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Matsumura T, Amatsu S, Misaki R, Yutani M, Du A, Kohda T, Fujiyama K, Ikuta K, Fujinaga Y. Fully Human Monoclonal Antibodies Effectively Neutralizing Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050302. [PMID: 32392791 PMCID: PMC7291131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most potent natural toxin known. Of the seven BoNT serotypes (A to G), types A, B, E, and F cause human botulism. Treatment of human botulism requires the development of effective toxin-neutralizing antibodies without side effects such as serum sickness and anaphylaxis. In this study, we generated fully human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) against serotype B BoNT (BoNT/B1) using a murine–human chimera fusion partner cell line named SPYMEG. Of these HuMAbs, M2, which specifically binds to the light chain of BoNT/B1, showed neutralization activity in a mouse bioassay (approximately 10 i.p. LD50/100 µg of antibody), and M4, which binds to the C-terminal of heavy chain, showed partial protection. The combination of two HuMAbs, M2 (1.25 µg) and M4 (1.25 µg), was able to completely neutralize BoNT/B1 (80 i.p. LD50) with a potency greater than 80 i.p. LD50/2.5 µg of antibodies, and was effective both prophylactically and therapeutically in the mouse model of botulism. Moreover, this combination showed broad neutralization activity against three type B subtypes, namely BoNT/B1, BoNT/B2, and BoNT/B6. These data demonstrate that the combination of M2 and M4 is promising in terms of a foundation for new human therapeutics for BoNT/B intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; (T.M.); (S.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sho Amatsu
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; (T.M.); (S.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ryo Misaki
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (R.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Masahiro Yutani
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; (T.M.); (S.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Anariwa Du
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.D.); (K.I.)
| | - Tomoko Kohda
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Rinkuouraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan;
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (R.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Kazuyoshi Ikuta
- Department of Virology, Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.D.); (K.I.)
- The Japan Science and Technology Agency/Japan International Cooperation Agency, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; (T.M.); (S.A.); (M.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-265-2200
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Zhao M, Vandersluis M, Stout J, Haupts U, Sanders M, Jacquemart R. Affinity chromatography for vaccines manufacturing: Finally ready for prime time? Vaccine 2019; 37:5491-5503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Arimitsu H, Sasaki K, Kojima H, Yanaka T, Tsuji T. Simple method for Shiga toxin 2e purification by affinity chromatography via binding to the divinyl sulfone group. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83577. [PMID: 24340102 PMCID: PMC3858352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a simple affinity purification method for Shiga toxin 2e (Stx2e), a major causative factor of edema disease in swine. Escherichia coli strain MV1184 transformed with the expression plasmid pBSK-Stx2e produced Stx2e when cultivated in CAYE broth containing lincomycin. Stx2e bound to commercial D-galactose gel, containing α-D-galactose immobilized on agarose resin via a divinyl sulfone linker, and was eluted with phosphate-buffered saline containing 4.5 M MgCl2. A small amount of Stx2e bound to another commercial α-galactose-immobilized agarose resin, but not to β-galactose-immobilized resin. In addition, Stx2e bound to thiophilic adsorbent resin containing β-mercaptoethanol immobilized on agarose resin via a divinyl sulfone, and was purified in the same manner as from D-galactose gel, but the Stx2e sample contained some contamination. These results indicate that Stx2e bound to D-galactose gel mainly through the divinyl sulfone group on the resin and to a lesser extent through α-D-galactose. With these methods, the yields of Stx2e and attenuated mutant Stx2e (mStx2e) from 1 L of culture were approximately 36 mg and 27.7 mg, respectively, and the binding capacity of the D-galactose gel and thiophilic adsorbent resin for Stx2e was at least 20 mg per 1 ml of resin. In addition, using chimeric toxins with prototype Stx2 which did not bind to thiophilic adsorbent resin and some types of mutant Stx2e and Stx2 which contained inserted mutations in the B subunits, we found that, at the least, asparagine (amino acid 17 of the B subunits) was associated with Stx2e binding to the divinyl sulfone group. The mStx2e that was isolated exhibited vaccine effects in ICR mice, indicating that these methods are beneficial for large-scale preparation of Stx2e toxoid, which protects swine from edema disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Arimitsu
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroe Kojima
