1
|
Brannon JR, Reasoner SA, Bermudez TA, Comer SL, Wiebe MA, Dunigan TL, Beebout CJ, Ross T, Bamidele A, Hadjifrangiskou M. Mapping niche-specific two-component system requirements in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0223623. [PMID: 38385738 PMCID: PMC10986536 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02236-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems allow pathogens to differentiate between different niches and respond to stimuli within them. A major mechanism through which bacteria sense and respond to stimuli in their surroundings is two-component systems (TCSs). TCSs allow for the detection of multiple stimuli to lead to a highly controlled and rapid change in gene expression. Here, we provide a comprehensive list of TCSs important for the pathogenesis of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC accounts for >75% of urinary tract infections (UTIs) worldwide. UTIs are most prevalent among people assigned female at birth, with the vagina becoming colonized by UPEC in addition to the gut and the bladder. In the bladder, adherence to the urothelium triggers E. coli invasion of bladder cells and an intracellular pathogenic cascade. Intracellular E. coli are safely hidden from host neutrophils, competition from the microbiota, and antibiotics that kill extracellular E. coli. To survive in these intimately connected, yet physiologically diverse niches E. coli must rapidly coordinate metabolic and virulence systems in response to the distinct stimuli encountered in each environment. We hypothesized that specific TCSs allow UPEC to sense these diverse environments encountered during infection with built-in redundant safeguards. Here, we created a library of isogenic TCS deletion mutants that we leveraged to map distinct TCS contributions to infection. We identify-for the first time-a comprehensive panel of UPEC TCSs that are critical for infection of the genitourinary tract and report that the TCSs mediating colonization of the bladder, kidneys, or vagina are distinct.IMPORTANCEWhile two-component system (TCS) signaling has been investigated at depth in model strains of Escherichia coli, there have been no studies to elucidate-at a systems level-which TCSs are important during infection by pathogenic Escherichia coli. Here, we report the generation of a markerless TCS deletion library in a uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolate that can be leveraged for dissecting the role of TCS signaling in different aspects of pathogenesis. We use this library to demonstrate, for the first time in UPEC, that niche-specific colonization is guided by distinct TCS groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Seth A. Reasoner
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tomas A. Bermudez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sarah L. Comer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michelle A. Wiebe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Taryn L. Dunigan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Connor J. Beebout
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tamia Ross
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adebisi Bamidele
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xedzro C, Shimamoto T, Yu L, Zuo H, Sugawara Y, Sugai M, Shimamoto T. Emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae and Raoultella ornithinolytica carrying the phosphoethanolamine transferase gene, mcr-9, derived from vegetables in Japan. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0106323. [PMID: 37909761 PMCID: PMC10714742 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01063-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Plasmid-mediated mobile colistin-resistance genes have been recognized as a global threat because they jeopardize the efficacy of colistin in therapeutic practice. Here, we described the genetic features of two mcr-9.1-carrying Gram-negative bacteria with a colistin-resistant phenotype derived from vegetables in Japan. The colistin-resistant mcr-9.1, which has never been detected in vegetables, was located on a large plasmid in Enterobacter cloacae CST17-2 and Raoultella ornithinolytica CST129-1, suggesting a high chance of horizontal gene transfer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of mcr-9 in R. ornithinolytica. This study indicates that fresh vegetables might be a potential source for the transmission of mcr-9 genes encoding resistance to frontline (colistin) and clinically relevant antimicrobials. The study also provides additional consideration for colistin use and the relevance of routine surveillance in epidemiological perspective to curb the continuous spread of mcr alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Xedzro
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshi Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Liansheng Yu
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Hui Zuo
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Yo Sugawara
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernandez-Ciruelos B, Potmis T, Solomin V, Wells JM. Cross-talk between QseBC and PmrAB two-component systems is crucial for regulation of motility and colistin resistance in Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011345. [PMID: 38060591 PMCID: PMC10729948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The quorum sensing two-component system (TCS) QseBC has been linked to virulence, motility and metabolism regulation in multiple Gram-negative pathogens, including Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and Salmonella enterica. In EHEC, the sensor histidine kinase (HK) QseC detects the quorum sensing signalling molecule AI-3 and also acts as an adrenergic sensor binding host epinephrine and norepinephrine. Downstream changes in gene expression are mediated by phosphorylation of its cognate response regulator (RR) QseB, and 'cross-talks' with non-cognate regulators KdpE and QseF to activate motility and virulence. In UPEC, cross-talk between QseBC and TCS PmrAB is crucial in the regulation and phosphorylation of QseB RR that acts as a repressor of multiple pathways, including motility. Here, we investigated QseBC regulation of motility in the atypical Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strain O125ac:H6, causative agent of persistent diarrhoea in children, and its possible cross-talk with the KdpDE and PmrAB TCS. We showed that in EPEC QseB acts as a repressor of genes involved in motility, virulence and stress response, and in absence of QseC HK, QseB is likely activated by the non-cognate PmrB HK, similarly to UPEC. We show that in absence of QseC, phosphorylated QseB activates its own expression, and is responsible for the low motility phenotypes seen in a QseC deletion mutant. Furthermore, we showed that KdpD HK regulates motility in an independent manner to QseBC and through a third unidentified party different to its own response regulator KdpE. We showed that PmrAB has a role in iron adaptation independent to QseBC. Finally, we showed that QseB is the responsible for activation of colistin and polymyxin B resistance genes while PmrA RR acts by preventing QseB activation of these resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Fernandez-Ciruelos
