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Shi F, Zhang S, Zhang N, Yu Y, Sun P, Tang X, Liu X, Suo X. Tissue-resident, memory CD8 + T cells are effective in clearing intestinal Eimeria falciformis reinfection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128637. [PMID: 36865534 PMCID: PMC9971219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria, a cousin of malarial parasites, causes coccidiosis that results in huge losses in the poultry industry. Although live coccidiosis vaccines have been developed and used widely for the successful control of the disease, the mechanism underlying protective immunity remains largely unknown. Using Eimeria falciformis as a model parasite, we observed that tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells accumulated in cecal lamina propria following E. falciformis infection in mice, especially after reinfection. In convalescent mice challenged with a second infection, E. falciformis burden diminished within 48-72 h. Deep-sequencing revealed that CD8+ Trm cells were characterized by rapid up-regulation of effector genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic effector molecules. While FTY720 (Fingolimod) treatment prevented the trafficking of CD8+ T cells in peripheral circulation and exacerbated primary E. falciformis infection, such treatment had no impact on the expansion of CD8+ Trm cells in convalescent mice receiving secondary infection. Adoptive transfer of cecal CD8+ Trm cells conferred immune protection in naïve mice, indicating that these cells provide direct and effective protection against infection. Overall, our findings not only explain a protective mechanism of live oocyst-based anti-Eimeria vaccines but also provide a valuable correlate for assessing vaccines against other protozoan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyun Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of MARA, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xun Suo,
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Wang S, Suo X. Still naïve or primed: Anticoccidial vaccines call for memory. Exp Parasitol 2020; 216:107945. [PMID: 32615133 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of investigation to clarify protective mechanisms of anticoccidial responses, one crucial field is neglected, that is, protective memory responses in primed birds. Protective memory immunity is critical for host resistance to reinfection and is the basis of modern vaccinology, especially in developing successful subunit vaccines. There are important differences between the immune responses induced by infections and antigens delivered either as killed, recombinant proteins or as live, replicating vector vaccines or as DNA vaccines. Animals immunized with these vaccines may fail to develop protective memory immunity, and is still naïve to Eimeria infection. This may explain why limited success is achieved in developing next-generation anticoccidial vaccines. In this review, we try to decipher the protective memory responses against Eimeria infection, assess immune responses elicited by various anticoccidial vaccine candidates, and propose possible approaches to develop rational vaccines that can induce a protective memory response to chicken coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Guo S, Cheng Q, Li Y, Duan R, Hou Y, Yi D, Ding B. Effects of dietary coated-oleum cinnamomi supplementation on the immunity and intestinal integrity of broiler chickens. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1581-1590. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products; Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science; Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products; Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science; Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan China
| | - Yehan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products; Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science; Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan China
| | - Rui Duan
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products; Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science; Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products; Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science; Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan China
| | - Dan Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products; Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science; Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan China
| | - Binying Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-products; Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science; Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan China
