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Nonclassical MHC class Ib-restricted cytotoxic T cells monitor antigen processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:579-86. [PMID: 22522492 PMCID: PMC3362685 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ER aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing, ERAAP, is essential for trimming peptides presented by MHC I molecules. ERAAP inhibition by cytomegalovirus causes immune evasion, and ERAAP polymorphisms are associated with autoimmune disorders. How normal ERAAP function is monitored is unknown. We found that ERAAP inhibition rapidly induced presentation of the FL9 peptide by the Qa-1b MHC Ib molecule. Antigen-experienced T cells specific for the Qa-1b-FL9 complex were frequent in naïve mice. Wild-type mice immunized with ERAAP-deficient cells mounted a potent CD8+ T cell response specific for the Qa-1b-FL9- complex. MHC Ib-restricted cytolytic effectors specifically eliminated ERAAP-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, non-classical peptide-Qa-1b complexes direct cytotoxic T cells to targets with defective antigen processing in the ER.
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Chen L, Jay DC, Fairbanks JD, He X, Jensen PE. An MHC class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6463-72. [PMID: 22084437 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Conventional MHC class Ia-restricted CD8(+) T cells play a dominant role in the host response to virus infections, but recent studies indicate that T cells with specificity for nonclassical MHC class Ib molecules may also participate in host defense. To investigate the potential role of class Ib molecules in anti-viral immune responses, K(b-/-)D(b-/-)CIITA(-/-) mice lacking expression of MHC class Ia and class II molecules were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). These animals have a large class Ib-selected CD8(+) T cell population and they were observed to mediate partial (but incomplete) virus clearance during acute LCMV infection as compared with K(b-/-)D(b-/-)β(2)-microglobulin(-/-) mice that lack expression of both MHC class Ia and class Ib molecules. Infection was associated with expansion of splenic CD8(+) T cells and induction of granzyme B and IFN-γ effector molecules in CD8(+) T cells. Partial virus clearance was dependent on CD8(+) cells. In vitro T cell restimulation assays demonstrated induction of a population of β(2)-microglobulin-dependent, MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells with specificity for viral Ags and yet to be defined nonclassical MHC molecules. MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses were also observed after infection of K(b-/-)D(b-/-)mice despite the low number of CD8(+) T cells in these animals. Long-term infection studies demonstrated chronic infection and gradual depletion of CD8(+) T cells in K(b-/-)D(b-/-)CIITA(-/-) mice, demonstrating that class Ia molecules are required for viral clearance. These findings demonstrate that class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells have the potential to participate in the host immune response to LCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Felio K, Nguyen H, Dascher CC, Choi HJ, Li S, Zimmer MI, Colmone A, Moody DB, Brenner MB, Wang CR. CD1-restricted adaptive immune responses to Mycobacteria in human group 1 CD1 transgenic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2497-509. [PMID: 19808251 PMCID: PMC2768849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)–restricted T cells recognize mycobacterial lipid antigens and are found at higher frequencies in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)–infected individuals. However, their role and dynamics during infection remain unknown because of the lack of a suitable small animal model. We have generated human group 1 CD1 transgenic (hCD1Tg) mice that express all three human group 1 CD1 isoforms and support the development of group 1 CD1–restricted T cells with diverse T cell receptor usage. Both mycobacterial infection and immunization with Mtb lipids elicit group 1 CD1–restricted Mtb lipid–specific T cell responses in hCD1Tg mice. In contrast to CD1d-restricted NKT cells, which rapidly respond to initial stimulation but exhibit anergy upon reexposure, group 1 CD1–restricted T cells exhibit delayed primary responses and more rapid secondary responses, similar to conventional T cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that group 1 CD1–restricted T cells participate in adaptive immune responses upon mycobacterial infection and could serve as targets for the development of novel Mtb vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrie Felio
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Li W, Sofi MH, Yeh N, Sehra S, McCarthy BP, Patel DR, Brutkiewicz RR, Kaplan MH, Chang CH. Thymic selection pathway regulates the effector function of CD4 T cells. J Exp Med 2007; 204:2145-57. [PMID: 17724129 PMCID: PMC2118694 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new developmental pathway for CD4 T cells that is mediated by major histocompatibility complex class II-positive thymocytes was identified (Choi, E.Y., K.C. Jung, H.J. Park, D.H. Chung, J.S. Song, S.D. Yang, E. Simpson, and S.H. Park. 2005. Immunity. 23:387-396; Li, W., M.G. Kim, T.S. Gourley, B.P. McCarthy, D.B. Sant'angelo, and C.H. Chang. 2005. Immunity. 23:375-386). We demonstrate that thymocyte-selected CD4 (T-CD4) T cells can rapidly produce interferon gamma and interleukin (IL) 4 upon in vivo and in vitro T cell receptor stimulation. These T-CD4 T cells appear to be effector cells producing both T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines, and they maintain a potential to produce Th2 cytokines under Th1-skewing conditions in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 6-independent manner. The IL-4 mRNA level is high in CD4 single-positive thymocytes if they are selected on thymocytes, which is at least partly caused by enhanced histone acetylation of the IL-4 locus. However, mice that can generate T-CD4 T cells showed attenuated immune responses in an allergen-induced airway inflammation model, suggesting a protective role for T-CD4 T cells during an airway challenge. Our results imply that this thymic selection pathway plays an important role in determining the effector function of the resulting CD4 cells and in regulating immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Sullivan LC, Hoare HL, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Brooks AG. A structural perspective on MHC class Ib molecules in adaptive immunity. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:413-20. [PMID: 16860610 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The highly polymorphic MHC class Ia molecules have a central role in adaptive immunity. By contrast, the closely related MHC class Ib molecules, which show limited polymorphism, are best known for regulating innate immune responses. Nevertheless, a recent area of interest is the emerging role of class Ib molecules in adaptive immunity, particularly in response to tumours and pathogens such as Mycobacteria, Listeria and Salmonella. Here, we review recent findings in this area, highlighting the structure of a T-cell receptor complexed with a cytomegalovirus peptide bound to the class Ib molecule, HLA-E. Collectively, these findings have implications for immunity, transplantation and autoimmunity, and our understanding of the evolution and plasticity of the molecular interactions mediating adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Colmone A, Wang CR. H2–M3-restricted T cell response to infection. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2277-83. [PMID: 16824777 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
H2-M3 is a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecule that presents N-formylated peptides to specific CD8+ T cells. Prokaryotic, but not eukaryotic, translation begins with the addition of N-formyl methionine, suggesting a role for these H2-M3-restricted T cells in response to bacterial infection. Indeed, these cells constitute a non-redundant "early" component of anti-microbial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Colmone
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, JFK R422 924 E 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Xu H, Chun T, Choi HJ, Wang B, Wang CR. Impaired response to Listeria in H2-M3-deficient mice reveals a nonredundant role of MHC class Ib-specific T cells in host defense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:449-59. [PMID: 16476767 PMCID: PMC2118219 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecule H2-M3 primes the rapid expansion of CD8+ T cells by presenting N-formylated bacterial peptides. However, the significance of H2-M3-restricted T cells in host defense against bacteria is unclear. We generated H2-M3-deficient mice to investigate the role of H2-M3 in immunity against Listeria monocytogenes (LM), a model intracellular bacterial pathogen. H2-M3-deficient mice are impaired in early bacterial clearance during primary infection, with diminished LM-specific CD8+ T cell responses and compromised innate immune functions. Although H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells constitute a significant proportion of the anti-listerial CD8+ T cell repertoire, the kinetics and magnitude of MHC class Ia-restricted T cell responses are not altered in H2-M3-deficient mice. The fact that MHC class Ia-restricted responses cannot compensate for the H2-M3-mediated immunity suggests a nonredundant role of H2-M3 in the protective immunity against LM. Thus, the early H2-M3-restricted response temporally bridges the gap between innate and adaptive immune responses, subsequently affecting the function of both branches of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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D'Orazio SEF, Shaw CA, Starnbach MN. H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells are not required for MHC class Ib-restricted immunity against Listeria monocytogenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:383-91. [PMID: 16461341 PMCID: PMC2118191 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Studies using major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-Ia-deficient mice have shown that MHC-Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells can clear infections caused by intracellular pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. M3-restricted CD8+ T cells, which recognize short hydrophobic N-formylated peptides, appear to comprise a substantial portion of the MHC-Ib-restricted T cell response in the mouse model of L. monocytogenes infection. In this study, we isolated formyltransferase (fmt) mutant strains of L. monocytogenes that lacked the ability to add formyl groups to nascent polypeptides. These fmt mutant Listeria strains did not produce antigens that could be recognized by M3-restricted T cells. We showed that immunization of MHC-Ia-deficient mice with fmt mutant Listeria resulted in stimulation of a protective memory response that cleared subsequent challenge with wild-type L. monocytogenes, despite the fact that M3-restricted CD8+ T cells did not proliferate in these mice. These data suggest that M3-restricted T cells are not required for protection against L. monocytogenes and underscore the importance of searching for new antigen-presenting molecules among the large MHC-Ib family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E F D'Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Jensen PE, Sullivan BA, Reed-Loisel LM, Weber DA. Qa-1, a nonclassical class I histocompatibility molecule with roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Immunol Res 2004; 29:81-92. [PMID: 15181272 DOI: 10.1385/ir:29:1-3:081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Qa-1, a nonclassical class I histocompatibility molecule expressed in mice, predominantly assembles with a single nonameric peptide, Qdm, derived from the signal sequence of certain class Ia molecules. The Qa-1/Qdm complex is the primary ligand for CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptors expressed on a major fraction of natural killer (NK) cells. Cells become susceptible to killing by NK cells under conditions where surface expression of the Qa-1/Qdm inhibitory ligand is reduced. The CD94/NKG2 "missing-self" recognition system serves as mechanism for removing cells that have abnormalities in the intracellular machinery required for assembly and expression of class I-peptides complexes, as a consequence of viral infection, for example. Despite its highly focused peptide-binding specificity, Qa-1 also has a capacity to act as an antigen-presentation molecule for CD8+ T cells. It appears that a small subpopulation of these T cells undergoes positive selection by interaction with Qa-1 in the thymus, and they maintain their specificity for Qa-1 after maturation. The role of these unusual T cells in adaptive immune responses remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Jensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Simon BE, Cornell KA, Clark TR, Chou S, Rosen HR, Barry RA. DNA vaccination protects mice against challenge with Listeria monocytogenes expressing the hepatitis C virus NS3 protein. Infect Immun 2003; 71:6372-80. [PMID: 14573658 PMCID: PMC219586 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.11.6372-6380.