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tasneemah Potmis
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitalii Solomin
- Organic Synthesis Methodology Group, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis (LIOS), Riga, Latvia
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hurst MN, Beebout CJ, Hollingsworth A, Guckes KR, Purcell A, Bermudez TA, Williams D, Reasoner SA, Trent MS, Hadjifrangiskou M. The QseB response regulator imparts tolerance to positively charged antibiotics by controlling metabolism and minor changes to LPS. mSphere 2023; 8:e0005923. [PMID: 37676915 PMCID: PMC10597456 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00059-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The modification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. is primarily controlled by the two-component system PmrAB. LPS modification allows bacteria to avoid killing by positively charged antibiotics like polymyxin B (PMB). We previously demonstrated that in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), the sensor histidine kinase PmrB also activates a non-cognate transcription factor, QseB, and this activation somehow augments PMB tolerance in UPEC. Here, we demonstrate-for the first time-that in the absence of the canonical LPS transcriptional regulator, PmrA, QseB can direct some modifications on the LPS. In agreement with this observation, transcriptional profiling analyses demonstrate regulatory overlaps between PmrA and QseB in terms of regulating LPS modification genes. However, both PmrA and QseB must be present for UPEC to mount robust tolerance to PMB. Transcriptional and metabolomic analyses also reveal that QseB transcriptionally regulates the metabolism of glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate, which are consumed and produced during the modification of lipid A. We show that deletion of qseB alters glutamate levels in the bacterial cells. The qseB deletion mutant, which is susceptible to positively charged antibiotics, is rescued by exogenous addition of 2-oxoglutarate. These findings uncover a previously unknown mechanism of metabolic control of antibiotic tolerance that may be contributing to antibiotic treatment failure in the clinic. IMPORTANCE Although antibiotic prescriptions are guided by well-established susceptibility testing methods, antibiotic treatments oftentimes fail. The presented work is significant because it uncovers a mechanism by which bacteria transiently avoid killing by antibiotics. This mechanism involves two closely related transcription factors, PmrA and QseB, which are conserved across Enterobacterales. We demonstrate that PmrA and QseB share regulatory targets in lipid A modification pathway and prove that QseB can orchestrate modifications of lipid A in Escherichia coli in the absence of PmrA. Finally, we show that QseB controls glutamate metabolism during the antibiotic response. These results suggest that rewiring of QseB-mediated metabolic genes could lead to stable antibiotic resistance in subpopulations within the host, thereby contributing to antibiotic treatment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie N. Hurst
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Connor J. Beebout
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexis Hollingsworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kirsten R. Guckes
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexandria Purcell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Tomas A. Bermudez
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diamond Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Seth A. Reasoner
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Personalized Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Soares GG, Campanini EB, Ferreira RL, Damas MSF, Rodrigues SH, Campos LC, Galvão JD, Fuentes ASDC, Freire CCDM, Malavazi I, Pitondo-Silva A, da Cunha AF, Pranchevicius MCDS. Brevundimonas brasiliensis sp. nov.: a New Multidrug-Resistant Species Isolated from a Patient in Brazil. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0441522. [PMID: 37067439 PMCID: PMC10269605 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04415-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To increase knowledge on Brevundimonas pathogens, we conducted in-depth genomic and phenotypic characterization of a Brevundimonas strain isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient admitted in a neonatal intensive care unit. The strain was identified as a member of the genus Brevundimonas based on Vitek 2 system results and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and presented a multidrug resistance profile (MDR). Several molecular and biochemical tests were used to characterize and identify the species for in-depth results. The draft genome assembly of the isolate has a total length of 3,261,074 bp and a G+C of 66.86%, similar to other species of the genus. Multilocus sequence analysis, Type (Strain) Genome Server, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and average nucleotide identity confirmed that the Brevundimonas sp. studied represents a distinct species, for which we propose the name Brevundimonas brasiliensis sp. nov. In silico analysis detected antimicrobial resistance genes (AMRGs) mediating resistance to β-lactams (penP, blaTEM-16, and blaBKC-1) and aminoglycosides [strA, strB, aac(6')-Ib, and aac(6')-Il]. We also found AMRGs encoding the AcrAB efflux pump that confers resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Colistin and quinolone resistance can be attributed to mutation in qseC and/or phoP and GyrA/GyrB, respectively. The Brevundimonas brasiliensis sp. nov. genome contained copies of type IV secretion system (T4SS)-type integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs); integrative mobilizable elements (IME); and Tn3-type and IS3, IS6, IS5, and IS1380 families, suggesting an important role in the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The isolate presented a range of virulence-associated genes related to biofilm formation, adhesion, and invasion that can be relevant for its pathogenicity. Our