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Pérez D, Ruiz A, Muñoz M, Molina J, Hermosilla C, López A, Matos L, Ortega L, Martín S, Taubert A. Modulation of the pro-inflammatory molecules E-selectin and TNF-α gene transcription in Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae -infected primary caprine host endothelial cells. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:471-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Hermosilla C, Stamm I, Menge C, Taubert A. Suitable in vitro culture of Eimeria bovis meront II stages in bovine colonic epithelial cells and parasite-induced upregulation of CXCL10 and GM-CSF gene transcription. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3125-36. [PMID: 25982572 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We here established a suitable in vitro cell culture system based on bovine colonic epithelial cells (BCEC) for the development of Eimeria bovis merozoites I and the characterization of early parasite-induced innate epithelial host cell reactions as gene transcription of proinflammatory molecules. Both primary and permanent BCEC (BCEC (rim) and BCEC(perm)) were suitable for E. bovis merozoite I invasion and subsequent development of meronts II leading to the release of viable merozoites II. E. bovis merozoite II failed to develop any further neither into gamont nor oocyst stages in BCEC in vitro. E. bovis merozoite I induced innate epithelial host cell reactions at the level of CXC/CCL chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2), IL-6, and GM-CSF gene transcription. Overall, both BCEC types were activated by merozoite I infections since they showed significantly enhanced gene transcript levels of the immunomodulatory molecules CXCL10 and GM-CSF. However, gene transcription profiles of BCEC(prim) and BCEC(perm) revealed different reaction patterns in response to merozoite I infection with regard to quality and kinetics of chemokine/cytokine gene transcription. Although both BCEC types equally showed most prominent responses for CXCL10 and GM-CSF, the induction of CXCL1, CXCL8, CCL2, and IL-6 gene transcripts varied qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results demonstrate that BCEC seem capable to respond to E. bovis merozoite I infection by the upregulation of CXCL10 and GM-CSF gene transcription and therefore probably contribute to host innate effector mechanisms against E. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, Giessen, Germany,
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Paiva D, Walk C, McElroy A. Dietary calcium, phosphorus, and phytase effects on bird performance, intestinal morphology, mineral digestibility, and bone ash during a natural necrotic enteritis episode. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2752-62. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Andrade MA, Stringhini JH, Minafra-Rezende CS, Andrade L, de Sá Jayme V. Histomorphometrical Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Tract and Performance of Ross Broilers Hatched from Eggs Inoculated with SalmonellaEnteritidis Phage Type 4. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2013.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gene expression in rabbit appendices infected with Eimeria coecicola. Vet Parasitol 2011; 186:222-8. [PMID: 22154972 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria coecicola causes intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits and, thereby, enormous economic losses in rabbit farms. Here, we investigate the final target site of E. coecicola, the appendix of rabbits, at the level of gene expression. Rabbits, orally infected with E. coecicola, begin to shed parasitic oocysts with their feces on day 5 p.i., and approximately 1.1 million oocysts are maximally shedded on day 7 p.i. At maximal shedding, the appendix has increased in size by about 2-3-folds and reveals increased hemorrhage which is associated with increases in nitrite/nitrate, malondialdehyde and catalase activity and a decrease in glutathione. Agilent 2-color oligo whole rabbit genome microarray, in combination with quantitative real-time PCR, detects 45 and 36 genes whose expression is more than 2-fold up- and down-regulated, respectively, by E. coecicola infection on day 7 p.i. The most dramatic increase by approximately 50-fold reveals the mRNA of the pro- and anti-inflammatory pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), whereas the largest decrease by approximately 13-fold is detected for mRNAs encoding for DBP, SULT3A1, CRP and glutathione-S transferase. Also, there are up- and down-regulations in the expression of genes encoding diverse regions of antibodies. Our data suggest that IL-6 plays a central role in the infection of the appendix of rabbits by E. coecicola, presumably involved in both pathological injuries, host defences and healing processes.