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop a new surrogate challenge model for use in evaluating protective cell-mediated immune responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens. The use of recombinant Listeria monocytogenes organisms which express HCV antigens provides novel tools with which to assay such in vivo protection, as expression of immunity against this hepatotropic bacterial pathogen is dependent on antigen-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes. A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding a ubiquitin-NS3 fusion protein was generated, and its efficacy was confirmed by in vivo induction of NS3-specific, gamma interferon-secreting T cells following vaccination of BALB/c mice. These immunized mice also exhibited specific in vivo protection against subsequent challenge with a recombinant L. monocytogenes strain (TC-LNS3) expressing the NS3 protein. Notably, sublethal infection of naive mice with strain TC-LNS3 induced similar NS3-specific T-cell responses. These findings suggest that recombinant strains of L. monocytogenes expressing HCV antigens should prove useful for evaluating, or even inducing, protective immune responses against HCV antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Simon
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Abstract
CD8 T cells respond to viral infections but also participate in defense against bacterial and protozoal infections. In the last few years, as new methods to accurately quantify and characterize pathogen-specific CD8 T cells have become available, our understanding of in vivo T cell responses has increased dramatically. Pathogen-specific T cells, once thought to be quite rare following infection, are now known to be present at very high frequencies, particularly in peripheral, nonlymphoid tissues. With the ability to visualize in vivo CD8 T cell responses has come the recognition that T cell expansion is programmed and, to a great extent, independent of antigen concentrations. Comparison of CD8 T cell responses to different pathogens also highlights the intricate relationship between microbially induced innate inflammatory responses and the kinetics, magnitude, and character of long-term T cell responses. This review describes recent progress in some of the major murine models of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity to viral, bacterial, and protozoal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Wong
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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D'Orazio SE, Halme DG, Ploegh HL, Starnbach MN. Class Ia MHC-deficient BALB/c mice generate CD8+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against Listeria monocytogenes infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:291-8. [PMID: 12817010 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are required for protective immunity against intracellular pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. In this study, we used class Ia MHC-deficient mice, which have a severe reduction in circulating CD8(+) T cells, to determine the protective capacity of class Ib MHC-restricted T cells during L. monocytogenes infection. The K(b-/-)D(b-/-) mutation was backcrossed onto a C.B10 (BALB/c congenic at H-2 locus with C57BL/10) background, because BALB/c mice are more susceptible to Listeria infection than other commonly studied mouse strains such as C57BL/6. C.B10 K(b-/-)D(b-/-) mice immunized with a sublethal dose of L. monocytogenes were fully protected against a subsequent lethal infection. Adoptive transfer of Listeria-immune splenocyte subsets into naive K(b-/-)D(b-/-) mice indicated that CD8(+) T cells were the major component of this protective immune response. A CD8(+) T cell line isolated from the spleen of a Listeria-infected class Ia MHC-deficient mouse was shown to specifically recognize Listeria-infected cells in vitro, as determined by IFN-gamma secretion and cytotoxicity assays. Adoptive transfer of this T cell line alone resulted in significant protection against L. monocytogenes challenge. These results suggest that even a limited number of class Ib MHC-restricted T cells are sufficient to generate the rapid recall response required for protection against secondary infection with L. monocytogenes.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Separation
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Immunity, Active/genetics
- Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Listeriosis/genetics
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Listeriosis/microbiology
- Listeriosis/prevention & control
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S E D'Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wing EJ, Gregory SH. Listeria monocytogenes: clinical and experimental update. J Infect Dis 2002; 185 Suppl 1:S18-24. [PMID: 11865436 DOI: 10.1086/338465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a small gram-positive bacillus, causes sepsis and meningitis in immunocompromised patients and a devastating maternal/fetal infection in pregnant women. Recent outbreaks demonstrated that L. monocytogenes can cause gastroenteritis in otherwise healthy individuals and more severe invasive disease in immunocompromised patients. Centralized processing in the food industry may be the cause of these large-scale listeriosis outbreaks. The mouse model of listeriosis, which was developed in the 1960s, has been extraordinarily useful for studying T cell-mediated immunity. Contrary to the original concept that macrophages are the principal effector cells in listeriosis, we found that immigrating neutrophils play the predominant role in early liver defenses. At later time points, CD8(+) T cells lyse infected hepatocytes by both perforin- and Fas-L/Fas--dependent mechanisms. Of interest, nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib--restricted cytolytic activity is expressed early during primary infection, whereas MHC class Ia--restricted activity is predominant through late primary and secondary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Wing
- Department of Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
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