1
|
Aleksandrowicz A, Khan MM, Sidorczuk K, Noszka M, Kolenda R. Whatever makes them stick - Adhesins of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109095. [PMID: 33940458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is associated with extraintestinal infections and the development of colibacillosis, causing high mortality in farm birds and extensive losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The virulence of APEC is a complex phenomenon associated with numerous mechanisms involving a variety of extracellular and intracellular structures to overcome host barriers. Initial bacterial attachment or adhesion to host cells is vital to bacterial pathogenesis and is determined by various adhesins. These proteins protect pathogens against possible host defense mechanisms, enabling the effective use of other virulence attributes. Considering this property, the current review provides a systematic and in-depth analysis of the latest information on adhesins analyzed in APEC strains. This review discusses in detail each of the adhesin types, such as fimbrial chaperone-usher, fimbrial curli, nonfimbrial and atypical adhesins, and their components, presenting an opportunity to gain a better understanding of different adhesins and mechanisms employed in pathogenesis. Additionally, the article scrutinizes and notes missing information and potential studies that need to be undertaken to develop a complete understanding of APEC adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Aleksandrowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Muhammad Moman Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty Environment and Natural Sciences, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sidorczuk
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Noszka
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Kolenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) present a major clinical problem that has emerged in the past years. Most of the infections are hospital or community-acquired and involve patients with a compromised immune system. The infective agents belong to a large number of strains of different serotypes that do not cross react. The seriousness of the infection is due to the fact that most of the infecting bacteria are highly antibiotic resistant. Here, we discuss the bacterial factors responsible for pathogenesis and potential means to combat the infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dvora Biran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 39978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eliora Z Ron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 39978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wani BM, Darzi MM, Mir MS, Adil S, Shakeel I. Pathological and Pharmacochemical Evaluation of Broiler Chicken Affected Naturally with Colibacillosis in Kashmir Valley. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.388.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
5
|
Pan X, Yang Y, Zhang JR. Molecular basis of host specificity in human pathogenic bacteria. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e23. [PMID: 26038515 PMCID: PMC3974339 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria display various levels of host specificity or tropism. While many bacteria can infect a wide range of hosts, certain bacteria have strict host selectivity for humans as obligate human pathogens. Understanding the genetic and molecular basis of host specificity in pathogenic bacteria is important for understanding pathogenic mechanisms, developing better animal models and designing new strategies and therapeutics for the control of microbial diseases. The molecular mechanisms of bacterial host specificity are much less understood than those of viral pathogens, in part due to the complexity of the molecular composition and cellular structure of bacterial cells. However, important progress has been made in identifying and characterizing molecular determinants of bacterial host specificity in the last two decades. It is now clear that the host specificity of bacterial pathogens is determined by multiple molecular interactions between the pathogens and their hosts. Furthermore, certain basic principles regarding the host specificity of bacterial pathogens have emerged from the existing literature. This review focuses on selected human pathogenic bacteria and our current understanding of their host specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Pan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kunzmann MH, Bach NC, Bauer B, Sieber SA. α-Methylene-γ-butyrolactones attenuate Staphylococcus aureus virulence by inhibition of transcriptional regulation. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
7
|
Antão EM, Wieler LH, Ewers C. Adhesive threads of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Pathog 2009; 1:22. [PMID: 20003270 PMCID: PMC2797515 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-1-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adhere to host surfaces is by far the most vital step in the successful colonization by microbial pathogens. Colonization begins with the attachment of the bacterium to receptors expressed by cells forming the lining of the mucosa. Long hair like extracellular appendages called fimbriae, produced by most Gram-negative pathogens, mediate specific attachment to the epithelial cell surface. Associated with the fimbriae is a protein called an adhesin, which directs high-affinity binding to specific cell surface components. In the last couple of years, an enormous amount of research has been undertaken that deals with understanding how bacterial pathogens adhere to host cells. E. coli in all probability is one of the best studied free-living organisms. A group of E. coli called Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) including both human and animal pathogens like Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), Newborn meningitic E. coli (NMEC) and Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), have been found to harbour many fimbriae including Type 1 fimbriae, P fimbriae, curli fibres, S fimbriae, F1C fimbriae, Dr fimbriae, afimbrial adhesins, temperature-sensitive haemagglutinin and many novel adhesin gene clusters that have not yet been characterized. Each of these adhesins is unique due to the recognition of an adhesin-specific receptor, though as a group these adhesins share common genomic organization. A newly identified putative adhesin temporarily termed ExPEC Adhesin I, encoded by gene yqi, has been recently found to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of APEC infection, thus making it an interesting candidate for future research. The aim of this review is to describe the role of ExPEC adhesins during extraintestinal infections known till date, and to suggest the idea of investigating their potential role in the colonization of the host gut which is said to be a reservoir for ExPEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther-Maria Antão
