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Toxigenic Properties of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020118. [PMID: 35202145 PMCID: PMC8877543 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica, an etiological agent of yersiniosis, is a bacterium whose pathogenicity is determined, among other things, by its ability to produce toxins. The aim of this article was to present the most important toxins that are produced by biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica, and to discuss their role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A strains are able to synthesize variants of thermostable YST enterotoxin and play a key role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica also produce Y. enterocolitica pore-forming toxins, YaxA and YaxB. These toxins form pores in the cell membrane of host target cells and cause osmotic lysis, which is of particular importance in systemic infections. Insecticidal toxin complex genes have been detected in some clinical biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica. However, their role has not yet been fully elucidated. Strains belonging to biotype 1A have long been considered non-pathogenic. This view is beginning to change due to the emerging knowledge about the toxigenic potential of these bacteria and their ability to overcome the defense barriers of the host organism.
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Al-Arfaj AA, Ali MS, Hessain AM, Zakri AM, Dawoud TM, Al-Maary KS, Moussa IM. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of pathogenic Escherichia coli virulence genes recovered from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 23:713-717. [PMID: 27872566 PMCID: PMC5109281 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was carried out to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli recovered from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. During the period of 10th February–30th May 2015, 70 E. coli strains were isolated from chicken farms located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All strains were tested phenotypically by standard microbiological techniques, serotyped and the virulence genes of such strains were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Most of the recovered strains from chickens belonged to serotype O111:K58 25 strains (35.7%), followed by serotype O157:H7 13 strains (18.57%), followed by serotype O114:K90 10 strains (14.29%), then serotype O126:K71 9 strains (12.9%), serotype O78:K80 8 strains (11.43%) and in lower percentage serotype O114:K90 and O119:K69 5 strains (7.14%). The virulence genotyping of E. coli isolates recovered from broilers revealed the presence of the uidA gene in all the field isolates (6 serovars) examined in an incidence of 100%, as well as the cvaC gene was also present in all field isolates (6 serovars), while the iutA gene and the iss gene were detected in 5 out of 6 field serovars in an incidence of 81.43% and 64.29%, respectively. Phenotypical examination of the other virulence factors revealed that 65 isolates were hemolytic (92.9%), as well as 15 isolates (21.42%) were positive for enterotoxin production. Meanwhile, 21 isolates (30%) were positive for verotoxin production, 58 isolates (82.86%) for the invasiveness and 31 isolates (44.29%) for Congo red binding activities of the examined serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Arfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, AL Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashgan M Hessain
- Department of Health Science, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22459, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. 2446, Cairo 14242, Giza, Egypt
| | - Adel M Zakri
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2466, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Al-Maary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab M Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. 2446, Cairo 14242, Giza, Egypt
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Terech-Majewska E, Pajdak J, Platt-Samoraj A, Szczerba-Turek A, Bancerz-Kisiel A, Grabowska K. Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica
strains potentially virulent for humans and animals in river water. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:554-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Terech-Majewska
- Department of Epizootiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; Olsztyn Poland
| | - J. Pajdak
- Department of Epizootiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; Olsztyn Poland
| | - A. Platt-Samoraj
- Department of Epizootiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; Olsztyn Poland
| | - A. Szczerba-Turek
- Department of Epizootiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; Olsztyn Poland
| | - A. Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; Olsztyn Poland
| | - K. Grabowska
- Department of Epizootiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; Olsztyn Poland
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Li K, Gu W, Liang J, Xiao Y, Qiu H, Yang H, Wang X, Jing H. Gene polymorphism analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A family protein. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:201. [PMID: 24628971 PMCID: PMC3995578 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is one of the major outer membrane proteins with high immunogenicity. We performed the polymorphism analysis for the outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A (p-ompA) family protein gene of 318 Y. enterocolitica strains. Results The data showed all the pathogenic strains and biotype 1A strains harboring ystB gene carried both ompA and p-ompA genes; parts of the biotype 1A strains not harboring ystB gene carried either ompA or p-ompA gene. In non-pathogenic strains (biotype 1A), distribution of the two genes and ystB were highly correlated, showing genetic polymorphism. The pathogenic and non-pathogenic, highly and weakly pathogenic strains were divided into different groups based on sequence analysis of two genes. Although the variations of the sequences, the translated proteins and predicted secondary or tertiary structures of OmpA and P-OmpA were similar. Conclusions OmpA and p-ompA gene were highly conserved for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The distributions of two genes were correlated with ystB for biotype 1A strains. The polymorphism analysis results of the two genes probably due to different bio-serotypes of the strains, and reflected the dissemination of different bio-serotype clones of Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huaiqi Jing