findings provide a wealth of data to hinder the transmission of MDR Brevundimonas and highlight the need for monitoring and identifying new bacterial species in hospital environments. IMPORTANCE Brevundimonas species is considered an opportunistic human pathogen that can cause multiple types of invasive and severe infections in patients with underlying pathologies. Treatment of these pathogens has become a major challenge because many isolates are resistant to most antibiotics used in clinical practice. Furthermore, there are no consistent therapeutic results demonstrating the efficacy of antibacterial agents. Although considered a rare pathogen, recent studies have provided evidence of the emergence of Brevundimonas in clinical settings. Hence, we identified a novel pathogenic bacterium, Brevundimonas brasiliensis sp. nov., that presented a multidrug resistance (MDR) profile and carried diverse genes related to drug resistance, virulence, and mobile genetic elements. Such data can serve as a baseline for understanding the genomic diversity, adaptation, evolution, and pathogenicity of MDR Brevundimonas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guerrera Soares
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emeline Boni Campanini
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roumayne Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo Henrique Rodrigues
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Caio César de Melo Freire
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Pitondo-Silva
- Programas de Pós-graduação em Odontologia e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria-Cristina da Silva Pranchevicius
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Biodiversidade Tropical - BIOTROP, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khunsri I, Prombutara P, Htoo HH, Wanvimonsuk S, Samernate T, Pornsing C, Tharntada S, Jaree P, Chaikeeratisak V, Somboonwiwat K, Nonejuie P. Roles of qseC mutation in bacterial resistance against anti-lipopolysaccharide factor isoform 3 (ALFPm3). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286764. [PMID: 37267395 PMCID: PMC10237662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Propelled by global climate changes, the shrimp industry has been facing tremendous losses in production due to various disease outbreaks, particularly early mortality syndrome (EMS), a disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND. Not only is the use of antibiotics as EMS control agents not yet been proven successful, but the overuse and misuse of antibiotics could also worsen one of the most challenging global health issues-antimicrobial resistance. To circumvent antibiotic usage, anti-lipopolysaccharide factor isoform 3 (ALFPm3), an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from the shrimp innate immune system, was proposed as an antibiotic alternative for EMS control. However, prolonged use of AMPs could also lead to bacterial cross resistance with life-saving antibiotics used in human diseases. Here, we showed that ALFPm3-resistant strains of E. coli could be induced in vitro. Genome analysis of the resistant mutants revealed multiple mutations, with the most interesting being a qseC(L299R). A study of antibiotic susceptibility profile showed that the resistant strains harboring the qseC(L299R) not only exhibited higher degree of resistance towards polymyxin antibiotics, but also produced higher biofilm under ALFPm3 stress. Lastly, a single cell death analysis revealed that, at early-log phase when biofilm is scarce, the resistant strains were less affected by ALFPm3 treatment, suggesting additional mechanisms by which qseC orchestrates to protect the bacteria from ALFPm3. Altogether, this study uncovers involvement of qseC mutation in mechanism of resistance of the bacteria against ALFPm3 paving a way for future studies on sustainable use of ALFPm3 as an EMS control agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iyacoob Khunsri
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Science and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Htut Htut Htoo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Supitcha Wanvimonsuk
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanadon Samernate
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chindanai Pornsing
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sirinit Tharntada
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phattarunda Jaree
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Vorrapon Chaikeeratisak
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poochit Nonejuie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guarneri F, Bertasio C, Romeo C, Formenti N, Scali F, Parisio G, Canziani S, Boifava C, Guadagno F, Boniotti MB, Alborali GL. First Detection of mcr-9 in a Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli of Animal Origin in Italy Is Not Related to Colistin Usage on a Pig Farm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040689. [PMID: 37107051 PMCID: PMC10134971 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of colistin resistance raises growing concerns because of its use as a last-resort antimicrobial for the treatment of severe gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. Plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr) are particularly worrisome due to their high propensity to spread. An mcr-9-positive Escherichia coli was isolated from a piglet in Italy, representing the first isolation of this gene from an E. coli of animal origin in the country. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that mcr-9 was borne by an IncHI2 plasmid carrying several other resistance genes. The strain was indeed phenotypically resistant to six different antimicrobial classes, including 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins. Despite the presence of mcr-9, the isolate was susceptible to colistin, probably because of a genetic background unfavourable to mcr-9 expression. The lack of colistin resistance, coupled with the fact that the farm of origin had not used colistin in years, suggests that mcr-9 in such a multidrug-resistant strain can be maintained thanks to the co-selection of neighbouring resistance genes, following usage of different antimicrobials. Our findings highlight how a comprehensive approach, integrating phenotypical testing, targeted PCR, WGS-based techniques, and information on antimicrobial usage is crucial to shed light on antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Parisio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Boifava
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Guadagno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna—IZSLER, v. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu Y, Dou Q, Du L, Wang Y. QseB/QseC: a two-component system globally regulating bacterial behaviors. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00046-X. [PMID: 36849330 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
QseB/QseC is a two-component system that is involved in the regulation of multiple bacterial behaviors by regulating quorum sensing, bacterial pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance. Thus, QseB/QseC could provide a target for new antibiotic development. Recently, QseB/QseC has been found to confer survival advantages to environmental bacteria under stress conditions. The molecular mechanistic understanding of QseB/QseC has become an active area of research and revealed some emerging themes, including a deeper understanding of QseB/QseC regulation in different pathogens and environmental bacteria, the functional difference of QseB/QseC among species, and the possibility of analyzing QseB/QseC evolution. Here, we discuss the progression of QseB/QseC studies and describe several unresolved issues and future directions. Resolving these issues is among the challenges of future QseB/QseC studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qin Dou
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liangcheng Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hurst MN, Beebout CJ, Hollingsworth A, Guckes KR, Purcell A, Bermudez TA, Williams D, Reasoner SA, Trent MS, Hadjifrangiskou M. The QseB response regulator imparts tolerance to positively charged antibiotics by controlling metabolism and minor changes to LPS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.10.523522. [PMID: 36711705 PMCID: PMC9882033 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.10.523522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The modification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp . is primarily controlled by the two-component system PmrAB. LPS modification allows bacteria to avoid killing by positively charged antibiotics like polymyxin B. We previously demonstrated that in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), the sensor histidine kinase PmrB also activates a non-cognate transcription factor, QseB, and this activation somehow augments polymyxin B tolerance in UPEC. Here, we demonstrate - for the first time - that in the absence of the canonical LPS transcriptional regulator, PmrA, QseB can direct some modifications on the LPS. In agreement with this observation, transcriptional profiling analyses demonstrate regulatory overlaps between PmrA and QseB in terms of regulating LPS modification genes. However, both PmrA and QseB must be present for UPEC to mount robust tolerance to polymyxin B. Transcriptional and metabolomic analyses also reveal that QseB transcriptionally regulates the metabolism of glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate, which are consumed and produced during the modification of lipid A. We show that deletion of qseB alters glutamate levels in the bacterial cells. The qseB deletion mutant, which is susceptible to positively charged antibiotics, is rescued by exogenous addition of 2-oxoglutarate. These findings uncover a previously unknown mechanism of metabolic control of antibiotic tolerance that may be contributing to antibiotic treatment failure in the clinic. IMPORTANCE Although antibiotic prescriptions are guided by well-established susceptibility testing methods, antibiotic treatments oftentimes fail. The presented work is significant, because it uncovers a mechanism by which bacteria transiently avoid killing by antibiotics. This mechanism involves two closely related transcription factors, PmrA and QseB, which are conserved across Enterobacteriaceae. We demonstrate that PmrA and QseB share regulatory targets in lipid A modification pathway and prove that QseB can orchestrate modifications of lipid A in E. coli in the absence of PmrA. Finally, we show that QseB controls glutamate metabolism during the antibiotic response. These results suggest that rewiring of QseB-mediated metabolic genes can lead to stable antibiotic resistance in subpopulations within the host, thereby contributing to antibiotic treatment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie N. Hurst
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Connor J. Beebout
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Kirsten R. Guckes
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexandria Purcell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Tomas A. Bermudez
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Diamond Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seth A. Reasoner
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M. Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology & Inflammation, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Personalized Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Babiker A, Bower C, Lutgring JD, Petit RA, Howard-Anderson J, Ansari U, McAllister G, Adamczyk M, Breaker E, Satola SW, Jacob JT, Woodworth MH. Clinical and Genomic Epidemiology of mcr-9-Carrying Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Isolates in Metropolitan Atlanta, 2012 to 2017. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0252221. [PMID: 35856667 PMCID: PMC9431279 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02522-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Recently, the ninth allele of the mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene family, designated mcr-9, was reported. However, its clinical and public health significance remains unclear. We queried genomes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) for mcr-9 from a convenience sample of clinical isolates collected between 2012 and 2017 through the Georgia Emerging Infections Program, a population- and laboratory-based surveillance program. Isolates underwent phenotypic characterization and whole-genome sequencing. Phenotypic characteristics, genomic features, and clinical outcomes of mcr-9-positive and -negative CRE cases were then compared. Among 235 sequenced CRE genomes, 13 (6%) were found to harbor mcr-9, all of which were Enterobacter cloacae complex. The median MIC and rates of heteroresistance and inducible resistance to colistin were similar between mcr-9-positive and -negative isolates. However, rates of resistance were higher among mcr-9-positive isolates across most antibiotic classes. All cases had significant health care exposures. The 90-day mortality was similarly high in both mcr-9-positive (31%) and -negative (7%) CRE cases. Nucleotide identity and phylogenetic analysis did not reveal geotemporal clustering. mcr-9-positive isolates had a significantly higher number of median [range] antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes (16 [4 to 22] versus 6 [2 to 15]; P < 0.001) than did mcr-9-negative isolates. Pangenome tests confirmed a significant association of mcr-9 detection with mobile genetic element and heavy metal resistance genes. Overall, the presence of mcr-9 was not associated with significant changes in colistin resistance or clinical outcomes, but continued genomic surveillance to monitor for emergence of AMR genes is warranted. IMPORTANCE Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. A recently described allele of the mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene family, designated mcr-9, has been widely reported among Enterobacterales species. However, its clinical and public health significance remains unclear. We compared characteristics and outcomes of mcr-9-positive and -negative CRE cases. All cases were acquired in the health care setting and associated with a high rate of mortality. The presence of mcr-9 was not associated with significant changes in colistin resistance, heteroresistance, or inducible resistance but was associated with resistance to other antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence, and heavy metal resistance (HMR) genes. Overall, the presence of mcr-9 was not associated with significant phenotypic changes or clinical outcomes. However, given the increase in AMR and HMR gene content and potential clinical impact, continued genomic surveillance of multidrug-resistant organisms to monitor for emergence of AMR genes is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Babiker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chris Bower
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Foundation for Atlanta Veterans Education and Research, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph D. Lutgring
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jessica Howard-Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Uzma Ansari
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gillian McAllister
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Adamczyk
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Goldbelt C6, LLC, Chesapeake, Virginia, USA
| | - Erin Breaker
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah W. Satola
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse T. Jacob
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael H. Woodworth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
King A, Blackledge MS. Evaluation of small molecule kinase inhibitors as novel antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:1038-1064. [PMID: 34581492 PMCID: PMC8616828 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global and pressing concern. Our current therapeutic arsenal is increasingly limited as bacteria are developing resistance at a rate that far outpaces our ability to create new treatments. Novel approaches to treating and curing bacterial infections are urgently needed. Bacterial kinases have been increasingly explored as novel drug targets and are poised for development into novel therapeutic agents to combat bacterial infections. This review describes several general classes of bacterial kinases that play important roles in bacterial growth, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation. General features of these kinase classes are discussed and areas of particular interest for the development of inhibitors will be highlighted. Small molecule kinase inhibitors are described and organized by phenotypic effect, spotlighting particularly interesting inhibitors with novel functions and potential therapeutic benefit. Finally, we provide our perspective on the future of bacterial kinase inhibition as a viable strategy to combat bacterial infections and overcome the pressures of increasing antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley King
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268
| | - Meghan S. Blackledge
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ding M, Shi J, Ud Din A, Liu Y, Zhang F, Yan X, Li Q, Bai J, Chen W, Zhou Y. Co-infections of two carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter hormaechei clinical strains isolated from the same diabetes individual in China. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33528353 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Since mcr-1 was first reported in China, there have been ten variants of MCR appearing nationwide so far. Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria carrying both NDM and MCR have become a serious threat to global public health.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The genetic structure of mcr-9 needs to be better understood in order to better prevent and control the transmission of drug-resistant genes.Aims. The aim of this study was to characterize the presence of two Enterobacter hormaechei isolates, which carries bla NDM-5 CME2 and the coexistence of mcr-9 and bla NDM-1 strain CMD2, which were isolated from a patient with diabetes in Sichuan, China.Methodology. The microbroth dilution method was used for antibiotic susceptibility. Conjugation experiment was used to investigate the transferability of bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5 and mcr-9. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on Illumina HiSeq platform. The ability of biofilm formation was detected by crystal-violet staining, the virulence of the bacteria was measured by Galleria mellonella killing assay.Results. bla NDM-5 carrier CME2 and CMD2 with bla NDM-1 and mcr-9 were resistant to carbapenems, β-lactam, aminoglycoside, quinolone and tetracycline, while CMD2 was also resistant to colistin. Conjugation assay and plasmid replicon typing further demonstrated that both bla NDM-1 and bla NDM-5 were respectively present on the self-transferrable IncX3 plasmid, mcr-9 was located on the self-transferrable IncHI2 plasmid. Through the analysis of mcr-9 gene context, the structure was DUF4942-rcnR-rcnA-copS-IS903-mcr-9-wbuC-qseC-qseB-IS1R-ΔsilR-IS903, bla NDM-1 context was IS3000-ΔISAba125-IS5-bla NDM-1-ble-trpF-groS-groL-insE-ΔIS26 structure, bla NDM-5 structure was IS3000-bla NDM-5-ble-trpF-dsbC-ΔIS26-umuD-ISKox3-tnpR-parA. Biofilm formation of CME2 was stronger than CMD2. There was no significant difference in virulence between the two strains.Conclusion. This study reveals two multiple drug-resistant E. hormaechei isolates from diabetes patient samples. E. hormaechei carrying two NDM-resistant genes is already a serious threat, where MCR is an important cause of treatment failure in bacterial infections. This study is a reminder not only to prevent infection in patients with diabetes, but also to constantly monitor the epidemic and spread of the drug-resistant gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Jiao Shi
- The first affiliated hospital of Chengdu medical college, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, PR China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Ahmad Ud Din
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Feiyang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Xiangjin Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - JiaWei Bai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Wenbi Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Yingshun Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Genomic Characterization of VIM and MCR Co-Producers: The First Two Clinical Cases, in Italy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010079. [PMID: 33418979 PMCID: PMC7825325 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: the co-production of carbapenemases and mcr-genes represents a worrisome event in the treatment of Enterobacteriaceae infections. The aim of the study was to characterize the genomic features of two clinical Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) isolates, co-producing VIM and MCR enzymes, in Italy. Methods: species identification and antibiotic susceptibility profiling were performed using MALDI-TOF and broth microdilution methods, respectively. Transferability of the blaVIM- and mcr- type genes was verified through conjugation experiment. Extracted DNA was sequenced using long reads sequencing technology on the Sequel I platform (PacBio). Results: the first isolate showed clinical resistance against ertapenem yet was colistin susceptible (EUCAST 2020 breakpoints). The mcr-9.2 gene was harbored on a conjugative IncHI2 plasmid, while the blaVIM-1 determinant was harbored on a conjugative IncN plasmid. The second isolate, resistant to both carbapenems and colistin, harbored: mcr-9 gene and its two component regulatory genes for increased expression on the chromosome, mcr-4.3 on non-conjugative (yet co-transferable) ColE plasmid, and blaVIM-1 on a non-conjugative IncA plasmid. Conclusions: to our knowledge, this is the first report of co-production of VIM and MCR in ECC isolates in Italy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Emerging Transcriptional and Genomic Mechanisms Mediating Carbapenem and Polymyxin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: a Systematic Review of Current Reports. mSystems 2020; 5:5/6/e00783-20. [PMID: 33323413 PMCID: PMC7771540 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00783-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of carbapenem- and polymyxin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae poses a significant threat to public health, challenging clinicians worldwide with limited therapeutic options. This review describes the current coding and noncoding genetic and transcriptional mechanisms mediating carbapenem and polymyxin resistance, respectively. The spread of carbapenem- and polymyxin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae poses a significant threat to public health, challenging clinicians worldwide with limited therapeutic options. This review describes the current coding and noncoding genetic and transcriptional mechanisms mediating carbapenem and polymyxin resistance, respectively. A systematic review of all studies published in PubMed database between 2015 to October 2020 was performed. Journal articles evaluating carbapenem and polymyxin resistance mechanisms, respectively, were included. The search identified 171 journal articles for inclusion. Different New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) carbapenemase variants had different transcriptional and affinity responses to different carbapenems. Mutations within the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) mobile transposon, Tn4401, affect its promoter activity and expression levels, increasing carbapenem resistance. Insertion of IS26 in ardK increased imipenemase expression 53-fold. ompCF porin downregulation (mediated by envZ and ompR mutations), micCF small RNA hyperexpression, efflux upregulation (mediated by acrA, acrR, araC, marA, soxS, ramA, etc.), and mutations in acrAB-tolC mediated clinical carbapenem resistance when coupled with β-lactamase activity in a species-specific manner but not when acting without β-lactamases. Mutations in pmrAB, phoPQ, crrAB, and mgrB affect phosphorylation of lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide through the pmrHFIJKLM (arnBCDATEF or pbgP) cluster, leading to polymyxin resistance; mgrB inactivation also affected capsule structure. Mobile and induced mcr, efflux hyperexpression and porin downregulation, and Ecr transmembrane protein also conferred polymyxin resistance and heteroresistance. Carbapenem and polymyxin resistance is thus mediated by a diverse range of genetic and transcriptional mechanisms that are easily activated in an inducing environment. The molecular understanding of these emerging mechanisms can aid in developing new therapeutics for multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kamathewatta K, Bushell R, Rafa F, Browning G, Billman-Jacobe H, Marenda M. Colonization of a hand washing sink in a veterinary hospital by an Enterobacter hormaechei strain carrying multiple resistances to high importance antimicrobials. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:163. [PMID: 33087168 PMCID: PMC7580002 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital intensive care units (ICUs) are known reservoirs of multidrug resistant nosocomial bacteria. Targeted environmental monitoring of these organisms in health care facilities can strengthen infection control procedures. A routine surveillance of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers in a large Australian veterinary teaching hospital detected the opportunistic pathogen Enterobacter hormaechei in a hand washing sink of the ICU. The organism persisted for several weeks, despite two disinfection attempts. Four isolates were characterized in this study. Methods Brilliance-ESBL selective plates were inoculated from environmental swabs collected throughout the hospital. Presumptive identification was done by conventional biochemistry. Genomes of multidrug resistant Enterobacter were entirely sequenced with Illumina and Nanopore platforms. Phylogenetic markers, mobile genetic elements and antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in silico. Antibiograms of isolates and transconjugants were established with Sensititre microdilution plates. Results The isolates possessed a chromosomal Tn7-associated silver/copper resistance locus and a large IncH12 