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Cytokine saga in visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155322. [PMID: 33127259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, infection with Leishmania manifests into a spectrum of diseases. The manifestation of the diseases depend on the resultant evasion of the parasite to immune responses namely by macrophages, which is an exclusive host of Leishmania. The B cells valiantly mount antibody responses, however, to no avail as the Leishmania parasites occupy the intracellular niches of the macrophages and subvert the immune response. Extensive studies have been documented on the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in protection and counter survival strategies of the parasites leading to downregulation of CMI. The present review attempts to discuss the cytokines in progression or resolution of visceral form of leishmaniasis or kala-azar, predominantly affecting the Indian subcontinent. The components/cytokine(s) responsible for the regulation of the critical balance of T helper cells and their subsets have been discussed in the perspective. Therefore, any strategy involving the treatment of visceral leishmania (VL) needs to consider the balance and regulation of T cell function.
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2
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Okwor I, Uzonna JE. Pathways leading to interleukin-12 production and protective immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:32-36. [PMID: 27394077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis affects millions of people worldwide and continues to pose public health problem. There is extensive evidence supporting the critical role for IL-12 in initiating and maintaining protective immune response to Leishmania infection. Although gene deletion studies show that CD40-CD40L interaction is an important pathway for IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells and subsequent development of protective immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis, several studies have uncovered other pathways that could also lead to IL-12 production and immunity in the absence of intact CD40-CD40L signaling. Here, we review the literature on the role of IL-12 in the induction and maintenance of protective T cell-mediated immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis and the different pathways leading to IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells following Leishmania major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3E 0T5, Canada
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3
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Mansueto P, Vitale G, Di Lorenzo G, Rini GB, Mansueto S, Cillari E. Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis: An Update. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:435-45. [PMID: 17880757 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis represents a severe, increasing, public health problem. The perspective of its control is highly dependent on research progress, on therapeutic manipulations of the immune system, and on vaccine development. There is a correlation between the clinical outcome of Leishmania infection and the cytokine response profile. While a protective immune response against Leishmania has been clearly identified to be related to the influence of a type-1 response and IFN-γ production, the precise role of T helper (TH) 2 cytokines in non-healing infections requires further exploration. IL-4 and IL-13 (TH2 cytokines) can promote disease progression in cutaneous leishmaniasis, whereas IL-4 would appear to enhance protective type-1 responses in visceral leishmaniasis. Thus, the TH1/TH2 paradigm of resistance/susceptibility to intracellular parasites is probably an oversimplification of a more complicated network of regulatory/counter regulatory interactions. Moreover, the presence of antigen specific regulatory T cell subsets may provide an environment that contributes to the balance between TH1 and TH2 cells. Finally, the involvement of CD8+ T cells has been described, but the modality of their function in this kind of infection has not been so far elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mansueto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e delle Patologie Emergenti, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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4
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Visceral Leishmaniasis May Unmask X-linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:363-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Okwor I, Jia P, Uzonna JE. Interaction of Macrophage Antigen 1 and CD40 Ligand Leads to IL-12 Production and Resistance in CD40-Deficient Mice Infected with Leishmania major. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3218-26. [PMID: 26304989 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although some studies indicate that the interaction of CD40 and CD40L is critical for IL-12 production and resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis, others suggest that this pathway may be dispensable. In this article, we compared the outcome of Leishmania major infection in both CD40- and CD40L-deficient mice after treatment with rIL-12. We show that although CD40 and CD40L knockout (KO) mice are highly susceptible to L. major, treatment with rIL-12 during the first 2 wk of infection causes resolution of cutaneous lesions and control of parasite replication. Interestingly, although treated CD40 KO mice remained healed, developed long-term immunity, and were resistant to secondary L. major challenge, treated CD40L KO reactivated their lesion after cessation of rIL-12 treatment. Disease reactivation in CD40L KO mice was associated with impaired IL-12 and IFN-γ production and a concomitant increase in IL-4 production by cells from lymph nodes draining the infection site. We show that IL-12 production by dendritic cells and macrophages via CD40L-macrophage Ag 1 (Mac-1) interaction is responsible for the sustained resistance in CD40 KO mice after cessation of rIL-12 treatment. Blockade of CD40L-Mac-1 interaction with anti-Mac-1 mAb led to spontaneous disease reactivation in healed CD40 KO mice, which was associated with impaired IFN-γ response and loss of infection-induced immunity after secondary L. major challenge. Collectively, our data reveal a novel role of CD40L-Mac-1 interaction in IL-12 production, development, and maintenance of optimal Th1 immunity in mice infected with L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; and
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; and Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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6
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Okwor I, Xu G, Tang H, Liang Y, Fu YX, Uzonna JE. Deficiency of CD40 Reveals an Important Role for LIGHT in Anti-Leishmania Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:194-202. [PMID: 26026056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that LIGHT and its receptor herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) are important for development of optimal CD4(+) Th1 cell immunity and resistance to primary Leishmania major infection in mice. In this study, we further characterized the contributions of this molecule in dendritic cell (DC) maturation, initiation, and maintenance of primary immunity and secondary anti-Leishmania immunity. Flow-cytometric studies showed that CD8α(+) DC subset was mostly affected by HVEM-Ig and lymphotoxin β receptor-Ig treatment. LIGHT signaling is required at both the priming and the maintenance stages of primary anti-Leishmania immunity but is completely dispensable during secondary immunity in wild type mice. However, LIGHT blockade led to impaired IL-12 and IFN-γ responses and loss of resistance in healed CD40-deficient mice after L. major challenge. The protective effect of LIGHT was mediated primarily via its interaction with lymphotoxin β receptor on CD8α(+) DCs. Collectively, our results show that although LIGHT is critical for maintenance of primary Th1 response, it is dispensable during secondary anti-Leishmania immunity in the presence of functional CD40 signaling as seen in wild type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Okwor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Guilian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Haidong Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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7
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Owens BMJ, Beattie L, Moore JWJ, Brown N, Mann JL, Dalton JE, Maroof A, Kaye PM. IL-10-producing Th1 cells and disease progression are regulated by distinct CD11c⁺ cell populations during visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002827. [PMID: 22911108 PMCID: PMC3406093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a critical regulatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani and clinical and experimental data indicate that disease progression is associated with expanded numbers of CD4⁺ IFNγ⁺ T cells committed to IL-10 production. Here, combining conditional cell-specific depletion with adoptive transfer, we demonstrate that only conventional CD11c(hi) DCs that produce both IL-10 and IL-27 are capable of inducing IL-10-producing Th1 cells in vivo. In contrast, CD11c(hi) as well as CD11c(int/lo) cells isolated from infected mice were capable of reversing the host protective effect of diphtheria toxin-mediated CD11c⁺ cell depletion. This was reflected by increased splenomegaly, inhibition of NO production and increased parasite burden. Thus during chronic infection, multiple CD11c⁺ cell populations can actively suppress host resistance and enhance immunopathology, through mechanisms that do not necessarily involve IL-10-producing Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - John W. J. Moore
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Najmeeyah Brown
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L. Mann
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Dalton
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Asher Maroof