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Wang X, Qiu H, Jin D, Cui Z, Kan B, Xiao Y, Xu Y, Xia S, Wang H, Yang J, Wang X, Hu W, Xu J, Jing H. O:8 serotype Yersinia enterocolitica strains in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 125:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Platt-Samoraj A, Ugorski M, Szweda W, Szczerba-Turek A, Wojciech K, Procajło Z. Analysis of the presence of ail, ystA and ystB genes in Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from aborting sows and aborted fetuses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:341-6. [PMID: 16930279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Forty-five Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from aborted fetuses and placentas and from vaginal and rectal swabs of aborting sows were subjected to serotyping, biochemical typing and polymerase chain reaction multiplex analyses to detect the presence of the ail, yst A and ystB genes. The isolates were recovered from the internal organs (tonsil, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, mesentheric lymph nodes, small intestine and rectal intestine) of 18 (18.6%) of 97 aborted fetuses examined, two (8%) of 25 aborted placentas and 27 (15.8%) of 172 examined aborting sows. Serotyping of Y. enterocolitica revealed that only six (13.3%) of the examined isolates belonged to serotype O:3, with a considerable number of isolates (31.1%) having serotype O:5, while biochemical studies showed that as many as 40 of the 45 strains belonged to biotype 1A. As expected, the Y. enterocolitica strains of bioserotype 4/O:3 contained ail and ystA genes, while strains of biotype 1A contained only the ystB gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Platt-Samoraj
- Department of Infectious and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Tennant SM, Grant TH, Robins-Browne RM. Pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 38:127-37. [PMID: 13129647 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica strains of biotype 1A lack the known virulence determinants of strains in other categories, including the Yersinia virulence plasmid (pYV), and several chromosomal markers of pathogenicity. For this reason, and also because Y. enterocolitica strains of biotype 1A are frequently isolated from the environment or asymptomatic individuals, these bacteria are often assumed to be avirulent. On the other hand, there is a considerable body of clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidence to indicate that at least some strains of Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A are able to cause gastrointestinal symptoms which resemble those caused by pYV-bearing strains. The availability of a number of experimental systems, including cell culture and animal models of infection, provides an opportunity to identify and characterise the essential virulence determinants of biotype 1A strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Tennant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
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Thoerner P, Bin Kingombe CI, Bögli-Stuber K, Bissig-Choisat B, Wassenaar TM, Frey J, Jemmi T. PCR detection of virulence genes in Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and investigation of virulence gene distribution. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1810-6. [PMID: 12620874 PMCID: PMC150046 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.3.1810-1816.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PCR-based assays were developed for the detection of plasmid- and chromosome-borne virulence genes in Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, to investigate the distribution of these genes in isolates from various sources. The results of PCR genotyping, based on 5 virulence-associated genes of 140 strains of Y. enterocolitica, were compared to phenotypic tests, such as biotyping and serotyping, and to virulence plasmid-associated properties such as calcium-dependent growth at 37 degrees C and Congo red uptake. The specificity of the PCR results was validated by hybridization. Genotyping data correlated well with biotype data, and most biotypes resulted in (nearly) homogeneous genotypes for the chromosomal virulence genes (ystA, ystB, and ail); however, plasmid-borne genes (yadA and virF) were detected with variable efficiency, due to heterogeneity within the bacterial population for the presence of the virulence plasmid. Of the virulence genes, only ystB was present in biotype 1A; however, within this biotype, pathogenic and apathogenic isolates could not be distinguished based on the detection of virulence genes. Forty Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates were tested by PCR for the presence of inv, yadA, and lcrF. All isolates were inv positive, and 88% of the isolates contained the virulence plasmid genes yadA and lcrF. In conclusion, this study shows that genotyping of Yersinia spp., based on both chromosome- and plasmid-borne virulence genes, is feasible and informative and can provide a rapid and reliable genotypic characterization of field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thoerner
- Section of Microbiology, Federal Veterinary Office, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland
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Sulakvelidze A. Yersiniae other than Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. pestis: the ignored species. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:497-513. [PMID: 10865195 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genus Yersinia is composed of 11 species, of which three (Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica) have been exhaustively characterized. The remaining eight species (Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii, Y. bercovieri, Y. mollaretii, Y. rohdei, Y. ruckeri, and Y. aldovae) have not been studied extensively and, because of the absence of classical Yersinia virulence markers, are generally considered to be nonpathogenic. However, recent data suggest that some of these eight species may cause disease by virtue of their having virulence factors distinct from those of Y. enterocolitica. These data raise intriguing questions about the mechanisms by which these species interact with their host cells and elicit human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sulakvelidze
- Division of Hospital Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Sulakvelidze A, Kreger A, Joseph A, Robins-Browne RM, Fasano A, Wauters G, Harnett N, DeTolla L, Morris JG. Production of enterotoxin by Yersinia bercovieri, a recently identified Yersinia enterocolitica-like species. Infect Immun 1999; 67:968-71. [PMID: 9916117 PMCID: PMC96413 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.2.968-971.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia bercovieri, a recently identified Y. enterocolitica-like species, produces a heat-stable enterotoxin (designated YbST) which has biologic activity in infant mice and increases short circuit current in Ussing chambers. Although YbST has some properties in common with the heat-stable enterotoxins of Y. enterocolitica (YST I and YST II), it appears to be a novel toxin because (i) it was not neutralized by anti-YST I antiserum, (ii) YbST-neutralizing antiserum did not neutralize YST I, and (iii) Y. bercovieri strains did not hybridize with genetic probes for yst I, yst II, and other known enterotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sulakvelidze
- Division of Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Hoffmann B, Strauch E, Gewinner C, Nattermann H, Appel B. Characterization of plasmid regions of foodborne Yersinia enterocolitica biogroup 1A strains hybridizing to the Yersinia enterocolitica virulence plasmid. Syst Appl Microbiol 1998; 21:201-11. [PMID: 9704108 DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(98)80024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to find out if plasmids of foodborne Yersinia enterocolitica biogroup 1A strains harbour genes related to the virulence genes located on the virulence plasmid pYV of Yersinia enterocolitica. The foodborne strains were isolated from pork, as pigs are considered as an important reservoir for enteropathogenic Y. enterocolitica 0:3 and 0:9 strains. The plasmids of the foodborne strains were characterized by restriction enzyme analysis and hybridized to the virulence plasmid pYV of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains (0:3 biogroup 4; 0:9 biogroup 2). In several cases the plasmids of the foodborne strains showed homologies to parts of the pYV plasmid. Analysis of the hybridizing regions revealed that genes involved in replication, sequences of transposable elements and an endonuclease gene caused the observed hybridization to the virulence plasmid. In cause of the study also a remnant of a Tn3-like transposon was shown to be present adjacent to the yadA gene on the pYV plasmid. Although there is evidence that at least some strains of Y. enterocolitica biogroup 1A might possess pathogenic properties none of the well known plasmid encoded virulence genes were present on the plasmids of the investigated foodborne biogroup 1A strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hoffmann
- Robert Koch-Institut, Fachbereich Genetik/Gentechnik, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Grant T, Bennett-Wood V, Robins-Browne RM. Identification of virulence-associated characteristics in clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica lacking classical virulence markers. Infect Immun 1998; 66:1113-20. [PMID: 9488403 PMCID: PMC108023 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.3.1113-1120.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is an important enteric pathogen which has well-defined virulence determinants that allow the bacteria to become established in their hosts and overcome host defenses. A number of strains obtained from patients with diarrhea, however, lack these genes. Accordingly, the mechanisms by which they cause disease are uncertain. Most of these isolates belong to biotype 1A. Strains of this biotype are also frequently isolated from a variety of nonclinical sources, such as food, soil, water, and healthy animals, and there is evidence that some of these strains are avirulent. In this study we investigated 111 strains of Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A, 79 from symptomatic humans and 32 from nonclinical sources, for virulence-associated characteristics. DNA hybridization studies showed that none of the strains carried sequences homologous with pYV, the approximately 70-kb Yersinia virulence plasmid. Some strains hybridized with DNA probes for one of the following chromosomal virulence-associated genes: ail (7.2%), myfA (11.7%), ystA (0.9%), and ystB (85%). In addition, 33 strains (29.7%) produced an enterotoxin that was reactive in infant mice. However, the frequencies of these virulence-associated properties in clinical and nonclinical isolates were similar. Clinical isolates invaded HEp-2 cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells to a significantly greater extent than nonclinical strains (P < or = 0.002). In addition, clinical strains colonized the intestinal tracts of perorally inoculated mice for significantly longer periods than nonclinical isolates (P < or = 0.01). Light and electron microscopic examination of tissue culture cells incubated with invasive yersiniae revealed that the bacteria invaded selected cells in large numbers but spared others, suggesting that biotype-1A strains of Y. enterocolitica may invade cells by a novel mechanism. These results indicate that some clinical isolates of Y. enterocolitica which lack classical virulence markers may be able to cause disease via virulence mechanisms which differ from those previously characterized in enteropathogenic Yersinia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Children's Hospital, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Ramamurthy T, Yoshino KI, Huang X, Balakrish Nair G, Carniel E, Maruyama T, Fukushima H, Takeda T. The novel heat-stable enterotoxin subtype gene (ystB) of Yersinia enterocolitica: nucleotide sequence and distribution of the yst genes. Microb Pathog 1997; 23:189-200. [PMID: 9344780 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1997.