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Sühwold A, Hermosilla C, Seeger T, Zahner H, Taubert A. T cell reactions of Eimeria bovis primary and challenge-infected calves. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:595-605. [PMID: 20066437 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria bovis infections commonly have clinical impact only on young animals, as homologous reinfections generally are under immunological control. So far, the nature of the immune responses delivering protection to calves has not been investigated. In this study we therefore analysed local and peripheral proliferative T cell activities of primary and challenge-infected calves and investigated the occurrence of T cell phenotypes in the peripheral blood and in mucosal gut segments isolated either by bioptic means or by necropsies.We show that lymphocytes of E. bovis-infected calves exhibit effective, transient antigen-specific proliferative responses in the course of prepatency of primary infection but fail to react after homologous reinfection suggesting early abrogation of parasite development. Whilst in primary infection an expansion of peripheral CD4+ T cells was observed, reinfection had no effect on the proportions of CD4+, CD8+ subsets or gammadeltaTCR+ T cells. In contrast, both E. bovis primary and challenge infections had an impact on local tissue T cell distribution. Primary infection was characterised by a CD4+ T cell infiltration early in prepatency in ileum and later in colon mucosa, whereas CD8+ T cells were only found accumulating in the latter gut segment. Challenge infection led to infiltration of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in small intestine and large intestine segments indicating protective functions of both cell types. In contrast, infiltration of ileum and colon mucosa with gammadeltaTCR+ T cells was restricted to primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Sühwold
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Sühwold A, Zahner H. Antigen-induced cytokine production in lymphocytes of Eimeria bovis primary and challenge infected calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:309-20. [PMID: 18947883 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immune responses against Eimeria bovis are highly specific and a key factor for the development of protection against challenge infections. In this study we investigate the cellular immune responses of E. bovis primary and challenge infected calves stimulated in vitro by E. bovis merozoite I-antigen. Primary infection was accompanied by an increase of IFN-gamma and IL-2 gene transcription in whole blood samples, peaking during prepatency (8-12 days p.i.) and declining thereafter, whereas IL-4 gene transcription was induced predominantly in patency. IL-10 mRNA was not influenced by E. bovis infection. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were identified as source of IFN-gamma gene transcripts, whilst IL-2 and IL-4 gene transcription was enhanced mainly in CD4+ T cells. Increased levels of IFN-gamma transcripts and protein were also found in lymphocytes isolated from ileocaecal lymph node biopsy 8 days p.i., and in cell culture supernatants obtained from antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at days 8 and 12 p.i., respectively. Challenge infections of calves influenced neither IFN-gamma nor IL-2 gene transcription in peripheral blood or in lymph node-derived lymphocytes. In contrast, IL-4 gene transcription was increased in lymphocytes isolated from draining lymph nodes. Besides antigen-specific reactions we also found an infection-triggered induction of the non-specific activation state of PBMC in the course of primary infection as measured by the intracellular IFN-gamma and IL-4 content of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate/ionomycin-stimulated PBMC. This may represent a new mechanism of immune cells of E. bovis-infected calves contributing to ongoing immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 2, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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12
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Taubert A, Zahner H, Hermosilla C. Eimeria bovis infection enhances adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to and their transmigration through an infected bovine endothelial cell monolayer in vitro. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:591-8. [PMID: 17431680 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The first schizogony of Eimeria bovis takes place in lymphatic endothelial cells of the ileum, resulting in the formation of macroschizonts within 2-3 weeks. In this study, we analyse early cellular immune responses to infected host cells on the basis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) adhesion on and transmigration through infected bovine umbilical vein endothelial cell (BUVEC) monolayers. Adhesion of PBMC was upregulated by an E. bovis infection. Most marked effects were observed 1 day p.i.; thereafter, PBMC adhesion declined reaching control levels from day 8 p.i. onward. CD8(+) T cells adhered more frequently to infected BUVEC (42%) than CD4(+) T cells (25%). About one third of attached PBMC were represented by gammadelta-TCR(+) T cells. Adhesion of T cells was not restricted to parasitised host cells, but occurred almost equally on non-infected BUVEC within the same monolayer. Furthermore, we found moderately enhanced levels of PBMC transmigration through infected BUVEC monolayers, in particular on day 2 p.i. The data presented here suggest that E. bovis infection of BUVEC induces endothelial cell-derived proinflammatory reactions, which appear suitable for the initiation of both adaptive and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Morris BC, Danforth HD, Caldwell DJ, Pierson FW, McElroy AP. Intestinal Mucosal Mast Cell Immune Response and Pathogenesis of Two Eimeria acervulina Isolates in Broiler Chickens. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1667-74. [PMID: 15510551 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.10.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted comparing intestinal immune responses to 2 isolates of Eimeria acervulina (EA), EA1 and EA2. In experiments 1 and 2, broiler chicks of 2 commercial breeds were divided into control (nonchallenged), EA1-, or EA2-challenged groups. On d 6 postchallenge (PC), changes in BW were determined, intestinal lesions were scored, and duodenal tissue was evaluated for morphometric alterations and mucosal mast cell numbers. EA1 produced classical duodenal lesions and reduced villus height to crypt depth ratios compared with controls; however, no differences were found in mast cell counts. EA2 produced different results, and observed data were suggestive of an anaphylactic-like intestinal secretory response compared with EA1 or controls. In experiment 3, tissues were analyzed from d 2 through 6 PC. Villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia were increased on d 5 PC in both challenged groups. Mast cell counts were significantly greater on d 3 and 4 PC in EA1-challenged birds. In experiment 4, EA2 oocysts were cleaned with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite to evaluate the possibility of a bacterial contaminant contributing to the pathogenesis of intestinal alterations. No evidence of a bacterial contaminant contributing to the pathology was observed. These data are indicative of differential host response and immunovariability between different isolates of the same Eimeria species in 2 breeds of commercial broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Morris
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0306, USA
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Goldová M, Pistl J, Letková V, Csizsmárová G, Revajová V, Loószová A, Levkut M. Cellular immunological responses of pheasant during endogenous development of Eimeria colchici. Parasitol Int 2000; 49:147-54. [PMID: 10882904 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(00)00043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the time course and histological localisation of the developmental stages of Eimeria colchici. The prepatent period in the caeca of pheasants was 6 days. The patent period began on day 7 post-infection (p.i.) and ended on day 11 p.i. with peak production of oocysts on days 8-9. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of pheasant chicks showed a significant increase in proliferation to E. colchici antigen from day 5 p.i., with peak on day 14 p.i. The metabolic activity (respiratory burst) of heterophils increased on days 3, 4 and 14 p.i. The total number of peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocytes in the infected pheasant chicks had increased by day 2 p.i. and reached a maximum on day 4 of the experiment. Days 5 and 6 p.i. were characterised by a drop in the number of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goldová
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenský 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovak Republic.
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Hermosilla C, Bürger HJ, Zahner H. T cell responses in calves to a primary Eimeria bovis infection: phenotypical and functional changes. Vet Parasitol 1999; 84:49-64. [PMID: 10435790 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to characterize T cell responses in calves to a primary E. bovis infection. For this purpose, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were isolated from six infected calves and three controls during prepatency (Day 12 post infection (p.i.), patency (Day 25 p.i.) and postpatency (Day 35 p.i.). In addition, lymphocytes were isolated from various lymphatic organs (lnn. cervicales superficiales, lnn. jejunales craniales, lnn. jejunales caudales, lnn. caecales, lnn. colici, Peyer's patches (PP) and spleen) at necropsy (Day 35 p.i.). FACS analyses determined the proportions of CD4+-, CD8+-, CD2+-, and gammadelta+-T cells. Proliferative responses of the cells after stimulation with Concanavalin A (Con A) and an E. bovis-merozoite I antigen (EbAg) were measured. Furthermore, in situ hybridization experiments were performed for the detection of IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA in histological sections of lymphatic organs. Proportions of CD4+-, CD8+- and CD2+-expressing PBL were significantly increased 12 days p.i. in infected calves. While the proportions of CD4+- and CD8+-PBL declined until day 25 p.i. and finally reached control values, proportions of activated PBL (CD2+-T cells) remained at a high level throughout the observation period. Those of gammadelta+-PBL, in contrast, remained unaffected. The proportions of CD4+-, gammadelta+- and CD2+-T cells in lymphatic organs were significantly increased in comparison to uninfected controls, when determined 35 days p.i. Concerning the proportions of CD8+-T cells of the organs, however, there were no differences between the groups. PBL and cells from lymphatic organs except those from the PP showed strong proliferative response to the mitogen Con A, without a significant difference between the groups. Reactions to EbAg in contrast differed significantly between controls and E. bovis infected calves. Proliferation responses of PBL of infected animals were highest 12 days p.i.; subsequently they decreased and 35 days p.i. they were found within the ranges of controls. Lymphocytes isolated from lymphatic organs of infected animals reacted significantly stronger than lymphocytes from control animals, whereby most marked differences occured with cells from lymph nodes draining E. bovis infested parts of the intestine and from the spleen. These reactions were accompained by an increased transcription of the IL-2 gene but not of the IL-4 gene in gut associated lymphnodes of infected calves when compared with infected controls. The data suggest strong antigenic stimuli by developing first generation schizonts, and of predominant involvement of (CD4+) Th1 cells in the course of a primary E. bovis infection of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hermosilla
- Institute for Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
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Daszak P. Zoite migration during infection: parasite adaptation to host defences. PARASITOLOGY TODAY (PERSONAL ED.) 1999; 15:67-72. [PMID: 10234189 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(98)01379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Eimeria tenella has evolved a number of strategies for migration into different compartments of the intestinal tissue during its life cycle. These migration events are associated intricately with pathogenesis and are currently of great interest to coccidiologists. Using evidence from in vivo studies and recent work on the dynamics of gut cell turnover, Peter Daszak suggests that E. tenella zoite migration might be viewed as parasite evolutionary adaptation to evade the host innate immune responses (resistance) and deal with the complex, dynamic nature of gut epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Daszak
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK KT1 2EE.
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Smith AL, Hayday AC. Genetic analysis of the essential components of the immunoprotective response to infection with Eimeria vermiformis. Int J Parasitol 1998; 28:1061-9. [PMID: 9724877 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The immune responses generated after infection with Eimeria spp. are complex, include both cellular and humoral components, and lead to protection against re-infection. To facilitate the rational development of the next generation of anticoccidial vaccines it is important that the nature of the immunoprotective response against infection with Eimeria spp. is determined. In this brief report we discuss results that were obtained using a combination of genetic and cellular approaches to dissect the essential immune effector components that operate against infection with Eimeria vermiformis. Mice rendered deficient of immune function by targeted gene disruption at a variety of immune loci represent an integral component of our studies and include those with targeted gene disruption at loci that encode the B- and T-cell receptors (BCR, TCR), antigen presentation molecules and immune-effector molecules. Our studies demonstrated that TCR-alpha-beta + T cells are essential for immunoprotection during both primary and secondary infection. Moreover, during primary infection the major effector cell type is a population of major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted, interferon-gamma-producing TCR-alpha-beta T cell consistent with a T helper 1 phenotype. In addition, there is a supplementary role for another class of cells (presumably T cells) that are restricted to either non-classical antigen presentation molecules or classical major histocompatibilty complex class I loaded via an atypical pathway. Mice with a deficiency in interleukin-6 were slightly more susceptible to primary infection than intact animals, consistent with the reported effects of interleukin-6 upon the generation of T helper 1-type responses in vivo. In terms of the host response to re-infection, TCR-alpha-beta T cells were essential for immunity, but the requirement for specific cell subsets and effector mechanisms was much less stringent. Mice deficient in gamma-delta T cells, classical major histocompatibility complex class I, non-classical antigen presentation pathways, the cytokines interferon-gamma, interleukin-4, interleukin-6 and the cytolytic effector molecules perforin or FasL were completely immune to secondary infection. Moreover, major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient I-A-beta-/- mice were capable of mounting a substantial response to secondary infection, manifest by a 95% reduction in oocyst output compared with primary infection. These data have important consequences for the development of immune intervention strategies and indicate that vaccine development may be targeted toward the generation of a wider range of effector mechanisms than those that operate during primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-8103, USA.