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstr, 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Profiles of Virulence-associated Genes of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Chickens with Colibacillosis. J Poult Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.46.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
9
|
Ananias M, Yano T. Serogroups and virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from patients with sepsis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:877-83. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008001000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ananias
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil
| | - T. Yano
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dziva F, Stevens MP. Colibacillosis in poultry: unravelling the molecular basis of virulence of avian pathogenicEscherichia coliin their natural hosts. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:355-66. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450802216652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Ron EZ. Host specificity of septicemic Escherichia coli: human and avian pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2005; 9:28-32. [PMID: 16384724 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains are the cause of a diverse spectrum of invasive human and animal infections, often leading to septicemia. ExPEC strains contain virulence factors that enable them to survive in the host blood and tissues. Most of these virulence factors are distributed in ExPEC strains in a host-independent fashion. Genomic analyses of these strains provide evidence for numerous recombinational events and horizontal gene transfer, as well as for a high diversity of virulence factors. In studies of human and avian septicemic strains of serotypes O2 and O78 it appears that there is a positive correlation between virulence, invasiveness and clonal origin. Yet, it is clear that clonal division in these strains, as well as distribution of virulence factors, is independent of the host and closely related clones reside in different hosts. Although the possibility exists that ExPEC strains do have a certain degree of host specificity, which is not obvious from genomic studies, it is clear that the similarity of virulence factors presents a significant zoonotic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliora Z Ron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains (ExPEC) are the cause of a diverse spectrum of invasive human and animal infections, often leading to septicemia. This review deals with the virulence genes of septicemic ExPEC strains. We discuss the meaning of a virulence gene and survey the genomic, genetic and physiological studies on these strains. Apparently, there are a few virulence factors, which are conserved in the septicemic strains, implying that they are essential for the infection. For the other virulence-related genes a high level of diversity is observed, demonstrating that all stages of the infection can be mediated by a number of alternative virulence factors. The variable profile of virulence genes in septicemic E. coli strains, as well as a prevalence of mobility-related sequences point out the existence of a "mix and match" combinatorial system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Mokady
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains (ExPEC) are the cause of a diverse spectrum of invasive infections in humans and animals, and these infections often lead to septicemia. Strains of serogroups O2 and O78 of E. coli are involved in human urinary tract infections and newborn meningitis and also constitute the major serotypes involved in avian colisepticemia. In the present study we compared the unique genomic sequences of two such septicemic strains, strains O2-1772 and O78-9, obtained by suppression subtractive hybridization. Evaluation of the degree of similarity between these two strains, which cause the same disease, revealed a high degree of diversity, with only a few shared genes. Subsequently, additional strains of each serogroup of human and animal origin were screened by PCR, and the results provided further evidence for the existence of a high degree of genome plasticity. These results were unexpected, in view of data showing that the two O157:H7 strains that have been sequenced are nearly identical in terms of virulence factors. Furthermore, the data obtained for the septicemic strains suggest that each step in the infection can be mediated by a number of alternative virulence factors, indicating the existence of a mix-and-match combinatorial system. Although whole-genome comparisons of E. coli strains causing different diseases have shown great differences in gene contents, we show that such differences exist even within strains that cause the same disease and that target the same host tissues. Moreover, in addition to the high level of genome plasticity, we show that the large pool of virulence genes in the septicemic strains is independent of the host, implying a high degree of zoonotic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Mokady
