for the Types C and W-135 polysaccharides a migration of O-acetyl groups occurs during storage in solution, and demonstrate that high field 1H NMR represents a simple and sensitive method to define the O-acetylation pattern of individual batches of these polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lemercinier
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Herts, UK
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Watson DC, Robbins JB, Szu SC. Protection of mice against Salmonella typhimurium with an O-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. Infect Immun 1992; 60:4679-86. [PMID: 1383154 PMCID: PMC258218 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.11.4679-4686.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious infections with salmonellae remain a threat in many human populations. Despite extensive study of salmonella infections in animals and clinical experience with killed cellular vaccines, there are no vaccines against serotypes other than Salmonella typhi licensed for human use. Serum antibodies to the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) of salmonellae protect mice against invasive infection. In order to render it immunogenic, we have conjugated the O-SP of Salmonella typhimurium to carrier proteins by various schemes. O-SP conjugated to tetanus toxoid (O-SP-TT) elicited antibodies in outbred mice after three subcutaneous injections without adjuvant. The O-SP alone elicited no detectable antibody. The antibody response to O-SP-TT was boosted by successive doses and consisted of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM. Most mice only produced antibodies specific for the abequose (O:4 factor) region of the O-SP. Occasional animals also produced antibodies to the core oligosaccharide. Immunized mice were protected against intraperitoneal challenge with S. typhimurium, demonstrating a 160-fold increase in the 50% lethal dose. Passive immunization with conjugate-induced IgM or IgG also protected against challenge. These results indicate that an O-SP-TT conjugate, when given by a route and formulation acceptable for human use, protects mice against challenge with S. typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Watson
- Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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17
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Devi SJ, Robbins JB, Schneerson R. Antibodies to poly[(2----8)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid] and poly[(2----9)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid] are elicited by immunization of mice with Escherichia coli K92 conjugates: potential vaccines for groups B and C meningococci and E. coli K1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:7175-9. [PMID: 1908091 PMCID: PMC52256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.16.7175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningitis and other systemic infections caused by group B Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli K1 remain important problems. The capsular polysaccharides (CPs) of these pathogens (poly[(2----8)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid] or poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc] are identical and are virulence factors and protective antigens for both. CP vaccines for these pathogens are not available because poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) alone, as a complex or a conjugate, is poorly immunogenic. Because oligomers of poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) in fetal brain and other tissues bind antibodies in vitro, it has been suggested that antibodies to this CP might be pathologic. We synthesized conjugates of this CP with tetanus toxoid under conditions that avoid lactone formation. Using this scheme, we also synthesized conjugates of group C meningococcal CP (poly[(2----9)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminic acid] or poly(alpha 2-9NeuNAc] and of E. coli K92 CP [poly(alpha 2-8, alpha 2-9NeuNAc)]. When injected s.c. in saline into mice, conjugates of poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) or poly(alpha 2-9NeuNAc) elicited homologous antibodies. E. coli K92 conjugates elicited both poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) and poly(alpha 2-9NeuNAc) antibodies. Both components of the conjugates expressed T-dependent immunologic properties under conditions and dosages acceptable for clinical evaluation. Poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) antibodies elicited by the homologous or the K92 conjugates had lower binding activities at 37 degrees C than at 22 degrees C. "Natural" poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) antibodies were present in almost all matched pairs of human maternal and cord sera; most cord levels were higher than in corresponding maternal sera. These findings suggest that increased levels of poly(alpha 2-8NeuNAc) IgG antibodies elicited by our conjugates will confer protective immunity to group B meningococci and E. coli K1 and will not be pathologic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Devi
- Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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18
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Fournier J. Réponse immunitaire aux polyosides méningococciques. Med Mal Infect 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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van de Wiel PA, Witvliet MH, Evenberg D, Derks HJ, Beuvery EC. O-polysaccharide-protein conjugates induce high levels of specific antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 3 lipopolysaccharide. Vaccine 1987; 5:33-8. [PMID: 2437718 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(87)90006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A semi-synthetic vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 3 was prepared by chemical coupling of P. aeruginosa immunotype 3 O-polysaccharide to tetanus toxoid. The O-polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of immunotype 3 lipopolysaccharide, and purified by gel permeation chromatography. The purification was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. Additional analyses revealed a high grade of purity of the O-polysaccharide, and an at least 1000-fold reduction of endotoxic activity as compared to homologous lipopolysaccharide. O-Polysaccharide was conjugated to tetanus toxoid, using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide as coupling reagent. Antigenic determinants of both O-polysaccharide and tetanus toxoid were retained after conjugation, as tested in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunization of mice revealed that O-polysaccharide was nonimmunogenic in mice, while the O-specific part of the conjugate was able to induce high levels of IgG antibodies reacting with immunotype 3 lipopolysaccharide in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. By immunoblotting it was shown that the antibodies were directed to high molecular weight lipopolysaccharide only, demonstrating specificity for its O-polysaccharide moiety.