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Lin T, Brunner T, Tietz B, Madsen J, Bonfoco E, Reaves M, Huflejt M, Green DR. Fas ligand- mediated killing by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Participation in intestinal graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:570-7. [PMID: 9449689 PMCID: PMC508599 DOI: 10.1172/jci896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have demonstrated that intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are constitutively cytotoxic; however, the mechanism and target of their cytotoxicity are unknown. Apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and an increase in IEL numbers are classical signs of intestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), although whether IEL can mediate IEC apoptosis directly in GVHD is unclear. Recent evidence suggests that target epithelial organ injury observed in GVHD is predominantly Fas-mediated; therefore, we investigated the possibility that IEL induce apoptosis of IEC through a Fas-mediated mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that the IEL isolated from normal mice readily display potent Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated killing activity after CD3 stimulation, and that IEC express Fas, suggesting that IEC are potential targets for FasL-mediated killing by IEL. In vitro, IEL isolated from GVHD mice have markedly increased FasL-mediated killing potential and are spontaneously cytolytic toward host-derived tumor cells predominantly through a Fas-mediated pathway. In vivo transfer of IEL isolated from GVHD mice induced significantly more IEC apoptosis in F1 wild-type mice than in Fas-defective F1lpr mice. Thus, these results demonstrate that FasL-mediated death of IEC by IEL is a major mechanism of IEC apoptosis seen in GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lin
- Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA. tesu
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Rhee JK, Surl CG, Kim HC. Effects of Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) infection on gastric mucosal mast cells in mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1997; 35:245-9. [PMID: 9446905 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1997.35.4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The responses of gastric mucosal mast cells (GMMCs) to infection with coccidian protozoa, Cryptosporidium muris, in mice were examined during primary and challenge infections. Each of three-week old ICR SPF mice was orally inoculated with a single dose of 2 x 10(6) oocysts of C. muris (strain MCR). After oocyst shedding ceased, the mice were orally challenged with a single dose of 2 x 10(6) oocysts of the same species. GMMCs reached a peak on days 20-30 postinoculation (PI) in number, and decreased thereafter. An increase on days 20-30 post-challenge-infection (PCI) was also observed. The mice showed, on the whole, normal profiles of oocyst shedding in droppings. The number of the cells of uninfected control mice remained constant. Judging from the above results, it is suggested that mastocytosis correlate with expulsion of C. muris in primary infection and the defense mechanism of challenge infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Rhee
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea
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Abstract
Protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Eimeria cause considerable losses in livestock production in which stocking densities are high or environments restricted. The ability of hosts to mount immunological responses which limit parasite reproduction vary according to the particular species of Eimeria. Typically though, immune responses restrict parasite reproduction during primary infection and limit, if not prevent, subsequent infections. Although mechanisms of immunity are unknown, host immune responses have been exploited in the development of a method to control coccidiosis-immunisation with attenuated strains of Eimeria. Limitations of this control method, predominantly the cost of producing the attenuated parasites, necessitates identification of protective immune responses to facilitate selection of antigens for use in non-living vaccines. As in immune responses to many other parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract, the role of antibodies is at best minor, whereas T-cells are crucial. Numerous studies have shown that the intestinal mucosal T-cell population is dynamic; the number and phenotype of T-cells changes in response to Eimeria-infection. Specific changes in the intestinal T-cell population have not, however, been correlated with limitation of parasite reproduction. Experiments involving adoptive transfer of T-cell sub-populations and in vivo depletion of specific T-cells have shown that CD4+ T-cells and to a lesser extent CD8+ T-cells are important in immune responses which limit primary infection. In contrast, CD8+ T-cells are more important in subsequent infections with CD4+ T-cells having a lesser role. The effects of T-cells on Eimeria are partially mediated by the cytokines they release. Most attention has concentrated on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) because these cytokines have been shown to limit other protozoan infections. IFN-gamma is produced in Eimeria-infected hosts but evidence that it is present at the site of infection is limited. Intestinal levels