- Advanced Technology Development Center, Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yanaka
- Advanced Technology Development Center, Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Amatsu S, Sugawara Y, Matsumura T, Kitadokoro K, Fujinaga Y. Crystal structure of Clostridium botulinum whole hemagglutinin reveals a huge triskelion-shaped molecular complex. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35617-25. [PMID: 24165130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum HA is a component of the large botulinum neurotoxin complex and is critical for its oral toxicity. HA plays multiple roles in toxin penetration in the gastrointestinal tract, including protection from the digestive environment, binding to the intestinal mucosal surface, and disruption of the epithelial barrier. At least two properties of HA contribute to these roles: the sugar-binding activity and the barrier-disrupting activity that depends on E-cadherin binding of HA. HA consists of three different proteins, HA1, HA2, and HA3, whose structures have been partially solved and are made up mainly of β-strands. Here, we demonstrate structural and functional reconstitution of whole HA and present the complete structure of HA of serotype B determined by x-ray crystallography at 3.5 Å resolution. This structure reveals whole HA to be a huge triskelion-shaped molecule. Our results suggest that whole HA is functionally and structurally separable into two parts: HA1, involved in recognition of cell-surface carbohydrates, and HA2-HA3, involved in paracellular barrier disruption by E-cadherin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Amatsu
- From the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasakigosyokaido-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 and
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Application of purified botulinum type a neurotoxin to treat experimental trigeminal neuropathy in rats and patients with urinary incontinence and prostatic hyperplasia. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:648384. [PMID: 22745637 PMCID: PMC3382382 DOI: 10.1155/2012/648384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type A neurotoxin (NTX) of Clostridium botulinum was purified by a simple procedure using a lactose gel column. The toxicity of this purified toxin preparation was retained for at least 1 year at -30°C by supplementation with either 0.1% albumin or 0.05% albumin plus 1% trehalose. When purified NTX was used to treat 49 patients with urinary incontinence caused by either refractory idiopathic or neurogenic detrusor overactivity, 36 patients showed significant improvement in symptoms. These beneficial effects were also observed in cases of prostatic hyperplasia. The results obtained with NTX were similar to that of Botox. The effects of NTX on trigeminal neuralgia induced by infraorbital nerve constriction (IoNC) in rats were also studied. Trigeminal ganglion neurons from ipsilateral to IoNC exhibited significantly faster onset of FM4-64 release than sham-operated contralateral neurons. Intradermal injection of NTX in the area of IoNC alleviated IoNC-induced pain behavior and reduced the exaggerated FM4-64 release in trigeminal ganglion neurons.
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Zhao Y, Kang L, Gao S, Gao X, Xin W, Wang J. PEG precipitation coupled with chromatography is a new and sufficient method for the purification of botulinum neurotoxin type B [corrected]. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39670. [PMID: 22761863 PMCID: PMC3386254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins are used to treat a variety of neuro-muscular disorders, as well as in cosmetology. The increased demand requires efficient methods for the production and purification of these toxins. In this study, a new purification process was developed for purifying type B neurotoxin. The kinetics of C.botulinum strain growth and neurotoxin production were determined for maximum yield of toxin. The neurotoxin was purified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and chromatography. Based on design of full factorial experiment, 20% (w/v) PEG-6000, 4 °C, pH 5.0 and 0.3 M NaCl were optimal conditions to obtain a high recovery rate of 87% for the type B neurotoxin complex, as indicated by a purification factor of 61.5 fold. Furthermore, residual bacterial cells, impurity proteins and some nucleic acids were removed by PEG precipitation. The following purification of neurotoxin was accomplished by two chromatography techniques using Sephacryl™ S-100 and phenyl HP columns. The neurotoxin was recovered with an overall yield of 21.5% and the purification factor increased to 216.7 fold. In addition, a mouse bioassay determined the purified neurotoxin complex possessed a specific toxicity (LD(50)) of 4.095 ng/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Matsuo T, Miyata K, Inui K, Ito H, Horiuchi R, Suzuki T, Yoneyama T, Oguma K, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T. Characterization of sugar recognition by the toxin complex produced by theClostridium botulinumserotype C variant strain Yoichi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:35-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Efficacy of a potential trivalent vaccine based on Hc fragments of botulinum toxins A, B, and E produced in a cell-free expression system. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:784-92. [PMID: 20357058 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00496-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum toxins produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum are the most potent biological toxins in nature. Traditionally, people at risk are immunized with a formaldehyde-inactivated toxin complex. Second generation vaccines are based on the recombinant carboxy-terminal heavy-chain (Hc) fragment of the neurotoxin. However, the materialization of this approach is challenging, mainly due to the high AT content of clostridial genes. Herein, we present an alternative strategy in which the native genes encoding Hc proteins of botulinum toxins A, B, and E were used to express the recombinant Hc fragments in a cell-free expression system. We used the unique property of this open system to introduce different combinations of chaperone systems, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and reducing/oxidizing environments directly to the expression reaction. Optimized expression conditions led to increased production of soluble Hc protein, which was successfully scaled up using a continuous exchange (CE) cell-free system. Hc proteins were produced at a concentration of more than 1 mg/ml and purified by one-step Ni(+) affinity chromatography. Mice immunized with three injections containing 5 microg of any of the in vitro-expressed, alum-absorbed, Hc vaccines generated a serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titer of 10(5) against the native toxin complex, which enabled protection against a high-dose toxin challenge (10(3) to 10(6) mouse 50% lethal dose [MsLD(50)]). Finally, immunization with a trivalent HcA, HcB, and HcE vaccine protected mice against the corresponding trivalent 10(5) MsLD(50) toxin challenge. Our results together with the latest developments in scalability of the in vitro protein expression systems offer alternative routes for the preparation of botulinum vaccine.
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Fujinaga Y, Matsumura T, Jin Y, Takegahara Y, Sugawara Y. A novel function of botulinum toxin-associated proteins: HA proteins disrupt intestinal epithelial barrier to increase toxin absorption. Toxicon 2009; 54:583-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jin Y, Takegahara Y, Sugawara Y, Matsumura T, Fujinaga Y. Disruption of the epithelial barrier by botulinum haemagglutinin (HA) proteins – differences in cell tropism and the mechanism of action between HA proteins of types A or B, and HA proteins of type C. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:35-45. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.021246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally ingested botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causes food-borne botulism, but BoNT must pass through the gut lining and enter the bloodstream. We have previously found that type B haemagglutinin (HA) proteins in the toxin complex play an important role in the intestinal absorption of BoNT by disrupting the paracellular barrier of the intestinal epithelium, and therefore facilitating the transepithelial delivery of BoNT. Here, we show that type A HA proteins in the toxin complex have a similar disruptive activity and a greater potency than type B HA proteins in the human intestinal epithelial cell lines Caco-2 and T84 and in the canine kidney epithelial cell line MDCK I. In contrast, type C HA proteins in the toxin complex (up to 300 nM) have no detectable effect on the paracellular barrier in these human cell lines, but do show a barrier-disrupting activity and potent cytotoxicity in MDCK I. These findings may indicate that type A and B HA proteins contribute to the development of food-borne botulism, at least in humans, by facilitating the intestinal transepithelial delivery of BoNTs, and that the relative inability of type C HA proteins to disrupt the paracellular barrier of the human intestinal epithelium is one of the reasons for the relative absence of food-borne human botulism caused by type C BoNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingji Jin
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Takegahara
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Yo Sugawara
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
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Arimitsu H, Sakaguchi Y, Lee JC, Ochi S, Tsukamoto K, Yamamoto Y, Ma S, Tsuji T, Oguma K. Molecular properties of each subcomponent in Clostridium botulinum type B haemagglutinin complex. Microb Pathog 2008; 45:142-9. [PMID: 18550324 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of each subcomponent of Clostridium botulinum serotype B haemagglutinin (HA), which is one component of 16S toxin, and consists of four subcomponents (HA1, 2, 3a, and 3b), was investigated. In order to identify the subcomponent contributing to the stability of a neurotoxin in the gastro-intestinal tract, each recombinant HA (rHA) subcomponent was incubated with gastro-intestinal proteases. Although rHA1 and rHA3 were stable to these proteases except for specific cleavage, rHA2 was not. Anti-free whole HA serum reacted with neither rHA2 nor HA2 in 16S toxin on both Western blot and ELISA, while anti-rHA2 serum reacted with both rHA2 and HA2 in 16S toxin on Western blots, although it did not react with 16S toxin in ELISA. Binding or haemagglutination activity against erythrocytes was found in rHA1 and rHA3, but not in rHA2. In addition, only HA1 bound to the intestinal section. These results indicate that the HA (and 16S toxin) complex is assembled in the way that HA1 and HA3 (HA3a plus HA3b) encase HA2, followed by modification with trypsin-like bacterial protease, leading to the conclusion that HA1 and HA3 act as protective factors for the neurotoxin and as attachment factors to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Arimitsu
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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Lee JC, Yokoyama T, Hwang HJ, Arimitsu H, Yamamoto Y, Kawasaki M, Takigawa T, Takeshi K, Nishikawa A, Kumon H, Oguma K. Clinical application ofClostridium botulinumtype A neurotoxin purified by a simple procedure for patients with urinary incontinence caused by refractory destrusor overactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 51:201-11. [PMID: 17692094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Type A neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum was purified by a simple procedure using a lactose gel column. This procedure was previously reported for type B neurotoxin. Hemagglutinin-positive toxins (19S and 16S) were bound to the column under acid conditions, and the neurotoxin alone was dissociated from these hemagglutinin-positive toxins by changing the pH of the column to an alkaline condition. The toxicity of this purified toxin preparation was retained for at least 1 year at -30 degrees C by supplementing it with either 0.1% albumin or 0.05% albumin plus 1% trehalose. This preparation was used to treat 18 patients with urinary incontinence caused by refractory idiopathic and neurogenic detrusor overactivity; 16 of the patients showed excellent improvement. Improvements started within 1 week after injection in most cases and lasted 3-12 months [corrected]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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Matsumura T, Jin Y, Kabumoto Y, Takegahara Y, Oguma K, Lencer WI, Fujinaga Y. The HA proteins of botulinum toxin disrupt intestinal epithelial intercellular junctions to increase toxin absorption. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:355-64. [PMID: 17868282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The type B botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) elicits flaccid paralysis and death in humans by intoxicating peripheral nerves after oral absorption. Here, we examine the function of the haemagglutinin (HA), a non-toxic component of the large 16S BoNT complex. We find that the HA acts in the intestine to disrupt epithelial barrier function by opening intercellular tight and adherens junctions. This allows transport of BoNT and other large solutes into the systemic circulation and explains how the type B BoNT complexes are efficiently absorbed. In vitro, HA appears to act on the epithelial cell via the basolateral membrane only, suggesting the possibility of another step in the absorptive process. These studies show that the 16S BoNT complex is a multifunctional protein assembly equipped with the machinery to efficiently breach the intestinal barrier and act systemically on peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Matsumura
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Matsumura T, Fujinaga Y, Jin Y, Kabumoto Y, Oguma K. Human milk SIgA binds to botulinum type B 16S toxin and limits toxin adherence on T84 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 352:867-72. [PMID: 17156748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type B is in the form of a complex of 12S and 16S toxins. Food-borne botulism is caused by these complex toxins which are ingested orally and absorbed from the digestive tract. Here, we show that the human milk SIgA binds to the type B16S toxin. The binding of SIgA to 16S toxin and HA was inhibited by carbohydrates such as galactose, suggesting that the interaction of carbohydrate side chain of the SIgA with the HA of the 16S toxin is important for SIgA-16S complex formation. We also demonstrate that SIgA inhibits the attachment of 16S toxin to intestinal epithelial cells. These data suggest that the interaction of antigen nonspecific SIgA with 16S toxin has a large influence on the absorption of 16S toxin from the intestinal epithelium, and that SIgA may provide insight into developing a therapeutic agent for type B food-borne botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Matsumura
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Atassi MZ. On the enhancement of anti-neurotoxin antibody production by subcomponents HA1 and HA3b of Clostridium botulinum type B 16S toxin-haemagglutinin. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 152:1891-1895. [PMID: 16804163 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Zouhair Atassi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lee JC, Yokota K, Arimitsu H, Hwang HJ, Sakaguchi Y, Cui J, Takeshi K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Oguma K. Production of anti-neurotoxin antibody is enhanced by two subcomponents, HA1 and HA3b, of Clostridium botulinum type B 16S toxin–haemagglutinin. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:3739-3747. [PMID: 16272395 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum type B strain produces two forms of progenitor toxin, 16S and 12S. The 12S toxin is formed by association of a neurotoxin (NTX) and a non-toxic non-haemagglutinin (NTNH), and the 16S toxin is formed by conjugation of the 12S toxin with a haemagglutinin (HA). HA consists of four subcomponents designated HA1, HA2, HA3a and HA3b. When mice were immunized with formalin-detoxified NTX, 12S or 16S, a significantly greater amount of anti-NTX antibody (Ab) was produced in the mice injected with 16S than in NTX- or 12S-injected mice. Immunization with NTX mixed with HA1 and/or HA3b also increased the anti-NTX Ab production, whereas NTX mixed with HA2 did not, indicating that HA1 and HA3b have adjuvant activity. This was further confirmed by immunizing mice with human albumin (Alb) alone or Alb mixed with either HA1 or HA3b. When mouse-spleen cells were stimulated with NTX, 16S or different HA subcomponents, 16S, HA1, HA3b and the mixture of HA1 and HA3 significantly increased interleukin 6 (IL6) production compared with NTX alone. Transcription of IL6 mRNA was low after stimulation with NTX alone, but increased to 16S-stimulation levels when NTX was mixed with HA1 or HA3b. In flow cytometry using labelled Abs against CD3 and CD19, the percentage of CD19 cells was higher following stimulation with 16S or NTX mixed with HA1 or HA3b compared with stimulation with NTX. The percentage of CD3 cells remained unchanged. These results suggest strongly that HA1 and HA3b demonstrate adjuvant activity via increasing IL6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kenji Yokota
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arimitsu
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University, 1-98 kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hyun-Jung Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jinhua Cui
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kouichi Takeshi
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohyama
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Keiji Oguma
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Fujinaga Y, Inoue K, Watarai S, Sakaguchi Y, Arimitsu H, Lee JC, Jin Y, Matsumura T, Kabumoto Y, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Nishikawa A, Oguma K. Molecular characterization of binding subcomponents of Clostridium botulinum type C progenitor toxin for intestinal epithelial cells and erythrocytes. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:1529-1538. [PMID: 15133114 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum type C 16S progenitor toxin consists of a neurotoxin (NTX), a non-toxic non-HA (NTNH), and a haemagglutinin (HA). The HA acts as an adhesin, allowing the 16S toxin to bind to intestinal epithelial cells and erythrocytes. In type C, these bindings are dependent on sialic acid. The HA consists of four distinct subcomponents designated HA1, HA2, HA3a and HA3b. To identify the binding subcomponent(s) of HA of type C 16S toxin, all of the HA-subcomponents and some of their precursor forms were produced as recombinant proteins fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST). These proteins were evaluated for their capacity to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells of guinea pig and human erythrocytes. GST-HA1, GST-HA3b and GST-HA3 (a precursor form of HA3a and HA3b) bound intestinal epithelial cells and erythrocytes, whereas GST alone, GST-HA2 and GST-HA3a did not. GST-HA3b and GST-HA3 showed neuraminidase-sensitive binding to the intestinal epithelial cells and erythrocytes, whereas GST-HA1 showed neuraminidase-insensitive binding. TLC binding assay revealed that GST-HA3b and GST-HA3 recognized sialosylparagloboside (SPG) and GM3 in the ganglioside fraction of the erythrocytes, like native type C 16S toxin [Inoue, K. et al. (1999). Microbiology 145, 2533-2542]. On the other hand, GST-HA1 recognized paragloboside (PG; an asialo- derivative of SPG) in addition to SPG and GM3. Deletion mutant analyses of GST-HA3b showed that the C-terminal region of HA3b is important for its binding activity. Based on these data, it is concluded that the HA component contains two distinct carbohydrate-binding subcomponents, HA1 and HA3b, which recognize carbohydrates in different specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Fujinaga
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinobu Watarai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arimitsu
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yingji Jin
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuko Kabumoto
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2422, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohyama
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2422, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- CREST, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Keiji Oguma
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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