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The gene (ystB) encoding the novel subtype of the heat-stable enterotoxin (Y-STb) was cloned from the chromosome of a clinical isolate of Yersinia enterocolitica 84-50 (serotype O:5, biotype 1A) and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The ystB contained 216 base pairs that encoded a protein of 71 amino acid residues. The C-terminal 30 residues of the precursor protein exactly corresponded to the amino acid sequence of the Y-STb toxin, purified from the culture supernatant of the wild strain. Homology search revealed that there are 76.9% nucleotide sequence similarity between ystB and the Yersinia kristensenii ST gene, and 73.5% with the Y. enterocolitica prototype sequence of yst (ystA). When tested with the PCR generated ystB specific probe, 36 of 304 Y. enterocolitica strains from 18 countries hybridized with the probe. All the ystB probe positive strains belonged to biotype 1A and mostly to the so-called non-pathogenic serotype O:5, O:6, O:7,8 O:7,13 and O:10, while ystA was predominantly found among the pathogenic serotypes (78.5%). Out of 36 ystB gene positive strains, 18 were clinical origin from six countries, which were also positive in the suckling mice assay suggesting that ystB may play an important role in the pathogenesis, and the so-called non-pathogenic serotypes could be virulent for human.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ramamurthy
- National Children's Medical Research Center, Taishido 3-35-31, Tokyo, Setagaya-ku, 154, Japan
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Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica, a gram-negative coccobacillus, comprises a heterogeneous group of bacterial strains recovered from animal and environmental reservoirs. The majority of human pathogenic strains are found among distinct serogroups (e.g. O:3, O:5,27, O:8, O:9) and contain both chromosome- and plasmid (60 to 75 kb)-mediated virulence factors that are absent in "avirulent" strains. While Y. enterocolitica is primarily a gastrointestinal tract pathogen, it may produce extraintestinal infections in hosts with underlying predisposing factors. Postinfection sequelae include arthritis and erythema nodosum, which are seen mainly in Europe among patients with serogroups O:3 and O:9 infection and HLA-B27 antigen. Y. enterocolitica is acquired through the oral route and is epidemiologically linked to porcine sources. Bacteremia is prominent in the setting of immunosuppression or in patients with iron overload or those being treated with desferrioxamine. metastatic foci following bacteremia are common and often involve the liver and spleen. Of particular concern is blood transfusion-related bacteremia. Evidence has accumulated substantiating the role of Y. enterocolitica as a food-borne pathogen that has caused six major outbreaks in the United States. The diagnosis of Y. enterocolitica gastroenteritis is best achieved through isolation of the bacterium on routine or selective bacteriologic media. When necessary, serogrouping, biogrouping, and assessment for plasmid-encoded virulence traits may aid in distinguishing virulent from "avirulent" strains. Epidemiologically, outside of identified food-borne outbreaks, the source (reservoir) of Y. enterocolitica in sporadic cases is speculative. Therefore, prevention and control measures are difficult to institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bottone
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Harnett N, Lin YP, Krishnan C. Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiol Infect 1996; 117:59-67. [PMID: 8760951 PMCID: PMC2271660 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to detect the presence of the ail, yst, and virF genes of Yersinia enterocolitica simultaneously, quickly and accurately. The amplified fragment sizes were 356 base-pairs (bp) for the ail gene, 134 bp for the yst gene, and 231 bp for the virF gene. The specificity of the amplified products was confirmed by hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide probes. Amplification was successful whether the template was derived from a single colony of bacteria, aliquots of boiled bacterial suspensions, from DNA extracted from pure or mixed cultures or from stool specimens. Amplification of the virF gene was also achieved from strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis carrying the 70 kb plasmid but not with preparations from other related Yersinia species or from other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The detection limit we established was 5-10 colony forming units per millilitre (cfu/ml) and 1.0 pg of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Harnett
- Clinical Bacteriology Section, Central Public Health Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario
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Sears CL, Kaper JB. Enteric bacterial toxins: mechanisms of action and linkage to intestinal secretion. Microbiol Rev 1996; 60:167-215. [PMID: 8852900 PMCID: PMC239424 DOI: 10.1128/mr.60.1.167-215.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Sears
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Yoshino KI, Xiaozhe H, Miyachi M, Hong YM, Takao T, Nakao H, Takeda T, Shimonishi Y. Amino acid sequence of a novel heat-stable enterotoxin produced by a yst gene-negative strain of Yersinia enterocolitica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00126279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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