of IFN-gamma increase earlier in response to primary Eimeria-infection in mice which are relatively resistant, than in mice which are relatively susceptible. Neutralisation of endogenously produced IFN-gamma has shown that this cytokine limits oocyst production in either primary or secondary infections depending on the species of Eimeria. Production of TNF-alpha is also increased in infected hosts. In comparison with relatively susceptible mice, TNF-alpha is produced earlier and to a greater extent in the intestines of relatively resistant mice. Unexpectedly, injections of TNF-alpha into infected mice increased oocyst production. It remains to be determined whether the effects of endogenous TNF-alpha are the same as those of exogenous TNF-alpha. Mechanisms by which IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha modulate parasite reproduction have not been identified. A number of lines of experimentation have suggested that it is unlikely that IFN-gamma limits parasite reproduction through induction of the synthesis of reactive oxygen or reactive nitrogen intermediates, since both of these reactive intermediates have the capacity to exacerbate Eimeria-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Ovington
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Rothwell L, Gramzinski RA, Rose ME, Kaiser P. Avian coccidiosis: changes in intestinal lymphocyte populations associated with the development of immunity to Eimeria maxima. Parasite Immunol 1995; 17:525-33. [PMID: 8587790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1995.tb00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of infection and subsequent challenge with Eimeria maxima on the populations of lymphocytes in the small intestine of Light Sussex chickens was assessed by immunohistochemistry. T cells were characterized for CD3, CD4, CD8, TCR1 (gamma delta heterodimer) or TCR2 (alpha beta 1 heterodimer) markers, and B cells for the expression of IgM, IgA and IgG. After a primary inoculum there were, in both the epithelium and the lamina propria, two distinct increases in the numbers of T lymphocytes. The first peaked on days 3-5 and the second, greater influx, on day 11 after infection. CD4+ and CD8+ cells were represented in both peaks but, whereas CD4+ cells were found almost exclusively in the lamina propria, CD8+ cells were present in both sites. The area staining positive for CD8+ cells was somewhat greater than the value obtained for CD4+ cells. In the epithelium there was an early, small increase in TCR1(+)-staining, followed by a larger rise to the second peak, at which time there was also an increase in the lamina propria. Staining for TCR2+ cells followed the same pattern with a reversed distribution between epithelium and lamina propria. Changes after challenge were minimal and confined to the epithelium. The most notable changes in the expression of immunoglobulins were, in the lamina propria, a biphasic increase in the amount of IgM(+)-staining in the course of primary infection (corresponding approximately to that of the T cells), and in IgA+ cells shortly after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rothwell
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Nr. Newbury, Berkshire, UK
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Wakelin D, Rose ME, Hesketh P, Else KJ, Grencis RK. Immunity to coccidiosis: genetic influences on lymphocyte and cytokine responses to infection with Eimeria vermiformis in inbred mice. Parasite Immunol 1993; 15:11-9. [PMID: 8094547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1993.tb00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellular and cytokine responses to infection with Eimeria vermiformis were compared in BALB/c (resistant) and C57BL/6 (B6-susceptible) inbred mice. Cellular responses in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) occurred sooner after primary infection in the resistant BALB/c strain. In contrast, proliferative responses occurred earlier after challenge in B6 mice. Resting levels of CD4 + ve and CD8 + ve T-lymphocytes in the MLN differed between the two strains but the relative numbers of each subset remained relatively constant throughout primary infection. MLN cells taken at intervals after infection were assayed for release of the cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-10 after culture in vitro with the mitogen Concanavalin A (Con-A) or with parasite antigen. With either stimulus cells from resistant BALB/c mice released IFN-gamma and IL-5 earlier after infection than did B6 cells. The strains had a comparable absolute ability to produce IFN-gamma but BALB/c cells released more IL-5 than did B6, levels declining, rather than increasing, during primary infection in the latter. Only cells from BALB/c mice released IL-10 during infection. Cells taken after a secondary infection released relatively little cytokine after pulsing in vitro. These data suggest that the difference in response phenotype between the two strains when infected with E. vermiformis reflect a kinetic, rather than a qualitative, difference in ability to mount protective T-helper (Th) cell subset responses. No evidence was found for a Th2-mediated interference with ability to release IFN-gamma, the cytokine most closely associated with protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wakelin
- Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, UK
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