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Kolo AO, Collins NE, Brayton KA, Chaisi M, Blumberg L, Frean J, Gall CA, M. Wentzel J, Wills-Berriman S, Boni LD, Weyer J, Rossouw J, Oosthuizen MC. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Other Anaplasma spp. in Various Hosts in the Mnisi Community, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1812. [PMID: 33217891 PMCID: PMC7698776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA samples from 74 patients with non-malarial acute febrile illness (AFI), 282 rodents, 100 cattle, 56 dogs and 160 Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were screened for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the msp2 gene. The test detected both A. phagocytophilum and Anaplasma sp. SA/ZAM dog DNA. Microbiome sequencing confirmed the presence of low levels of A. phagocytophilum DNA in the blood of rodents, dogs and cattle, while high levels of A. platys and Anaplasma sp. SA/ZAM dog were detected in dogs. Directed sequencing of the 16S rRNA and gltA genes in selected samples revealed the presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA in humans, dogs and rodents and highlighted its importance as a possible contributing cause of AFI in South Africa. A number of recently described Anaplasma species and A. platys were also detected in the study. Phylogenetic analyses grouped Anaplasma sp. SA/ZAM dog into a distinct clade, with sufficient divergence from other Anaplasma species to warrant classification as a separate species. Until appropriate type-material can be deposited and the species is formally described, we will refer to this novel organism as Anaplasma sp. SA dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha O. Kolo
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Nicola E. Collins
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Kelly A. Brayton
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mamohale Chaisi
- Zoological Research, Foundational Biodiversity & Services, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (L.B.); (J.F.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | - John Frean
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (L.B.); (J.F.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | | | - Jeanette M. Wentzel
- Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - Samantha Wills-Berriman
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Liesl De Boni
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (L.B.); (J.F.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Rossouw
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa; (L.B.); (J.F.); (J.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Marinda C. Oosthuizen
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (N.E.C.); (K.A.B.); (S.W.-B.); (L.D.B.); (M.C.O.)
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2
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Lashnits E, Grant S, Thomas B, Qurollo B, Breitschwerdt EB. Evidence for vertical transmission of Mycoplasma haemocanis, but not Ehrlichia ewingii, in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1747-1752. [PMID: 31127669 PMCID: PMC6639480 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old female intact pregnant Beagle was evaluated after the owner surrendered her to a shelter. Prepartum and 2 months postpartum at the time of routine spay, the dam was whole-blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for Ehrlichia ewingii. She was also whole-blood PCR positive for Mycoplasma haemocanis prepartum and continuously for 5 months thereafter. The dam delivered 5 healthy puppies, 1 of which was whole-blood PCR positive for M. haemocanis. All 5 puppies had antibodies against Ehrlichia spp. at 1 month of age but not thereafter, and all puppies were Ehrlichia spp. PCR negative for 5 months of follow-up. Therefore, this study supports a potential role for vertical transmission in the maintenance of M. haemocanis in dogs as reservoir hosts. In contrast, in this case there was no evidence that E. ewingii was transmitted transplacentally or during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lashnits
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Sandra Grant
- Lake Wheeler Veterinary Hospital, Veterinary Services Department, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Brittany Thomas
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Barbara Qurollo
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Yuasa Y, Tsai YL, Chang CC, Hsu TH, Chou CC. The prevalence of Anaplasma platys and a potential novel Anaplasma species exceed that of Ehrlichia canis in asymptomatic dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus in Taiwan. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1494-1502. [PMID: 28781347 PMCID: PMC5627318 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine anaplasmosis is regarded as an infection by Anaplasma platys rather than zoonotic Anaplasma phagocytophilum in subtropical areas based on the assumption that the common dog tick species is Rhipicephalus sanguineus, which transmits E. canis and presumably A. platys. We investigated asymptomatic dogs and dog ticks from 16 communities in Nantou County, Taiwan to identify common dog tick species and to determine the prevalence of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. Of total 175 canine blood samples and 315 ticks, including 306 R. sanguineus and 9 Haemaphysalis hystricis, 15 dogs and 3 R. sanguineus ticks were positive for E. canis, while 47 dogs and 71 R. sanguineus ticks were positive for A. platys, via nested PCR for 16S rDNA and DNA sequencing of selected positive amplicons. However, among the dogs and ticks that were positive to A. platys 16S rDNA, only 20 dogs and 11 ticks were positive to nested PCR for A. platys groEL gene. These results revealed the importance of searching for novel Anaplasma spp. closely related to A. platys in dogs and ticks. Seropositivity to a commercial immunochromatographic test SNAP 4Dx Anaplasma sp. was not significantly associated with PCR positivity for A. platys but with infestation by ticks carrying A. platys (P<0.05). Accordingly, R. sanguineus may be involved in transmission of A. platys but may not act as a reservoir of E. canis and PCR results for 16S rDNA could be a problematic diagnostic index for A. platys infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yuasa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Lun Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Xuefu Road, Pingtung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Chin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tien-Huan Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Battilani M, De Arcangeli S, Balboni A, Dondi F. Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Anaplasma. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:195-211. [PMID: 28122249 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma are obligate intracellular bacteria of cells of haematopoietic origin and are aetiological agents of tick-borne diseases of both veterinary and medical interest common in both tropical and temperate regions. The recent disclosure of their zoonotic potential has greatly increased interest in the study of these bacteria, leading to the recent reorganisation of Rickettsia taxonomy and to the possible discovery of new species belonging to the genus Anaplasma. This review is particularly focused on the common and unique characteristics of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, with an emphasis on genetic diversity and evolution, and the main distinguishing features of the diseases caused by the different Anaplasma spp. are described as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Battilani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bo, Italy.
| | - Stefano De Arcangeli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bo, Italy
| | - Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bo, Italy
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Wilkerson MJ, Black KE, Lanza-Perea M, Sharma B, Gibson K, Stone DM, George A, Nair ADS, Ganta RR. Initial development and preliminary evaluation of a multiplex bead assay to detect antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis outer membrane peptides in naturally infected dogs from Grenada, West Indies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 29:109-114. [PMID: 27852813 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716671979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne bacteria, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis are significant pathogens of dogs worldwide, and coinfections of E. canis and A. platys are common in dogs on the Caribbean islands. We developed and evaluated the performance of a multiplex bead-based assay to detect antibodies to E. canis, A. platys, and E. chaffeensis peptides in dogs from Grenada, West Indies, where E. canis and A. platys infections are endemic. Peptides from outer membrane proteins of P30 of E. canis, OMP-1X of A. platys, and P28-19/P28-14 of E. chaffeensis were coupled to magnetic beads. The multiplex peptide assay detected antibodies in dogs experimentally infected with E. canis and E. chaffeensis, but not in an A. platys experimentally infected dog. In contrast, the multiplex assay and an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected A. platys antibodies in naturally infected Grenadian dogs. Following testing of 104 Grenadian canine samples, multiplex assay results had good agreement with commercially available ELISA and immunofluorescent assay for E. canis antibody-positive dogs ( K values of 0.73 and 0.84), whereas A. platys multiplex results had poor agreement with these commercial assays ( K values of -0.02 and 0.01). Prevalence of seropositive E. canis and A. platys Grenadian dogs detected by the multiplex and commercial antibody assays were similar to previous reports. Although the multiplex peptide assay performed well in detecting the seropositive status of dogs to E. canis and had good agreement with commercial assays, better antigen targets are necessary for the antibody detection of A. platys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Wilkerson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Wilkerson, Black, George, Nair, Ganta).,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (Lanza-Perea), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Pathobiology (Sharma, Gibson, Stone), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Kelley E Black
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Wilkerson, Black, George, Nair, Ganta).,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (Lanza-Perea), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Pathobiology (Sharma, Gibson, Stone), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Marta Lanza-Perea
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Wilkerson, Black, George, Nair, Ganta).,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (Lanza-Perea), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Pathobiology (Sharma, Gibson, Stone), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Wilkerson, Black, George, Nair, Ganta).,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (Lanza-Perea), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Pathobiology (Sharma, Gibson, Stone), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Kathryn Gibson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Wilkerson, Black, George, Nair, Ganta).,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (Lanza-Perea), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Pathobiology (Sharma, Gibson, Stone), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Diana M Stone
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Wilkerson, Black, George, Nair, Ganta).,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (Lanza-Perea), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Pathobiology (Sharma, Gibson, Stone), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Anushka George
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Wilkerson, Black, George, Nair, Ganta).,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (Lanza-Perea), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Pathobiology (Sharma, