1
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Zhuang L, Ye Z, Li L, Yang L, Gong W. Next-Generation TB Vaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1304. [PMID: 37631874 PMCID: PMC10457792 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, BCG demonstrates limited efficacy, particularly in adults. Efforts to develop effective TB vaccines have been ongoing for nearly a century. In this review, we have examined the current obstacles in TB vaccine research and emphasized the significance of understanding the interaction mechanism between MTB and hosts in order to provide new avenues for research and establish a solid foundation for the development of novel vaccines. We have also assessed various TB vaccine candidates, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and the emerging mRNA vaccines as well as virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, which are currently in preclinical stages or clinical trials. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with developing different types of TB vaccines and outlined future directions for TB vaccine research, aiming to expedite the development of effective vaccines. This comprehensive review offers a summary of the progress made in the field of novel TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Linsheng Li
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
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2
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Lee YH, Hyun YS, Jo HA, Baek IC, Kim SM, Sohn HJ, Kim TG. Comprehensive analysis of mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses restricted by single HLA class II allotype in an individual. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897781. [PMID: 35967347 PMCID: PMC9366214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is generally asymptomatic as latent tuberculosis, but it is still known as the world’s leading bacterial cause of death. The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection relies on the evidence of cellular immunity to mycobacterial antigens. Since the association between HLA class II and tuberculosis infection has been reported in several population groups, a detailed study on the CD4+ T cell response to major tuberculosis antigens is needed. To elucidate which HLA class II allotypes in an individual are preferentially used in tuberculosis, CD4+ T cells specific to TB10.4, Ag85b, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens were analyzed comprehensively. A total of 33 healthy donors were analyzed by ex vivo and cultured ELISPOT using panels of artificial antigen-presenting cells expressing a single HLA class II allotype. The CD4+ T cell responses were increased by an average of 39-fold in cultured ELISPOT compared with ex vivo ELISPOT. In ex vivo and cultured ELISPOT, CD4+ T cell responses showed significantly higher by HLA-DR than those of HLA-DQ and HLA-DP locus. In cultured ELISPOT, 9 HLA-DR allotypes, 4 HLA-DQ allotypes, and 3 HLA-DP allotypes showed positive CD4+ T cell responses. Among ten donors with positive CD4+ T cell responses when tested for mixed Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, seven donors were positive for only a single allotype, and three were positive for two allotypes in an individual. However, only one allotype was used for a single antigen-specific response when a single tuberculosis antigen was used individually. These results on the distribution of HLA class II allotypes showing high CD4+ T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens and the intra-individual allotype dominance will provide valuable information for understanding the immunobiology and immunogenetics of tuberculosis, which can contribute to the development of more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Seok Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-A Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Cheol Baek
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Kim
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Tai-Gyu Kim,
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3
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Srinivasan S, Conlan AJK, Easterling LA, Herrera C, Dandapat P, Veerasami M, Ameni G, Jindal N, Raj GD, Wood J, Juleff N, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Against Bovine Tuberculosis: Is Perfect the Enemy of Good? Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637580. [PMID: 33681334 PMCID: PMC7930010 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50 million cattle are likely exposed to bovine tuberculosis (bTB) worldwide, highlighting an urgent need for bTB control strategies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and other regions where the disease remains endemic and test-and-slaughter approaches are unfeasible. While Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was first developed as a vaccine for use in cattle even before its widespread use in humans, its efficacy against bTB remains poorly understood. To address this important knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the direct efficacy of BCG against bTB challenge in cattle, and performed scenario analyses with transmission dynamic models incorporating direct and indirect vaccinal effects (“herd-immunity”) to assess potential impact on herd level disease control. The analysis shows a relative risk of infection of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.82) in 1,902 vaccinates as compared with 1,667 controls, corresponding to a direct vaccine efficacy of 25% (95% CI: 18, 32). Importantly, scenario analyses considering both direct and indirect effects suggest that disease prevalence could be driven down close to Officially TB-Free (OTF) status (<0.1%), if BCG were introduced in the next 10-year time period in low to moderate (<15%) prevalence settings, and that 50–95% of cumulative cases may be averted over the next 50 years even in high (20–40%) disease burden settings with immediate implementation of BCG vaccination. Taken together, the analyses suggest that BCG vaccination may help accelerate control of bTB in endemic settings, particularly with early implementation in the face of dairy intensification in regions that currently lack effective bTB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J K Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laurel A Easterling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christian Herrera
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Premanshu Dandapat
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biological, Tamil Nadu University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - James Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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4
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Biffar L, Blunt L, Atkins W, Anderson P, Holder T, Xing Z, Vordermeier M, McShane H, Villarreal-Ramos B. Evaluating the sensitivity of the bovine BCG challenge model using a prime boost Ad85A vaccine regimen. Vaccine 2019; 38:1241-1248. [PMID: 31759733 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of biomarkers of protective immunity, newly developed vaccines against bovine tuberculosis need to be evaluated in virulent Mycobacterium bovis challenge experiments, which require the use of expensive and highly in demand Biological Safety Level 3 (BSL3) animal facilities. The recently developed bovine BCG challenge model offers a cheaper and faster way to test new vaccine candidates and additionally reduces the severity of the challenge compared to virulent M. bovis challenge in line with the remits of the NC3Rs. In this work we sought to establish the sensitivity of the BCG challenge model by testing a prime boost vaccine regimen that previously increased protection over BCG alone against M. bovis challenge. All animals, except the control group, were vaccinated subcutaneously with BCG Danish, and half of those were then boosted with a recombinant adenoviral vector expressing Antigen 85A, Ad85A. All animals were challenged with BCG Tokyo into the prescapular lymph node and the bacterial load within the lymph nodes was established. All vaccinated animals, independent of the vaccination regimen, cleared BCG significantly faster from the lymph node than control animals, suggesting a protective effect. There was however, no difference between the BCG and the BCG-Ad85A regimens. Additionally, we analysed humoral and cellular immune responses taken prior to challenge for possible predictors of protection. Cultured ELISpot identified significantly higher IFN-ɣ responses in protected vaccinated animals, relative to controls, but not in unprotected vaccinated animals. Furthermore, a trend for protected animals to produce more IFN-ɣ by quantitative PCR and intracellular staining was observed. Thus, this model can also be an attractive alternative to M. bovis challenge models for the discovery of protective biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biffar
- Jenner Institute Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Build, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Laura Blunt
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - William Atkins
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Paul Anderson
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tom Holder
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- Jenner Institute Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Build, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Immunology and Vaccinology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK.
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5
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Wilkie M, Satti I, Minhinnick A, Harris S, Riste M, Ramon RL, Sheehan S, Thomas ZRM, Wright D, Stockdale L, Hamidi A, O'Shea MK, Dwivedi K, Behrens HM, Davenne T, Morton J, Vermaak S, Lawrie A, Moss P, McShane H. A phase I trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of a candidate tuberculosis vaccination regimen, ChAdOx1 85A prime - MVA85A boost in healthy UK adults. Vaccine 2019; 38:779-789. [PMID: 31735500 PMCID: PMC6985898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background This phase I trial evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a candidate tuberculosis vaccination regimen, ChAdOx1 85A prime-MVA85A boost, previously demonstrated to be protective in animal studies, in healthy UK adults. Methods We enrolled 42 healthy, BCG-vaccinated adults into 4 groups: low dose Starter Group (n = 6; ChAdOx1 85A alone), high dose groups; Group A (n = 12; ChAdOx1 85A), Group B (n = 12; ChAdOx1 85A prime – MVA85A boost) or Group C (n = 12; ChAdOx1 85A – ChAdOx1 85A prime – MVA85A boost). Safety was determined by collection of solicited and unsolicited vaccine-related adverse events (AEs). Immunogenicity was measured by antigen-specific ex-vivo IFN-γ ELISpot, IgG serum ELISA, and antigen-specific intracellular IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-17. Results AEs were mostly mild/moderate, with no Serious Adverse Events. ChAdOx1 85A induced Ag85A-specific ELISpot and intracellular cytokine CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, which were not boosted by a second dose, but were boosted with MVA85A. Polyfunctional CD4+ T cells (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2) and IFN-γ+, TNF-α+ CD8+ T cells were induced by ChAdOx1 85A and boosted by MVA85A. ChAdOx1 85A induced serum Ag85A IgG responses which were boosted by MVA85A. Conclusion A ChAdOx1 85A prime – MVA85A boost is well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy UK adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morven Wilkie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Michael Riste
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Sharon Sheehan
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ali Hamidi
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Kritica Dwivedi
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Tamara Davenne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joshua Morton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Alison Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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6
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Yao Y, Lai R, Afkhami S, Haddadi S, Zganiacz A, Vahedi F, Ashkar AA, Kaushic C, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z. Enhancement of Antituberculosis Immunity in a Humanized Model System by a Novel Virus-Vectored Respiratory Mucosal Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:135-145. [PMID: 28531291 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The translation of preclinically promising novel tuberculosis vaccines to ultimate human applications has been challenged by the lack of animal models with an immune system equivalent to the human immune system in its genetic diversity and level of susceptibility to tuberculosis. Methods We have developed a humanized mice (Hu-mice) tuberculosis model system to investigate the clinical relevance of a novel virus-vectored (VV) tuberculosis vaccine administered via respiratory mucosal or parenteral route. Results We find that VV vaccine activates T cells in Hu-mice as it does in human vaccinees. The respiratory mucosal route for delivery of VV vaccine in Hu-mice, but not the parenteral route, significantly reduces the humanlike lung tuberculosis outcomes in a human T-cell-dependent manner. Conclusions Our results suggest that the Hu-mouse can be used to predict the protective efficacy of novel tuberculosis vaccines/strategies before they proceed to large, expensive human trials. This new vaccine testing system will facilitate the global pace of clinical tuberculosis vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Yao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rocky Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siamak Haddadi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Zganiacz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Abstract
In this article we present experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development, biomarker discovery, and the definition of specific antigens for the differential diagnosis of infected and vaccinated animals. In particular, we highlight synergies between human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) research approaches and data and propose that the application of bovine TB models could make a valuable contribution to human TB vaccine research and that close alignment of both research programs in a one health philosophy will lead to mutual and substantial benefits.
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Vordermeier HM, Jones GJ, Buddle BM, Hewinson RG, Villarreal-Ramos B. Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle: Vaccines, DIVA Tests, and Host Biomarker Discovery. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 4:87-109. [PMID: 26884103 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis remains a major economic and animal welfare concern worldwide. Cattle vaccination is being considered as part of control strategies. This approach, used alongside conventional control policies, also requires the development of vaccine-compatible diagnostic assays to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA). We discuss progress made on optimizing the only potentially available vaccine, bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), and on strategies to improve BCG efficacy. We also describe recent advances in DIVA development based on the detection of host cellular immune responses by blood-testing or skin-testing approaches. Finally, to accelerate vaccine development, definition of host biomarkers that provide meaningful stage-gating criteria to select vaccine candidates for further testing is highly desirable. Some progress has also been made in this area of research, and we summarize studies that defined either markers predicting vaccine success or markers that correlate with disease stage or severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom;
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom;
| | - Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - R Glyn Hewinson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom;
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9
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Vordermeier HM, Jones GJ, Buddle BM, Hewinson RG. Development of immune-diagnostic reagents to diagnose bovine tuberculosis in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 181:10-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Cabrera-Mora M, Fonseca JA, Singh B, Zhao C, Makarova N, Dmitriev I, Curiel DT, Blackwell J, Moreno A. A Recombinant Chimeric Ad5/3 Vector Expressing a Multistage Plasmodium Antigen Induces Protective Immunity in Mice Using Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization Regimens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2748-61. [PMID: 27574299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An ideal malaria vaccine should target several stages of the parasite life cycle and induce antiparasite and antidisease immunity. We have reported a Plasmodium yoelii chimeric multistage recombinant protein (P. yoelii linear peptide chimera/recombinant modular chimera), engineered to express several autologous T cell epitopes and sequences derived from the circumsporozoite protein and the merozoite surface protein 1. This chimeric protein elicits protective immunity, mediated by CD4(+) T cells and neutralizing Abs. However, experimental evidence, from pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidates and irradiated sporozoites, has shown that CD8(+) T cells play a significant role in protection. Recombinant viral vectors have been used as a vaccine platform to elicit effective CD8(+) T cell responses. The human adenovirus (Ad) serotype 5 has been tested in malaria vaccine clinical trials with excellent safety profile. Nevertheless, a major concern for the use of Ad5 is the high prevalence of anti-vector neutralizing Abs in humans, hampering its immunogenicity. To minimize the impact of anti-vector pre-existing immunity, we developed a chimeric Ad5/3 vector in which the knob region of Ad5 was replaced with that of Ad3, conferring partial resistance to anti-Ad5 neutralizing Abs. Furthermore, we implemented heterologous Ad/protein immunization regimens that include a single immunization with recombinant Ad vectors. Our data show that immunization with the recombinant Ad5/3 vector induces protective efficacy indistinguishable from that elicited by Ad5. Our study also demonstrates that the dose of the Ad vectors has an impact on the memory profile and protective efficacy. The results support further studies with Ad5/3 for malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Jairo Andres Fonseca
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303; and
| | - Balwan Singh
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Natalia Makarova
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Igor Dmitriev
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - David T Curiel
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Jerry Blackwell
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303; and
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303; and
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11
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Gcebe N, Michel A, Gey van Pittius NC, Rutten V. Comparative Genomics and Proteomic Analysis of Four Non-tuberculous Mycobacterium Species and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex: Occurrence of Shared Immunogenic Proteins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:795. [PMID: 27375559 PMCID: PMC4894912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Esx and PE/PPE families of proteins are among the most immunodominant mycobacterial antigens and have thus been the focus of research to develop vaccines and immunological tests for diagnosis of bovine and human tuberculosis, mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively. In non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), multiple copies of genes encoding homologous proteins have mainly been identified in pathogenic Mycobacterium species phylogenically related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Only ancestral copies of these genes have been identified in nonpathogenic NTM species like Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium sp. KMS, Mycobacterium sp. MCS, and Mycobacterium sp. JLS. In this study we elucidated the genomes of four nonpathogenic NTM species, viz Mycobacterium komanii sp. nov., Mycobacterium malmesburii sp. nov., Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, and Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 6841. These genomes were investigated for genes encoding for the Esx and PE/PPE (situated in the esx cluster) family of proteins as well as adjacent genes situated in the ESX-1 to ESX-5 regions. To identify proteins actually expressed, comparative proteomic analyses of purified protein derivatives from three of the NTM as well as Mycobacterium kansasii ATCC 12478 and the commercially available purified protein derivatives from Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium was performed. The genomic analysis revealed the occurrence in each of the four NTM, orthologs of the genes encoding for the Esx family, the PE and PPE family proteins in M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. The identification of genes of the ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-4 region including esxA, esxB, ppe68, pe5, and pe35 adds to earlier reports of these genes in nonpathogenic NTM like M. smegmatis, Mycobacterium sp. JLS and Mycobacterium KMS. This report is also the first to identify esxN gene situated within the ESX-5 locus in M. nonchromogenicum. Our proteomics analysis identified a total of 609 proteins in the six PPDs and 22 of these were identified as shared between PPD of M.bovis and one or more of the NTM PPDs. Previously characterized M tuberculosis/M. bovis homologous immunogenic proteins detected in one or more of the nonpathogenic NTM in this study included CFP-10 (detected in M. malmesburii sp. nov. PPD), GroES (detected in all NTM PPDs but M. malmesburii sp. nov.), DnaK (detected in all NTM PPDs), and GroEL (detected in all NTM PPDs). This study confirms reports that the ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-4 regions are ancestral regions and thus found in the genomes of most mycobacteria. Identification of NTM homologs of immunogenic proteins warrants further investigation of their ability to cause cross-reactive immune responses with MTBC antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomakorinte Gcebe
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary InstituteOnderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaOnderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Anita Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas C Gey van Pittius
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Victor Rutten
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaOnderstepoort, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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12
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Blunt L, Hogarth PJ, Kaveh DA, Webb P, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM. Phenotypic characterization of bovine memory cells responding to mycobacteria in IFNγ enzyme linked immunospot assays. Vaccine 2015; 33:7276-7282. [PMID: 26549366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains a globally significant veterinary health problem. Defining correlates of protection can accelerate the development of novel vaccines against TB. As the cultured IFNγ ELISPOT (cELISPOT) assay has been shown to predict protection and duration of immunity in vaccinated cattle, we sought to characterize the phenotype of the responding T-cells. Using expression of CD45RO and CD62L we purified by cytometric cell sorting four distinct CD4(+) populations: CD45RO(+)CD62L(hi), CD45RO(+)CD62L(lo), CD45RO(-)CD62L(hi) and CD45RO(-)CD62L(lo) (although due to low and inconsistent cell recovery, this population was not considered further in this study), in BCG vaccinated and Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle. These populations were then tested in the cELISPOT assay. The main populations contributing to production of IFNγ in the cELISPOT were of the CD45RO(+)CD62L(hi) and CD45RO(+)CD62L(lo) phenotypes. These cell populations have been described in other species as central and effector memory cells, respectively. Following in vitro culture and flow cytometry we observed plasticity within the bovine CD4(+) T-cell phenotype. Populations switched phenotype, increasing or decreasing expression of CD45RO and CD62L within 24h of in vitro stimulation. After 14 days all IFNγ producing CD4(+) T cells expressed CD45RO regardless of the original phenotype of the sorted population. No differences were detected in behavior of cells derived from BCG-vaccinated animals compared to cells derived from naturally infected animals. In conclusion, although multiple populations of CD4(+) T memory cells from both BCG vaccinated and M. bovis infected animals contributed to cELISPOT responses, the dominant contributing population consists of central-memory-like T cells (CD45RO(+)CD62L(hi)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blunt
- Bovine TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Philip J Hogarth
- Bovine TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK; Flow Cytometry Facility, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Daryan A Kaveh
- Bovine TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK; Flow Cytometry Facility, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Paul Webb
- Bovine TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK; Flow Cytometry Facility, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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13
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Damjanovic D, Khera A, Afkhami S, Lai R, Zganiacz A, Jeyanathan M, Xing Z. Age at Mycobacterium bovis BCG Priming Has Limited Impact on Anti-Tuberculosis Immunity Boosted by Respiratory Mucosal AdHu5Ag85A Immunization in a Murine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131175. [PMID: 26098423 PMCID: PMC4476612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global pandemic despite the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, partly because BCG fails to effectively control adult pulmonary TB. The introduction of novel boost vaccines such as the human Adenovirus 5-vectored AdHu5Ag85A could improve and prolong the protective immunity of BCG immunization. Age at which BCG immunization is implemented varies greatly worldwide, and research is ongoing to discover the optimal stage during childhood to administer the vaccine, as well as when to boost the immune response with potential novel vaccines. Using a murine model of subcutaneous BCG immunization followed by intranasal AdHu5Ag85A boosting, we investigated the impact of age at BCG immunization on protective efficacy of BCG prime and AdHu5Ag85A boost immunization-mediated protection. Our results showed that age at parenteral BCG priming has limited impact on the efficacy of BCG prime-AdHu5Ag85A respiratory mucosal boost immunization-enhanced protection. However, when BCG immunization was delayed until the maturity of the immune system, longer sustained memory T cells were generated and resulted in enhanced boosting effect on T cells of AdHu5Ag85A respiratory mucosal immunization. Our findings hold implications for the design of new TB immunization protocols for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Damjanovic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amandeep Khera
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rocky Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Zganiacz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Manjaly Thomas ZR, McShane H. Aerosol immunisation for TB: matching route of vaccination to route of infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:175-81. [PMID: 25636950 PMCID: PMC4321022 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TB remains a very significant global health burden. There is an urgent need for better tools for TB control, which include an effective vaccine. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the currently licensed vaccine, confers highly variable protection against pulmonary TB, the main source of TB transmission. Replacing BCG completely or boosting BCG with another vaccine are the two current strategies for TB vaccine development. Delivering a vaccine by aerosol represents a way to match the route of vaccination to the route of infection. This route of immunisation offers not only the scientific advantage of delivering the vaccine directly to the respiratory mucosa, but also practical and logistical advantages. This review summarises the state of current TB vaccine candidates in the pipeline, reviews current progress in aerosol administration of vaccines in general and evaluates the potential for TB vaccine candidates to be administered by the aerosol route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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15
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Dicks MDJ, Guzman E, Spencer AJ, Gilbert SC, Charleston B, Hill AVS, Cottingham MG. The relative magnitude of transgene-specific adaptive immune responses induced by human and chimpanzee adenovirus vectors differs between laboratory animals and a target species. Vaccine 2015; 33:1121-8. [PMID: 25629523 PMCID: PMC4331283 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
HAdV-5 (HAdV-C) vectors are more immunogenic than AdC68 or ChAdOx1 (HAdV-E) vectors in mice. In mice, CD8+ T cell responses peak later, and are more durable after HAdV-5 vaccination. In cattle, ChAdOx1 is at least as immunogenic as HAdV-5.
Adenovirus vaccine vectors generated from new viral serotypes are routinely screened in pre-clinical laboratory animal models to identify the most immunogenic and efficacious candidates for further evaluation in clinical human and veterinary settings. Here, we show that studies in a laboratory species do not necessarily predict the hierarchy of vector performance in other mammals. In mice, after intramuscular immunization, HAdV-5 (Human adenovirus C) based vectors elicited cellular and humoral adaptive responses of higher magnitudes compared to the chimpanzee adenovirus vectors ChAdOx1 and AdC68 from species Human adenovirus E. After HAdV-5 vaccination, transgene specific IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cell responses reached peak magnitude later than after ChAdOx1 and AdC68 vaccination, and exhibited a slower contraction to a memory phenotype. In cattle, cellular and humoral immune responses were at least equivalent, if not higher, in magnitude after ChAdOx1 vaccination compared to HAdV-5. Though we have not tested protective efficacy in a disease model, these findings have important implications for the selection of candidate vectors for further evaluation. We propose that vaccines based on ChAdOx1 or other Human adenovirus E serotypes could be at least as immunogenic as current licensed bovine vaccines based on HAdV-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D J Dicks
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Efrain Guzman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Alexandra J Spencer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Matthew G Cottingham
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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16
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Smaill F, Jeyanathan M, Smieja M, Medina MF, Thanthrige-Don N, Zganiacz A, Yin C, Heriazon A, Damjanovic D, Puri L, Hamid J, Xie F, Foley R, Bramson J, Gauldie J, Xing Z. A human type 5 adenovirus-based tuberculosis vaccine induces robust T cell responses in humans despite preexisting anti-adenovirus immunity. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:205ra134. [PMID: 24089406 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines to safely and effectively boost Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-triggered T cell immunity in humans. AdHu5Ag85A is a recombinant human type 5 adenovirus (AdHu5)-based TB vaccine with demonstrated efficacy in a number of animal species, yet it remains to be translated to human applications. In this phase 1 study, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of AdHu5Ag85A in both BCG-naïve and previously BCG-immunized healthy adults. Intramuscular immunization of AdHu5Ag85A was safe and well tolerated in both trial volunteer groups. Moreover, although AdHu5Ag85A was immunogenic in both trial volunteer groups, it much more potently boosted polyfunctional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell immunity in previously BCG-vaccinated volunteers. Furthermore, despite prevalent preexisting anti-AdHu5 humoral immunity in most of the trial volunteers, we found little evidence that such preexisting anti-AdHu5 immunity significantly dampened the potency of AdHu5Ag85A vaccine. This study supports further clinical investigations of the AdHu5Ag85A vaccine for human applications. It also suggests that the widely perceived negative effect of preexisting anti-AdHu5 immunity may not be universally applied to all AdHu5-based vaccines against different types of human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Smaill
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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17
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Vordermeier M, Jones GJ, Whelan AO. DIVA reagents for bovine tuberculosis vaccines in cattle. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:1083-91. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Pérez de Val B, Vidal E, Villarreal-Ramos B, Gilbert SC, Andaluz A, Moll X, Martín M, Nofrarías M, McShane H, Vordermeier HM, Domingo M. A multi-antigenic adenoviral-vectored vaccine improves BCG-induced protection of goats against pulmonary tuberculosis infection and prevents disease progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81317. [PMID: 24278420 PMCID: PMC3836889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The “One world, one health” initiative emphasizes the need for new strategies to control human and animal tuberculosis (TB) based on their shared interface. A good example would be the development of novel universal vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infection. This study uses the goat model, a natural TB host, to assess the protective effectiveness of a new vaccine candidate in combination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. Thirty-three goat kids were divided in three groups: Group 1) vaccinated with BCG (week 0), Group 2) vaccinated with BCG and boosted 8 weeks later with a recombinant adenovirus expressing the MTBC antigens Ag85A, TB10.4, TB9.8 and Acr2 (AdTBF), and Group 3) unvaccinated controls. Later on, an endobronchial challenge with a low dose of M. caprae was performed (week 15). After necropsy (week 28), the pulmonary gross pathology was quantified using high resolution Computed Tomography. Small granulomatous pulmonary lesions (< 0.5 cm diameter) were also evaluated through a comprehensive qualitative histopathological analysis. M. caprae CFU were counted from pulmonary lymph nodes. The AdTBF improved the effects of BCG reducing gross lesion volume and bacterial load, as well as increasing weight gain. The number of Ag85A-specific gamma interferon-producing memory T-cells was identified as a predictor of vaccine efficacy. Specific cellular and humoral responses were measured throughout the 13-week post-challenge period, and correlated with the severity of lesions. Unvaccinated goats exhibited the typical pathological features of active TB in humans and domestic ruminants, while vaccinated goats showed only very small lesions. The data presented in this study indicate that multi-antigenic adenoviral vectored vaccines boosts protection conferred by vaccination with BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Pérez de Val
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Enric Vidal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Andaluz
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Moll
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maite Martín
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - H. Martin Vordermeier
- TB Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Canto Alarcon GJ, Rubio Venegas Y, Bojorquez Narvaez L, Pizano Martínez OE, García Casanova L, Sosa Gallegos S, Nava Vargas A, Olvera Ramírez AM, Milian Suazo F. Efficacy of a vaccine formula against tuberculosis in cattle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76418. [PMID: 24204624 PMCID: PMC3799756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
"Test-and-slaughter" has been successful in industrialized countries to control and eradicate tuberculosis from cattle; however, this strategy is too expensive for developing nations, where the prevalence is especially high. Vaccination with the Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain has been shown to protect against the development of lesions in vaccinated animals: mouse, cattle and wildlife species. In this study, the immune response and the pathology of vaccinated (BCG-prime and BCG prime-CFP-boosted) and unvaccinated (controls) calves were evaluated under experimental settings. A 10(6) CFU dose of the BCG strain was inoculated subcutaneously on the neck to two groups of ten animas each. Thirty days after vaccination, one of the vaccinated groups was boosted with an M. bovis culture filtrate protein (CFP). Three months after vaccination, the three groups of animals were challenged with 5×10(5) CFU via intranasal by aerosol with a field strain of M. bovis. The immune response was monitored throughout the study. Protection was assessed based on immune response (IFN-g release) prechallenge, presence of visible lesions in lymph nodes and lungs at slaughter, and presence of bacilli in lymph nodes and lung samples in histological analysis. Vaccinated cattle, either with the BCG alone or with BCG and boosted with CFP showed higher IFN-g response, fewer lesions, and fewer bacilli per lesion than unvaccinated controls after challenge. Animals with low levels of IFN-g postvaccine-prechallenge showed more lesions than animals with high levels. Results from this study support the argument that vaccination could be incorporated into control programs to reduce the incidence of TB in cattle in countries with high prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yezenia Rubio Venegas
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro., México
| | | | - Oscar E. Pizano Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Ajuchitlán, Qro., México
| | - Leticia García Casanova
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Ajuchitlán, Qro., México
| | - Susana Sosa Gallegos
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Alejandro Nava Vargas
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Ajuchitlán, Qro., México
| | | | - Feliciano Milian Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro., México
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20
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Jones GJ, Steinbach S, Clifford D, Baldwin SL, Ireton GC, Coler RN, Reed SG, Vordermeier HM. Immunisation with ID83 fusion protein induces antigen-specific cell mediated and humoral immune responses in cattle. Vaccine 2013; 31:5250-5. [PMID: 24012566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have investigated the potential of mycobacterial proteins as candidate subunit vaccines for bovine tuberculosis. In addition, we have explored the use of TLR-ligands as potential adjuvants in cattle. In vitro screening assays with whole blood from Mycobacterium bovis-infected and BCG-vaccinated cattle demonstrated that fusion protein constructs were most commonly recognised, and the ID83 fusion protein was selected for further immunisation studies. Furthermore, glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) and resiquimod (R848), agonists for TLR4 and TLR7/8 respectively, stimulated cytokine production (IL-12, TNF-α, MIP-1β and IL-10) in bovine dendritic cell cultures, and these were formulated as novel oil-in-water emulsions (GLA-SE and R848-SE) for immunisation studies. Immunisation with ID83 in a water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant (ISA70) induced both cell mediated and humoral immune responses, as characterised by antigen-specific IFN-γ production, cell proliferation, IgG1 and IgG2 antibody production. In comparison, ID83 immunisation with the novel adjuvants induced weaker (ID83/R848-SE) or no (ID83/GLA-SE) antigen-specific IFN-γ production and cell proliferation. However, both did induce ID83-specific antibody production, which was restricted to IgG1 antibody isotype. Overall, these results provide encouraging preliminary data for the further development of ID83 in vaccine strategies for bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Jones
- Department of Bovine TB, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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21
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Khatri BL, Coad M, Clifford DJ, Hewinson RG, Whelan AO, Vordermeier HM. A natural-transmission model of bovine tuberculosis provides novel disease insights. Vet Rec 2012; 171:448. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. L. Khatri
- Bovine TB Department; Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - M. Coad
- Bovine TB Department; Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - D. J. Clifford
- Bovine TB Department; Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - R. G. Hewinson
- Bovine TB Department; Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - A. O. Whelan
- Bovine TB Department; Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - H. M. Vordermeier
- Bovine TB Department; Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
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22
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Goats primed with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and boosted with a recombinant adenovirus expressing Ag85A show enhanced protection against tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1339-47. [PMID: 22761299 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00275-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This is the first efficacy study using the experimental goat model, a natural host of tuberculosis (TB), to evaluate the efficacy of heterologous Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) prime followed by boosting with a replication-deficient adenovirus expressing the antigen Ag85A (AdAg85A). Three experimental groups of 11 goat kids each were used: BCG vaccinated, BCG vaccinated and AdAg85A boosted, and nonvaccinated. Twenty-two goat kids were vaccinated with ∼5 × 10(5) CFU of BCG (week 0), and 11 of them were boosted at week 8 with 10(9) PFU of AdAg85A. At week 14, all goats were challenged by the endobronchial route with ∼1.5 × 10(3) CFU of Mycobacterium caprae. The animals were euthanized at week 28. Cellular and humoral immunity induced by vaccination and M. caprae infection was measured throughout the study. After challenge BCG-AdAg85A-vaccinated animals exhibited reduced pathology compared to BCG-vaccinated animals in lungs and in pulmonary lymph nodes. There were significant reductions in bacterial load in both groups of vaccinated goats, but the reduction was more pronounced in prime-boosted animals. Antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and humoral responses were identified as prognostic biomarkers of vaccination outcome depending on their correlation with pathological and bacteriological results. As far as we know, this is the first report using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) to measure vaccine efficacy against pulmonary TB in an animal model. The use in vaccine trials of animals that are natural hosts of TB may improve research into human TB vaccines.
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Migratory sub-populations of afferent lymphatic dendritic cells differ in their interactions with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guerin. Vaccine 2012; 30:2357-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Vordermeier M, Whelan AO. ELISPOT assays to enumerate bovine IFN-γ-secreting cells for the development of novel vaccines against bovine tuberculosis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 792:219-27. [PMID: 21956513 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-325-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Enumeration of antigen-specific cells after vaccination is one of the prime immunological parameters determined when developing vaccines. Due to their exquisite sensitivity (limits of detection can be below 1/100,000 cells), ELISPOT assays are therefore an important tool in vaccine development programs. This is particularly the case for vaccines against diseases that require protective cell-mediated immunity, such as tuberculosis. This chapter describes ELISPOT assays detecting bovine IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, WeybridgeAddlestone, Surrey, UK.
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Improved skin test for differential diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis by the addition of Rv3020c-derived peptides. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:620-2. [PMID: 22301696 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00024-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A peptide cocktail derived from the mycobacterial antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10, and Rv3615c allowed differentiation between Mycobacterium bovis-infected and M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated cattle when used as a skin test reagent for a "DIVA" test (i.e., a test capable of differentiating infected and uninfected vaccinated animals). Addition of the antigen Rv3020c improves the diagnostic sensitivity without compromising specificity in the face of BCG or Johne's disease vaccination.
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Mucosal immunization provides better protection than subcutaneous immunization against Pasteurella multocida (B:2) in mice preimmunized with the outer membrane proteins. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:457-61. [PMID: 21633791 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of boosting immunity via mucosal route vis-a-vis parenteral route in the mouse model of haemorrhagic septicaemia, mice preimmunized with OMP of Pasteurella multocida (B:2) were immunized with 10(2) cfu of P. multocida via intranasal and subcutaneous routes. Mice were challenged through intranasal route (natural route of infection) with 10(8) cfu 14 days after immunization. Group of mice which were immunized intranasally showed significant protection (P < 0.05) of 88% as compared to 50% protection in group of mice immunized subcutaneously. In the control group of mice, 100% mortality occurred within 48 h. of challenge. The results of present study indicated that boosting of immunity via mucosal route in mice preimmunized with OMP provided better protection against P. multocida. This study may have implications for developing better vaccination strategies for the natural host.
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Jones GJ, Bagaini F, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM. The use of binding-prediction models to identify M. bovis-specific antigenic peptides for screening assays in bovine tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 141:239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Buddle BM, Wedlock DN, Denis M, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson RG. Update on vaccination of cattle and wildlife populations against tuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2011; 151:14-22. [PMID: 21420804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the status of vaccination strategies to reduce bovine tuberculosis of cattle and wildlife reservoirs of the disease is discussed, with a focus on recent developments. Recent work in vaccines to protect humans against tuberculosis has been followed by a similar surge of interest in developing vaccines against bovine tuberculosis. The human vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) affords protection against tuberculosis in cattle, but this protection is variable. In addition, vaccination with BCG compromises control strategies based on skin testing animals. In general, no single vaccine approach has shown itself to be significantly superior to BCG alone, however, vaccine combinations of BCG and vaccinating moiety such as adjuvanted subunit, virus vectored or DNA vaccines have been shown to induce protection superior to that achieved by BCG alone. Vaccinating wildlife species against tuberculosis is also an area which has been subjected to scrutiny. Recent work has focused on vaccinating wildlife orally, via the use of BCG formulated in baits consumed by these species. Results from trials in a number of animal species indicate that oral BCG vaccination can reduce disease severity following experimental challenge with Mycobacterium bovis and in a recent field trial, oral BCG vaccination was shown to prevent infection of wild possums following natural exposure to M. bovis. In conclusion, recent studies in cattle and wildlife have demonstrated the practicality and effectiveness of vaccinating animals against tuberculosis and provide much impetus for future use of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Mycobacterium bovis antigens for the differential diagnosis of vaccinated and infected cattle. Vet Microbiol 2011; 151:8-13. [PMID: 21411245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The urgency for new and improved cattle vaccines and diagnostic reagents for Bovine tuberculosis (TB) has made their development a research priority in Great Britain (GB). Significant progress has been made to develop specific antigens that allow the differentiation of BCG vaccinated and Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle (DIVA test). This has been greatly facilitated by the completion of the genome sequences of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and BCG Pasteur and the subsequent application of comparative genome and transcriptome analysis to define DIVA antigens that complemented the prototype DIVA antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 by increasing their test sensitivity. Finally, we present an up-date of our current approaches in this area.
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Field evaluation of the efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin against bovine tuberculosis in neonatal calves in Ethiopia. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1533-8. [PMID: 20719984 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00222-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries, the conventional test and slaughter strategy for the control of bovine tuberculosis is prohibitively expensive, and alternative control methods such as vaccination are urgently required. In this study, the efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for protection against bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was evaluated in Holstein calves under field conditions in Ethiopia. Thirteen neonatally vaccinated and 14 control calves were exposed for 10 to 23 months to skin test reactor cows. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) testing, comparative intradermal tuberculin testing, postmortem examination, and bacteriological culture were used for the evaluation of BCG efficacy. The overall mean pathology score was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in control calves than in vaccinated calves. Culture positivity for Mycobacterium bovis was higher in the control calves than in the vaccinated calves, and significantly more BCG-vaccinated animals would have passed a standard meat inspection (P = 0.021). Overall, the protective efficacy of BCG was between 56% and 68%, depending on the parameters selected. Moreover, by measuring gamma interferon responses to the antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10, which are present in M. bovis but absent from BCG, throughout the experiment, we were able to distinguish between vaccinated animals that were protected against bTB and those animals that were not protected. In conclusion, the present trial demonstrated an encouraging protective effect of BCG against bTB in a natural transmission setting in Ethiopia.
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Screening of predicted secreted antigens from Mycobacterium bovis identifies potential novel differential diagnostic reagents. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1344-8. [PMID: 20668139 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00261-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To date, the most promising vaccination strategies for the control of bovine tuberculosis (TB) focus on improving the efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, vaccination with BCG results in sensitization of animals to bovine tuberculin and compromises tests currently used for diagnosis of bovine TB infection. Thus, the development of specific diagnostic reagents capable of discriminating between infected and uninfected vaccinated animals (DIVA) is of high priority. To test the hypothesis that M. bovis-secreted proteins are likely to contain immunogenic antigens that can be used to increase the specificity of diagnostic tests, we screened 379 pools of overlapping peptides representing 119 antigens for their ability to stimulate a gamma inferferon (IFN-gamma) response in vitro using whole blood from both TB reactor and BCG-vaccinated animals. Peptide pools representing antigens Rv3020c and Rv2346c induced responses in 61% and 57% of the TB reactor animals, respectively, without inducing responses in any BCG-vaccinated animal studied. Furthermore, individual peptides contained within pools recognized by BCG vaccinates were identified that were specific and induced IFN-gamma responses in TB reactor animals. From these results, we constructed a cocktail of nine peptides representing multiple antigen targets that was recognized by 54% of TB reactor animals but also failed to induce responses in any BCG-vaccinated animal studied. In summary, we have identified three peptide cocktails for prioritization in larger trials to discriminate between M. bovis infection and BCG vaccination.
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Abstract
There has never been a greater need for a new protective tuberculosis vaccine. Bacille Calmette-Guerin remains the cornerstone of any vaccine strategy, but improving its immunogenicity and efficacy has now become an urgent global health priority. This review discusses the main vaccines currently in clinical development and other novel vaccine strategies in the pipeline. It addresses the key questions in vaccine design, including antigen selection, route of vaccine delivery and immune correlates of vaccine-induced protection. There is an opportunity to identify such correlates from ongoing and future Phase II/III trials and, as these emerge, they can be used to validate the most relevant and predictive animal models with which to develop the next generation of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Minassian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Level 2, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Hogarth PJ, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM. Development of vaccines against bovine tuberculosis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:749-57. [PMID: 16734976 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.6.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis remains an economically important problem in Great Britain with potential zoonotic consequences, and the incidence is rising exponentially. In 1997 an independent scientific review recommended that the best option for disease control in Great Britain was the development of a cattle vaccine. Bovine tuberculosis remains a significant problem in countries of the developing world. Indeed, more than 94% of the world's population live in countries in which the control of bovine tuberculosis in buffalos or cattle is limited or absent. Effective vaccination strategies would have a major impact in countries that cannot afford expensive test and slaughter-based control strategies. Here, we present a review of progress toward that goal, and discuss how this progress has shaped our research strategy for the development of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hogarth
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
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Screening of predicted secreted antigens from Mycobacterium bovis reveals the immunodominance of the ESAT-6 protein family. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1326-32. [PMID: 20086089 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01246-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Results of previous studies utilizing bioinformatic approaches in antigen-mining experiments revealed that secreted proteins are among the most frequently recognized antigens from Mycobacterium bovis. Thus, we hypothesized that the analysis of secreted proteins is likely to reveal additional immunogenic antigens that can be used to increase the specificity of diagnostic tests or be suitable vaccination candidates for mycobacterial infections. To test this hypothesis, 382 pools of overlapping peptides spanning 119 M. bovis secreted and potentially secreted proteins were screened for the ability to stimulate a gamma interferon response in vitro using whole blood from tuberculin-positive reactor (TB reactor) cattle. Of the 119 proteins screened, 70 (59%) induced positive responses in the TB reactor animals to various degrees. Strikingly, all but one of the 15 ESAT-6 proteins tested were recognized by at least 30% of the TB reactor animals, with 12 of the 22 most commonly recognized antigens belonging to this protein family. Further analysis of these data demonstrated that there was no significant difference in immunogenicity between the ESAT-6 proteins that were components of potentially intact ESX secretory systems and those corresponding to additional partial esx loci. Importantly for vaccine design, antigenic epitopes in some highly conserved regions shared by numerous ESAT-6 proteins were identified. However, despite this considerable homology, peptide-mapping experiments also revealed that immunodominant peptides were located in regions of amino acid variability.
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Draper SJ, Heeney JL. Viruses as vaccine vectors for infectious diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:62-73. [PMID: 19966816 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the use of viruses as vaccine vectors have been facilitated by a better understanding of viral biology. Advances occur as we gain greater insight into the interrelationship of viruses and the immune system. Viral-vector vaccines remain the best means to induce cellular immunity and are now showing promise for the induction of strong humoral responses. The potential benefits for global health that are offered by this field reflect the scope and utility of viruses as vaccine vectors for human and veterinary applications, with targets ranging from certain types of cancer to a vast array of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Non-clinical efficacy and safety of HyVac4:IC31 vaccine administered in a BCG prime-boost regimen. Vaccine 2009; 28:1084-93. [PMID: 19896449 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the extensive success with the introduction of M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global epidemic infecting between 8 and 9 million people annually with an estimated 1.7 million deaths each year. However, because of its demonstrated effectiveness against some of the most severe forms of childhood TB, it is now realized that BCG vaccination of newborns is unlikely to be replaced. Therefore, BCG or an improved BCG will continue to be used as a prime TB vaccine and there is a need to develop effective boost vaccines that would enhance and prolong the protective immunity induced by BCG prime immunization. We report on a heterologous booster approach using two highly immunogenic TB antigens comprising Ag85B and TB10.4 (HyVac4) delivered as a fusion molecule and formulated in the proprietary adjuvant IC31. This vaccine was found to be immunogenic and demonstrated greater protection in the more stringent guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis than BCG alone when used in a prime/boost regimen. Significant difference in lung involvement was observed for all animals in the HyVac4 boosted group compared to BCG alone regardless of time to death or sacrifice. A vaccine toxicology study of the HyVac4:IC31 regimen was performed and it was judged safe to advance the vaccine into clinical trials. Therefore, all non-clinical data supports the suitability of HyVac4 as a safe, immunogenic, and effective vaccination in a prime-boost regimen with BCG.
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Todryk SM, Pathan AA, Keating S, Porter DW, Berthoud T, Thompson F, Klenerman P, Hill AVS. The relationship between human effector and memory T cells measured by ex vivo and cultured ELISPOT following recent and distal priming. Immunology 2009; 128:83-91. [PMID: 19689738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of T-cell responses is an essential feature in protection from many infectious diseases that must be harnessed in vaccination. The relationship between effector T-cell responses and more durable and highly proliferative T-cell memory, particularly in humans, is not well understood. In this study, effector T-cell responses were measured by overnight ex vivo interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming cell assay (ELISPOT), whereas memory T cells were measured by 10-day culture followed by IFN-gamma ELISPOT (cultured ELISPOT). We observed a significant correlation between IFN-gamma responses to CD4-stimulatory, but not to CD8-stimulatory, recall antigens measured by these assays, suggesting a divergence in regulation. In vaccine trial participants who received a prime-boost vaccination regimen comprising malaria antigens delivered by poxviruses, there was a correlation between ex vivo and cultured responses on day 7, but not 3 months post-vaccination, with the ratio of cultured : ex vivo response increasing over time. To compare responses revealed by cultured ELISPOT in more detail, tetramers comprising viral recall antigens were used to ascribe effector-memory and central-memory T-cell phenotypes through CCR7 and CD62L costaining. For CD8(+) responses the effector phenotype decreased during the initial culture period and memory populations remained high within the resulting 20-fold to 50-fold increased IFN-gamma-secreting or tetramer(+) population. This was less marked for CD4(+) responses, which had higher starting memory phenotype. Depletion of these central-memory T-cell populations generally ablated responses in cultured ELISPOT and reduced ex vivo responses. This study highlights differences between CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector and memory T cells, and the more complex phenotype of CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Todryk
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Adjuvants induce distinct immunological phenotypes in a bovine tuberculosis vaccine model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1443-8. [PMID: 19641101 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00229-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most important infectious diseases of humans and animals. Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the only currently available TB vaccine, demonstrates variable levels of efficacy; therefore, a replacement or supplement to BCG is required. Protein subunit vaccines have shown promise but require the use of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. Using the protective mycobacterial antigen Rv3019c, we have evaluated the induction of relevant immune responses by adjuvant formulations directly in the target species for bovine TB vaccines and compared these to responses induced by BCG. We demonstrate that two classes of adjuvant induce distinct immune phenotypes in cattle, a fact not previously reported for mice. A water/oil emulsion induced both an effector cell and a central memory response. A cationic-liposome adjuvant induced a central memory response alone, similar to that induced by BCG. This suggests that water/oil emulsions may be the most promising formulations. These results demonstrate the importance of testing adjuvant formulations directly in the target species and the necessity of measuring different types of immune response when evaluating immune responses.
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Intranasal mucosal boosting with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine markedly enhances the protection of BCG-primed guinea pigs against pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5856. [PMID: 19516906 PMCID: PMC2689939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant adenovirus-vectored (Ad) tuberculosis (TB) vaccine platform has demonstrated great potential to be used either as a stand-alone or a boost vaccine in murine models. However, Ad TB vaccine remains to be evaluated in a more relevant and sensitive guinea pig model of pulmonary TB. Many vaccine candidates shown to be effective in murine models have subsequently failed to pass the test in guinea pig models. Methods and Findings Specific pathogen-free guinea pigs were immunized with BCG, AdAg85A intranasally (i.n), AdAg85A intramuscularly (i.m), BCG boosted with AdAg85A i.n, BCG boosted with AdAg85A i.m, or treated only with saline. The animals were then infected by a low-dose aerosol of M. tuberculosis (M.tb). At the specified times, the animals were sacrificed and the levels of infection in the lung and spleen were assessed. In separate studies, the long-term disease outcome of infected animals was monitored until the termination of this study. Immunization with Ad vaccine alone had minimal beneficial effects. Immunization with BCG alone and BCG prime-Ad vaccine boost regimens significantly reduced the level of M.tb infection in the tissues to a similar extent. However, while BCG alone prolonged the survival of infected guinea pigs, the majority of BCG-immunized animals succumbed by 53 weeks post-M.tb challenge. In contrast, intranasal or intramuscular Ad vaccine boosting of BCG-primed animals markedly improved the survival rate with 60% of BCG/Ad i.n- and 40% of BCG/Ad i.m-immunized guinea pigs still surviving by 74 weeks post-aerosol challenge. Conclusions Boosting, particularly via the intranasal mucosal route, with AdAg85A vaccine is able to significantly enhance the long-term survival of BCG-primed guinea pigs following pulmonary M.tb challenge. Our results thus support further evaluation of this viral-vectored TB vaccine in clinical trials.
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Viral booster vaccines improve Mycobacterium bovis BCG-induced protection against bovine tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3364-73. [PMID: 19487476 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00287-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work with small-animal laboratory models of tuberculosis has shown that vaccination strategies based on heterologous prime-boost protocols using Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to prime and modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain (MVA85A) or recombinant attenuated adenoviruses (Ad85A) expressing the mycobacterial antigen Ag85A to boost may increase the protective efficacy of BCG. Here we report the first efficacy data on using these vaccines in cattle, a natural target species of tuberculous infection. Protection was determined by measuring development of disease as an end point after M. bovis challenge. Either Ad85A or MVA85A boosting resulted in protection superior to that given by BCG alone: boosting BCG with MVA85A or Ad85A induced significant reduction in pathology in four/eight parameters assessed, while BCG vaccination alone did so in only one parameter studied. Protection was particularly evident in the lungs of vaccinated animals (median lung scores for naïve and BCG-, BCG/MVA85A-, and BCG/Ad85A-vaccinated animals were 10.5, 5, 2.5, and 0, respectively). The bacterial loads in lymph node tissues were also reduced after viral boosting of BCG-vaccinated calves compared to those in BCG-only-vaccinated animals. Analysis of vaccine-induced immunity identified memory responses measured by cultured enzyme-linked immunospot assay as well as in vitro interleukin-17 production as predictors of vaccination success, as both responses, measured before challenge, correlated positively with the degree of protection. Therefore, this study provides evidence of improved protection against tuberculosis by viral booster vaccination in a natural target species and has prioritized potential correlates of vaccine efficacy for further evaluation. These findings also have implications for human tuberculosis vaccine development.
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Vordermeier M, Gordon SV, Hewinson ARG. Antigen mining to define Mycobacterium bovis antigens for the differential diagnosis of vaccinated and infected animals: A VLA perspective. Transbound Emerg Dis 2009; 56:240-7. [PMID: 19413883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2009.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The urgency for new and improved cattle vaccines and diagnostic reagents has been acknowledged by the UK Government, and development of cattle vaccine is a research priority. Significant progress has been made to develop specific antigens that allow the differentiation of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinated and M. bovis-infected cattle [diagnosis of infected from vaccinated individuals (DIVA) test]. This progress has been greatly facilitated by the completion of the genome sequences of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis and BCG Pasteur. In this study, we describe how we applied this knowledge, through comparative genome and transcriptome analysis, to define DIVA antigens that complemented the prototype DIVA antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 by increasing their test sensitivity. In addition, we draw general conclusions from our experience, and discuss potential future approaches in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vordermeier
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, TB Research Group, New Haw, Surrey, UK.
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Waters WR, Palmer MV, Nonnecke BJ, Thacker TC, Scherer CFC, Estes DM, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM, Barnes SW, Federe GC, Walker JR, Glynne RJ, Hsu T, Weinrick B, Biermann K, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR. Efficacy and immunogenicity of Mycobacterium bovis DeltaRD1 against aerosol M. bovis infection in neonatal calves. Vaccine 2009; 27:1201-9. [PMID: 19135497 PMCID: PMC2750035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An attenuated Mycobacterium bovisRD1 deletion (DeltaRD1) mutant of the Ravenel strain was constructed, characterized, and sequenced. This M. bovis DeltaRD1 vaccine strain administered to calves at 2 weeks of age provided similar efficacy as M. bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) against low dose, aerosol challenge with virulent M. bovis at 3.5 months of age. Approximately 4.5 months after challenge, both DeltaRD1- and BCG-vaccinates had reduced tuberculosis (TB)-associated pathology in lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes and M. bovis colonization of tracheobronchial lymph nodes as compared to non-vaccinates. Mean central memory responses elicited by either DeltaRD1 or BCG prior to challenge correlated with reduced pathology and bacterial colonization. Neither DeltaRD1 or BCG elicited IFN-gamma responses to rESAT-6:CFP-10 prior to challenge, an emerging tool for modern TB surveillance programs. The DeltaRD1 strain may prove useful for bovine TB vaccine programs, particularly if additional mutations are included to improve safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Sander CR, Pathan AA, Beveridge NER, Poulton I, Minassian A, Alder N, Van Wijgerden J, Hill AVS, Gleeson FV, Davies RJO, Pasvol G, McShane H. Safety and immunogenicity of a new tuberculosis vaccine, MVA85A, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected individuals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179:724-33. [PMID: 19151191 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200809-1486oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE An effective new tuberculosis (TB) vaccine regimen must be safe in individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI) and is a priority for global health care. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a leading new TB vaccine, recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara expressing Antigen 85A (MVA85A) in individuals with LTBI. METHODS An open-label, phase I trial of MVA85A was performed in 12 subjects with LTBI recruited from TB contact clinics in Oxford and London or by poster advertisements in Oxford hospitals. Patients were assessed clinically and had blood samples drawn for immunological analysis over a 52-week period after vaccination with MVA85A. Thoracic computed tomography scans were performed at baseline and at 10 weeks after vaccination. Safety of MVA85A was assessed by clinical, radiological, and inflammatory markers. The immunogenicity of MVA85A was assessed by IFNgamma and IL-2 ELISpot assays and FACS. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS MVA85A was safe in subjects with LTBI, with comparable adverse events to previous trials of MVA85A. There were no clinically significant changes in inflammatory markers or thoracic computed tomography scans after vaccination. MVA85A induced a strong antigen-specific IFN-gamma and IL-2 response that was durable for 52 weeks. The magnitude of IFN-gamma response was comparable to previous trials of MVA85A in bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated individuals. Antigen 85A-specific polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells were detectable prior to vaccination with statistically significant increases in cell numbers after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS MVA85A is safe and highly immunogenic in individuals with LTBI. These results will facilitate further trials in TB-endemic areas. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00456183).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R Sander
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
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Enhanced protection against bovine tuberculosis after coadministration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with a Mycobacterial protein vaccine-adjuvant combination but not after coadministration of adjuvant alone. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:765-72. [PMID: 18337375 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00034-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Current efforts are aimed at optimizing the protective efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis BCG by the use of vaccine combinations. We have recently demonstrated that the protection afforded by BCG alone is enhanced by vaccinating cattle with a combination of vaccines comprising BCG and a protein tuberculosis vaccine, namely, culture filtrate proteins (CFPs) from M. bovis plus an adjuvant. In the current study, three different adjuvant systems were compared. The CFP was formulated with a depot adjuvant, dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), together with one of three different immunostimulants: monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a synthetic mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannoside-2 (PIM2), and a synthetic lipopeptide (Pam3Cys-SKKKK [Pam(3)CSK(4)]). Groups of cattle (n = 10/group) were vaccinated with BCG-CFP-DDA-PIM2, BCG-CFP-DDA-MPL, or BCG-CFP-DDA-Pam(3)CSK(4). Two additional groups (n = 10) were vaccinated with BCG alone or BCG-adjuvant (DDA-MPL), and a control group was left unvaccinated. Protection was assessed by challenging the cattle intratracheally with M. bovis. Groups of cattle vaccinated with BCG-CFP-DDA-PIM2, BCG-CFP-DDA-MPL, BCG-CFP-DDA-Pam(3)CSK(4), and BCG alone showed significant reductions in three, three, five, and three pathological and microbiological disease parameters, respectively, compared to the results for the nonvaccinated group. Vaccination with the combination of BCG and the DDA-MPL adjuvant alone abrogated the protection conferred by BCG alone. The profiling of cytokine gene expression following vaccination, prior to challenge, did not illuminate significant differences which could explain the latter result. Vaccination of cattle with a combination of BCG and protein tuberculosis vaccine enhances protection against tuberculosis.
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Hope JC, Villarreal-Ramos B. Bovine TB and the development of new vaccines. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:77-100. [PMID: 17764740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The incidence of bTB is increasing in cattle herds of developed countries that have a wild life reservoir of M. bovis, such as the UK, New Zealand and the USA. The increase in the incidence of bTB is thought to be due, at least in part, to a wildlife reservoir of M. bovis. M. bovis is also capable of infecting humans and on a worldwide basis, M. bovis is thought to account for up to 10% of cases of human TB [Cosivi O, Grange JM, Daborn CJ et al. Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4(1):59-70]. Thus, the increased incidence of bTB, besides being a major economic problem, poses an increased risk to human health. In the UK, the incidence of bTB continues to rise despite the use of the tuberculin test and slaughter control policy, highlighting the need for improved control strategies. Vaccination of cattle, in combination with more specific and sensitive diagnostic tests, is suggested as the most effective strategy for bovine TB control. The only vaccine currently available for human and bovine TB is the live attenuated Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG). BCG is thought to confer protection through the induction of Th1 responses against mycobacteria. However, protection against TB conferred by BCG is variable and to this date the reasons for the successes and failures of BCG are not clear. Therefore, there is a need to develop vaccines that confer greater and more consistent protection against bTB than that afforded by BCG. Given that BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against human TB, it is likely that any new vaccine or vaccination strategy will be based around BCG. In this review we discuss immune responses elicited by mycobacteria in cattle and the novel approaches emerging for the control of bovine TB based on our increasing knowledge of protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne C Hope
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK.
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Evidence for enhanced central memory priming by live Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine in comparison with killed BCG formulations. Vaccine 2007; 26:166-73. [PMID: 18055073 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of cattle vaccines against bovine tuberculosis is a GB research priority. Recently, it has been shown that formalin-killed Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) delivered with the liposomal adjuvant NAX687 imparted significant protection against Mycobacterium bovis infection in the guinea pig aerosol infection model. Extending these studies, we inoculated calves with live BCG, formalin-killed BCG and formalin-killed BCG formulated in NAX687. Live and killed BCG vaccine formulations induced primary effector T-cell populations comparably, both killed BCG formulations also induced potent humoral immune responses. In contrast, live BCG generated enhanced central memory responses against the protective antigen Ag85A whilst killed BCG-induced such responses only poorly. However, the poor capacity of killed BCG to generate central memory could be partially overcome by formulation with NAX687. Measurement of central memory responses induced by TB vaccine candidates in cattle may provide a useful correlate of protection and warrants further investigation in challenge experiments.
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Xing Z, Charters TJ, Carters TJ. Heterologous boost vaccines for bacillus Calmette-Guérin prime immunization against tuberculosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:539-46. [PMID: 17669008 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current tuberculosis (TB) epidemic continues to call for the development of effective vaccination strategies. The initial TB vaccine research effort mostly focused on the search for a vaccine that might be better than, and thus could replace, the current bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. It has increasingly been realized that BCG or an improved BCG will continue to be used as a prime TB vaccine and there is a need to develop effective boost vaccines that could enhance and prolong the protective immunity of BCG prime immunization. Mounting experimental evidence suggests that recombinant vaccines, including both recombinant protein and genetic vector vaccines, are effective in boosting immune activation and protection by BCG vaccination. This review will discuss recent advances and the authors' views in the development of there boost vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xing
- McMaster University, Infectious Diseases Division, Centre for Gene Therapeutics and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Santosuosso M, McCormick S, Zhang X, Zganiacz A, Xing Z. Intranasal boosting with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine markedly enhances protection by parenteral Mycobacterium bovis BCG immunization against pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4634-43. [PMID: 16861651 PMCID: PMC1539608 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00517-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenterally administered Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine confers only limited immune protection from pulmonary tuberculosis in humans. There is a need for developing effective boosting vaccination strategies. We examined a heterologous prime-boost regimen utilizing BCG as a prime vaccine and our recently described adenoviral vector expressing Ag85A (AdAg85A) as a boost vaccine. Since we recently demonstrated that a single intranasal but not intramuscular immunization with AdAg85A was able to induce potent protection from pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in a mouse model, we compared the protective effects of parenteral and mucosal booster immunizations following subcutaneous BCG priming. Protection by BCG prime immunization was not effectively boosted by subcutaneous BCG or intramuscular AdAg85A. In contrast, protection by BCG priming was remarkably boosted by intranasal AdAg85A. Such enhanced protection by intranasal AdAg85A was correlated to the numbers of gamma interferon-positive CD4 and CD8 T cells residing in the airway lumen of the lung. Our study demonstrates that intranasal administration of AdAg85A represents an effective way to boost immune protection by parenteral BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Santosuosso
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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Abstract
In 1996, an independent scientific committee chaired by Professor John Krebs, tasked to review the problem of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in GB, concluded that vaccination of cattle offered the best long-term solution for controlling the disease in the National Herd. This view has been re-affirmed recently in the House of Commons Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee's report on Bovine TB (2004) and by the findings of the Independent Scientific Group Vaccine Scoping Sub-committee. Significant progress in developing TB vaccines for cattle has been made over the last 5 years. Specifically: (i) DNA or protein subunit vaccines used in combination with BCG have been shown to give superior protection against experimental challenge in cattle than BCG (heterologous prime-boost); (ii) prototype reagents that allow discrimination between vaccinated and infected animals have been developed; and (iii) and correlates of disease severity have been identified that can predict the success or failure of vaccination. These significant advances are detailed in this review with a summary of future directions that TB vaccine development for cattle is likely to take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vordermeier
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, TB Research Group, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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Xing Z, Lichty BD. Use of recombinant virus-vectored tuberculosis vaccines for respiratory mucosal immunization. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2006; 86:211-7. [PMID: 16504584 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant virus-vectored TB vaccines represent the most promising vaccine platform for boosting the protective immunity mediated by parenteral BCG prime immunization. A major advantage associated with virus-vectored vaccines is that they are potent respiratory mucosa-deliverable vaccines. A recombinant replication-deficient adenoviral (Ad) vector was engineered to express Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) Ag85A. Single administration of this Ad vaccine via the intranasal, but not intramuscular, route provided potent immune protection from pulmonary M.tb challenge. Respiratory mucosal boosting immunization with Ad vaccine was effective in enhancing T-cell activation and immune protection following parenteral DNA or BCG prime immunization. We have also recently developed a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored (VSV) TB vaccine. Ad and VSV vector systems will be complementary to each other for BCG prime-virus vaccine boost immunization protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xing
- Infectious Diseases Division, Centre for Gene Therapeutics and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada.
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