conjugative plasmid encoding resistance against tellurium, arsenic, mercury and nine classes of antimicrobials. Clusters of antimicrobial resistance genes were associated with class 1 integrons and IS26, IS903 and ISCR transposable elements. The blaSHV-12, qnrB2 and mcr-9.1 genes, respectively conferring resistance to cephalosporins, quinolones and colistin, were present in a locus flanked by two IS903 copies. ESBL production and enrofloxacin resistance were confirmed phenotypically. The isolates appeared susceptible to colistin, possibly reflecting the inducible nature of mcr-9.1. Conclusions The persistence of this strain in the veterinary hospital represented a risk of further accumulation and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, prompting a thorough disinfection of the ICU. The organism was not recovered from subsequent environmental swabs, and nosocomial Enterobacter infections were not observed in the hospital during that period. This study shows that targeted routine environmental surveillance programs to track organisms with major resistance phenotypes, coupled with disinfection procedures and follow-up microbiological cultures are useful to control these risks in sensitive areas of large veterinary hospitals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka Kamathewatta
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Rhys Bushell
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Fannana Rafa
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Glenn Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Helen Billman-Jacobe
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Marc Marenda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ellermann M, Sperandio V. Bacterial signaling as an antimicrobial target. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 57:78-86. [PMID: 32916624 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics profoundly reduced worldwide mortality. However, the emergence of resistance to the growth inhibiting effects of these drugs occurred. New approaches to treat infectious disease that reduce the likelihood for resistance are needed. In bacterial pathogens, complex signaling networks regulate virulence. Anti-virulence therapies aim to disrupt these networks to attenuate virulence without affecting growth. Quorum-sensing, a cell-to-cell communication system, represents an attractive anti-virulence target because it often activates virulence. The challenge is to identify druggable targets that inhibit virulence, while also minimizing the likelihood of mutations promoting resistance. Moreover, given the ubiquity of quorum-sensing systems in commensals, any potential effects of anti-virulence therapies on microbiome function should also be considered. Here we highlight the efficacy and drawbacks of anti-virulence approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ellermann
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pitt ME, Cao MD, Butler MS, Ramu S, Ganesamoorthy D, Blaskovich MAT, Coin LJM, Cooper MA. Octapeptin C4 and polymyxin resistance occur via distinct pathways in an epidemic XDR Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 isolate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:582-593. [PMID: 30445429 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymyxin B and E (colistin) have been pivotal in the treatment of XDR Gram-negative bacterial infections; however, resistance has emerged. A structurally related lipopeptide, octapeptin C4, has shown significant potency against XDR bacteria, including polymyxin-resistant strains, but its mode of action remains undefined. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare and contrast the acquisition of resistance in an XDR Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST258) clinical isolate in vitro with all three lipopeptides to potentially unveil variations in their mode of action. METHODS The isolate was exposed to increasing concentrations of polymyxins and octapeptin C4 over 20 days. Day 20 strains underwent WGS, complementation assays, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and lipid A analysis. RESULTS Twenty days of exposure to the polymyxins resulted in a 1000-fold increase in the MIC, whereas for octapeptin C4 a 4-fold increase was observed. There was no cross-resistance observed between the polymyxin- and octapeptin-resistant strains. Sequencing of polymyxin-resistant isolates revealed mutations in previously known resistance-associated genes, including crrB, mgrB, pmrB, phoPQ and yciM, along with novel mutations in qseC. Octapeptin C4-resistant isolates had mutations in mlaDF and pqiB, genes related to phospholipid transport. These genetic variations were reflected in distinct phenotypic changes to lipid A. Polymyxin-resistant isolates increased 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose fortification of lipid A phosphate groups, whereas the lipid A of octapeptin C4-resistant strains harboured a higher abundance of hydroxymyristate and palmitoylate. CONCLUSIONS Octapeptin C4 has a distinct mode of action compared with the polymyxins, highlighting its potential as a future therapeutic agent to combat the increasing threat of XDR bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda E Pitt
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Minh Duc Cao
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Soumya Ramu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Devika Ganesamoorthy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lachlan J M Coin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Urinary tract infections: microbial pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions and new treatment strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:211-226. [PMID: 32071440 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common, recurrent infections that can be mild to life-threatening. The continued emergence of antibiotic resistance, together with our increasing understanding of the detrimental effects conferred by broad-spectrum antibiotic use on the health of the beneficial microbiota of the host, has underscored the weaknesses in our current treatment paradigm for UTIs. In this Review, we discuss how recent microbiological, structural, genetic and immunological studies have expanded our understanding of host-pathogen interactions during UTI pathogenesis. These basic scientific findings have the potential to shift the strategy for UTI treatment away from broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting conserved aspects of bacterial replication towards pathogen-specific antibiotic-sparing therapeutics that target core determinants of bacterial virulence at the host-pathogen interface.
Collapse
|
19
|
mcr-9, an Inducible Gene Encoding an Acquired Phosphoethanolamine Transferase in Escherichia coli, and Its Origin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00965-19. [PMID: 31209009 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00965-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasmid-located mcr-9 gene, encoding a putative phosphoethanolamine transferase, was identified in a colistin-resistant human fecal Escherichia coli strain belonging to a very rare phylogroup, the D-ST69-O15:H6 clone. This MCR-9 protein shares 33% to 65% identity with the other plasmid-encoded MCR-type enzymes identified (MCR-1 to -8) that have been found as sources of acquired resistance to polymyxins in Enterobacteriaceae Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide of the MCR-9-producing isolate revealed a function similar to that of MCR-1 by adding a phosphoethanolamine group to lipid A and subsequently modifying the structure of the lipopolysaccharide. However, a minor impact on susceptibility to polymyxins was noticed once the mcr-9 gene was cloned and produced in an E. coli K-12-derived strain. Nevertheless, we showed here that subinhibitory concentrations of colistin induced the expression of the mcr-9 gene, leading to increased MIC levels. This inducible expression was mediated by a two-component regulatory system encoded by the qseC and qseB genes located downstream of mcr-9 Genetic analysis showed that the mcr-9 gene was carried by an IncHI2 plasmid. In silico analysis revealed that the plasmid-encoded MCR-9 shared significant amino acid identity (ca. 80%) with the chromosomally encoded MCR-like proteins from Buttiauxella spp. In particular, Buttiauxella gaviniae was found to harbor a gene encoding MCR-BG, sharing 84% identity with MCR-9. That gene was neither expressed nor inducible in its original host, which was fully susceptible to polymyxins. This work showed that mcr genes may circulate silently and remain undetected unless induced by colistin.
Collapse
|
20
|
He L, Dai K, Wen X, Ding L, Cao S, Huang X, Wu R, Zhao Q, Huang Y, Yan Q, Ma X, Han X, Wen Y. QseC Mediates Osmotic Stress Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Haemophilus parasuis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:212. [PMID: 29487590 PMCID: PMC5816903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is known as a commensal organism discovered in the upper respiratory tract of swine where the pathogenic bacteria survive in various adverse environmental stress. QseC, a histidine protein kinase of the two-component regulatory systems CheY/QseC, is involved in the environmental adaptation in bacteria. To investigate the role of QseC in coping with the adverse environment stresses and survive in the host, we constructed a qseC mutant of H. parasuis serovar 13 strain (ΔqseC), MY1902. In this study, we found that QseC was involved in stress tolerance of H. parasuis, by the ΔqseC exhibited a decreased resistance to osmotic pressure, oxidative stress, and heat shock. Moreover, the ΔqseC weakened the ability to take up iron and biofilm formation. We also found that the QseC participate in sensing the epinephrine in environment to regulate the density of H. parasuis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lvqin He
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Dai
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingqiang Ding
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Steiner BD, Eberly AR, Hurst MN, Zhang EW, Green HD, Behr S, Jung K, Hadjifrangiskou M. Evidence of Cross-Regulation in Two Closely Related Pyruvate-Sensing Systems in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Membr Biol 2018; 251:65-74. [PMID: 29374286 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-018-0014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCSs) dictate many bacterial responses to environmental change via the activation of a membrane-embedded sensor kinase, which has molecular specificity for a cognate response regulator protein. However, although the majority of TCSs operate through seemingly strict cognate protein-protein interactions, there have been several reports of TCSs that violate this classical model of signal transduction. Our group has recently demonstrated that some of these cross-interacting TCSs function in a manner that imparts a fitness advantage to bacterial pathogens. In this study, we describe interconnectivity between the metabolite-sensing TCSs YpdA/YpdB and BtsS/BtsR in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). The YpdA/YpdB and BtsS/BtsR TCSs have been previously reported to interact in K12 E. coli, where they alter the expression of putative transporter genes yhjX and yjiY, respectively. These target genes are both upregulated in UPEC during acute and chronic murine models of urinary tract infection, as well as in response to pyruvate and serine added to growth media in vitro. Here, we show that proper regulation of yhjX in UPEC requires the presence of all components from both of these TCSs. By utilizing plasmid-encoded luciferase reporters tracking the activity of the yhjX and yjiY promoters, we demonstrate that deletions in one TCS substantially alter transcriptional activity of the opposing system's target gene. However, unlike in K12 E. coli, single gene deletions in the YpdA/YpdB system do not alter yjiY gene expression in UPEC, suggesting that niche and lifestyle-specific pressures may be selecting for differential cross-regulation of TCSs in pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Steiner
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison R Eberly
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN A5225A, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Melanie N Hurst
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN A5225A, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ellisa W Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN A5225A, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Stefan Behr
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) at the Department of Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) at the Department of Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, MCN A5225A, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology & Inflammation, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|