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Zigterman JW, van Dam JE, Snippe H, Rotteveel FT, Jansze M, Willers JM, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. Immunogenic properties of octasaccharide-protein conjugates derived from Klebsiella serotype 11 capsular polysaccharide. Infect Immun 1985; 47:421-8. [PMID: 3881349 PMCID: PMC263186 DOI: 10.1128/iai.47.2.421-428.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella serotype 11, K11PS, comprises the following sequence: [----3)-beta-D-GlcpA-(1----3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-Glcp-(1 ----] with a 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl residue linked to O-4 of the glucuronic acid residue. Octasaccharide (OS) derived from K11PS by bacteriophage phi 11-associated glycanase, was coupled to bovine serum albumin and to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The immunogenicity of various antigens after intraperitoneal immunization was studied by measuring the levels of circulating antibodies. Injection of BALB/c mice with K11PS resulted in induction of 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive immunoglobulin M antibodies. The responses observed in BALB/c nu/nu mice and in male (CBA/N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice indicate that K11PS is a thymus-independent type 2 antigen. Immunization of BALB/c mice with either OS-bovine serum albumin or OS-keyhole limpet hemocyanin resulted in the induction of circulating 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant immunoglobulin G antibodies. Results in BALB/c nu/nu mice indicate that the OS-protein conjugates are thymus-dependent antigens. Since the OS-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate induced antibodies in both (CBA/N X C3H/HeN)F1 females and males, we propose to refer to this kind of antigen as a thymus-dependent type 1 antigen, whereas OS-bovine serum albumin, which evoked immunoglobulins in (CBA/N X C3H/HeN)F1 females only, can be referred to as a thymus-dependent type 2 antigen.
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Frosch M, Görgen I, Boulnois GJ, Timmis KN, Bitter-Suermann D. NZB mouse system for production of monoclonal antibodies to weak bacterial antigens: isolation of an IgG antibody to the polysaccharide capsules of Escherichia coli K1 and group B meningococci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:1194-8. [PMID: 3919387 PMCID: PMC397221 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.4.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A system for the production of monoclonal antibodies, particularly of the IgG type, against weakly immunogenic bacterial polysaccharide antigens is described. This system, which is based on the autoimmune NZB mouse strain, has been used to produce a monoclonal IgG2a antibody against the meningococcus group B and Escherichia coli K1 polysaccharides, identical homopolymers of alpha (2----8)-linked units of N-acetylneuraminic acid that are extremely poor immunogens. Comparison of the humoral immune responses of normal BALB/c mice and autoimmune NZB mice to hyperimmunization with group A, B, and C meningococci showed that, although both strains mounted a weak meningococcal B polysaccharide-specific IgM response, only the NZB strain mounted an IgG response. Similarly, NZB mice mounted a stronger IgG response to the more immunogenic group C meningococcal polysaccharide than did BALB/c mice, although this difference was less pronounced than that observed with meningococcal B polysaccharide. No difference between the two strains of mice was demonstrable with the strongly antigenic group A meningococcal polysaccharide. These results indicate that the NZB system may be generally useful for the production of monoclonal antibodies against weakly antigenic bacterial determinants.
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