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Alexander J, Brombacher F. T helper1/t helper2 cells and resistance/susceptibility to leishmania infection: is this paradigm still relevant? Front Immunol 2012; 3:80. [PMID: 22566961 PMCID: PMC3342373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Work in large part on Leishmania major in the 1980s identified two distinct apparently counter-regulatory CD4+ T cell populations, T helper (h)1 and Th2, that controlled resistance/susceptibility to infection respectively. However, the generation of IL-4−/− mice in the 1990s questioned the paramount role of this Th2 archetypal cytokine in the non-healing response to Leishmania infection. The more recent characterization of CD4+ T cell regulatory populations and further effector CD4+ T helper populations, Th17, Th9, and T follicular (f)h cells as well as the acknowledged plasticity in T helper cell function has further added to the complexity of host pathogen interactions. These interactions are complicated by the multiplicity of cells that respond to CD4+ T cell subset signatory cytokines, as well as the diversity of Leishmania species that are often subject to significantly different immune-regulatory controls. In this article we review current knowledge with regard to the role of CD4+ T cells and their products during Leishmania infection. In particular we update on our studies using conditional IL-4Rα gene-deficient mice that have allowed dissection of the cell interplay dictating the disease outcomes of the major Leishmania species infecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Alexander
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD154 regulates many aspects of cellular and humoral immunity. The CD40-CD154 pathway is important for resistance against a variety of parasites. Studies done with these pathogens have provided important insight into the various mechanisms by which this pathway enhances host protection, mechanisms by which pathogens subvert CD40 signaling, conditions in which the CD40-CD154 pathway promotes disease and on modulation of this pathway for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Xu G, Liu D, Okwor I, Wang Y, Korner H, Kung SKP, Fu YX, Uzonna JE. LIGHT Is critical for IL-12 production by dendritic cells, optimal CD4+ Th1 cell response, and resistance to Leishmania major. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6901-9. [PMID: 17982081 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although studies indicate LIGHT (lymphotoxin (LT)-like, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes) enhances inflammation and T cell-mediated immunity, the mechanisms involved in this process remain obscure. In this study, we assessed the role of LIGHT in IL-12 production and development of CD4(+) Th cells type one (Th1) in vivo. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from LIGHT(-/-) mice were severely impaired in IL-12p40 production following IFN-gamma and LPS stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, blockade of LIGHT in vitro and in vivo with HVEM-Ig and LT beta receptor (LTbetaR)-Ig leads to impaired IL-12 production and defective polyclonal and Ag-specific IFN-gamma production in vivo. In an infection model, injection of HVEM-Ig or LTbetaR-Ig into the usually resistant C57BL/6 mice results in defective IL-12 and IFN-gamma production and severe susceptibility to Leishmania major that was reversed by rIL-12 treatment. This striking susceptibility to L. major in mice injected with HVEM-Ig or LTbetaR-Ig was also reproduced in LIGHT(-/-) --> RAG1(-/-) chimeric mice. In contrast, L. major-infected LTbeta(-/-) mice do not develop acute disease, suggesting that the effect of LTbetaR-Ig is not due to blockade of membrane LT (LTalpha1beta2) signaling. Collectively, our data show that LIGHT plays a critical role for optimal IL-12 production by DC and the development of IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) Th1 cells and its blockade results in severe susceptibility to Leishmania major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Xu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Hewitson JP, Hamblin PA, Mountford AP. In the absence of CD154, administration of interleukin-12 restores Th1 responses but not protective immunity to Schistosoma mansoni. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3539-47. [PMID: 17485453 PMCID: PMC1932915 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00252-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interplay during the development of protective immunity to the radiation-attenuated (RA) schistosome vaccine has been extensively characterized over recent years, yet the role of costimulatory molecules in the development of cell-mediated immunity is much less well understood. Here we demonstrate the importance of CD40/CD154 in vaccine-induced immunity, as CD154(-/-) mice exposed to RA schistosomes develop no protection to challenge infection. We showed that vaccinated CD154(-/-) mice have defective Th1-associated immune responses in the skin-draining lymph nodes and the lungs, with reduced or absent levels of interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40), gamma interferon, and nitric oxide, but elevated levels of lung IL-4 and IL-5. The expression of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) on antigen-presenting cells recovered from the lungs of vaccinated CD154(-/-) mice was also severely compromised. The administration of anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (MAb) to CD154(-/-) mice did not reconstitute sustained Th1 responses in the lymph nodes or the lungs, nor did the MAb restore anti-parasite immunoglobulin G production or protective immunity. On the other hand, the administration of recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12) to CD154(-/-) mice shortly after vaccination caused elevated and sustained levels of Th1-associated cytokines, rescued MHC-II expression by lung CD11c(+) cells, and restored the appearance of inflammatory effector foci in the lungs. However, the treatment of CD154(-/-) mice with rIL-12 did not restore protection. We conclude that protective immunity to the RA schistosome vaccine is CD154 dependent but is independent of IL-12-orchestrated cellular immune mechanisms in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hewitson
- Department of Biology (Area 5), University of York, York, United Kingdom
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12
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Liu J, Cao S, Kim S, Chung EY, Homma Y, Guan X, Jimenez V, Ma X. Interleukin-12: an update on its immunological activities, signaling and regulation of gene expression. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2005; 1:119-137. [PMID: 21037949 DOI: 10.2174/1573395054065115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the p35 and p40 subunits. It is produced by antigen-presenting cells and plays a critical role in host defense against intracellular microbial infection and control of malignancy via its ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune effector cells. The potency of IL-12 renders itself to stringent regulation of the timing, locality and magnitude of its production during an immune response. Subversion of the delicate control and balance frequently leads to immunologic disorders. In this article, we provide an update, since our last review of the subject four years ago, on recent advances in: (1) uncovering of novel activities of IL-12 and related molecules in various immunological settings and models; and (2) dissection of the physiological pathways involved in the modulation of IL-12 production by pathogens and immune regulators. The increased understanding of IL-12 immunobiology and expression will likely benefit the development of therapeutic modalities to correct immune dysfunctions.
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Nunes MP, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Monteiro BC, de Souza DM, Gomes NA, DosReis GA. CD40 signaling induces reciprocal outcomes in Leishmania-infected macrophages; roles of host genotype and cytokine milieu. Microbes Infect 2004; 7:78-85. [PMID: 15716074 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Revised: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of CD40-CD40 ligand-mediated signaling on induction of microbicidal activity against Leishmania major in macrophages from resistant (B6) and susceptible (BALB) mouse strains. CD40 engagement induced leishmanicidal activity in resistant macrophages, but increased parasite replication in susceptible macrophages. CD40 engagement induced comparable TNF-alpha production in macrophages from both strains. However, increased IL-10 production was restricted to susceptible macrophages. Increased parasite replication in susceptible macrophages was prevented by a neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody. In the presence of IFN-gamma, CD40 engagement induced Leishmania killing by macrophages from both strains. Therefore, the outcome of CD40 signaling on effector responses against L. major depends on host genotype and the cytokine milieu, and a source of IFN-gamma is required for a protective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise P Nunes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
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Padigel UM, Kim N, Choi Y, Farrell JP. TRANCE-RANK costimulation is required for IL-12 production and the initiation of a Th1-type response to Leishmania major infection in CD40L-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5437-41. [PMID: 14607948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE)-receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) interaction reverses healing in CD40L(-/-) mice infected with Leishmania major. Although previous studies demonstrated a requirement for CD40-CD40L interaction in production of IL-12 and the development of resistance to Leishmania infection, we recently showed that CD40L(-/-) mice control infection when inoculated with low numbers of parasites and that cells from these mice produce IL-12. Here, we show that in vivo treatment with a TRANCE receptor fusion protein results in a decrease in numbers of IL-12 producing cells as well as a shift from a dominant Th1 to Th2 type response in infected mice. These results demonstrate that CD40L(-/-) mice use the TRANCE-RANK costimulatory pathway to promote IL-12 production and the activation of a protective Th1 type response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteoprotegerin
- RANK Ligand
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaikumar M Padigel
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Wilson EH, Hunter CA. Understanding the role of the CD40--CD40L interaction in resistance to parasitic infections. Parasite Immunol 2003; 25:179-83. [PMID: 12940960 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Wilson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6008, USA
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