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Delicato ER, de Brito BG, Gaziri LCJ, Vidotto MC. Virulence-associated genes in Escherichia coli isolates from poultry with colibacillosis. Vet Microbiol 2003; 94:97-103. [PMID: 12781478 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, the causative agent of colibacillosis, harbors several putative virulence genes. In this study we examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the presence of 16 of those genes in 200 colibacillosis isolates from our region. The seven virulence genes iutA, iss, cvaC, tsh, papC, papG and felA were detected significantly more often amongst colibacillosis isolates than in fecal isolates from healthy birds, thereby confirming their worldwide occurrence and possible pathogenic role in colibacillosis. However, several of those genes were not detected in many colibacillosis isolates, and none of them were detected in 27.5% of those isolates, which suggests that variants of those genes and yet undetected virulence factors should be searched for.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine R Delicato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 6001, 86051-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Edelman S, Leskelä S, Ron E, Apajalahti J, Korhonen TK. In vitro adhesion of an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 strain to surfaces of the chicken intestinal tract and to ileal mucus. Vet Microbiol 2003; 91:41-56. [PMID: 12441230 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of fimbria in adherence of an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O78 strain 789 to chicken intestine was studied. Bacterial adhesion to tissue sections representing the regions within the chicken intestinal tract was determined by using immunohistochemical methods. E. coli 789 grown to express the type 1 fimbria adhered efficiently to the crop epithelium, to the lamina propria of intestinal villi, and to the apical surfaces of both the mature as well as the crypt-located enterocytes in intestinal villi, whereas no adhesion to mucus-producing goblet cells was detected. The adhesion was inhibited by mannoside and the role of type 1 fimbriae in the observed adhesion was confirmed with a recombinant strain expressing type 1 fimbriae genes cloned from E. coli and Salmonella enterica. E. coli 789 strain grown to favor AC/I fimbriae expression as well as the recombinant E. coli strain expressing the fac genes adhered to goblet cells but only poorly to the other epithelial sites. E. coli strain 789 as well as S. enterica serovar Typhimurium IR715 and S. enterica serovar Enteriditis TN2 strains were able to multiply in ileal mucus medium. The type 1 fimbria expressing bacteria adhered to the ileal mucus, whereas the AC/I fimbriated strains showed poor adherence to the mucus. The adhesion of E. coli 789 onto the crop epithelium and the follicle associated epithelium of the chicken ileum was efficiently inhibited by an adhesive strain ST1 of Lactobacillus crispatus isolated from chicken, whereas poor inhibition of E. coli adherence was observed with the weakly adhesive L. crispatus strain 134mi. The type 1 fimbriae may be important in colonization of the chicken intestine by APEC and Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Edelman
- Division of General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dobrindt U, Blum-Oehler G, Hartsch T, Gottschalk G, Ron EZ, Fünfstück R, Hacker J. S-Fimbria-encoding determinant sfa(I) is located on pathogenicity island III(536) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4248-56. [PMID: 11401961 PMCID: PMC98494 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.7.4248-4256.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sfa(I) determinant encoding the S-fimbrial adhesin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains was found to be located on a pathogenicity island of uropathogenic E. coli strain 536. This pathogenicity island, designated PAI III(536), is located at 5.6 min of the E. coli chromosome and covers a region of at least 37 kb between the tRNA locus thrW and yagU. As far as it has been determined, PAI III(536) also contains genes which code for components of a putative enterochelin siderophore system of E. coli and Salmonella spp. as well as for colicin V immunity. Several intact or nonfunctional mobility genes of bacteriophages and insertion sequence elements such as transposases and integrases are present on PAI III(536). The presence of known PAI III(536) sequences has been investigated in several wild-type E. coli isolates. The results demonstrate that the determinants of the members of the S-family of fimbrial adhesins may be located on a common pathogenicity island which, in E. coli strain 536, replaces a 40-kb DNA region which represents an E. coli K-12-specific genomic island.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Dobrindt
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie der Universität Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Klinikum der Universität Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gophna U, Barlev M, Seijffers R, Oelschlager TA, Hacker J, Ron EZ. Curli fibers mediate internalization of Escherichia coli by eukaryotic cells. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2659-65. [PMID: 11254632 PMCID: PMC98204 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.4.2659-2665.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Curli fibers are adhesive surface fibers expressed by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica that bind several host extracellular matrix and contact phase proteins and were assumed to have a role in pathogenesis. The results presented here suggest that one such role is internalization into host cells. An E. coli K-12 strain transformed with a low-copy vector containing the gene cluster encoding curli fibers (csg operon) was internalized by several lines of eukaryotic cells. The internalization could be correlated with a high level of curli fiber expression and was abolished by disruption of the csg operon. The ability to be internalized by eukaryotic cells could be conferred even by the curli fiber gene cluster of a noninvasive K-12 strain, but the homologous csg cluster from a virulent septicemic E. coli isolate mediated a higher level of internalization. The finding that curli fibers promote bacterial internalization indicates a new role for curli fibers in pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Gophna
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|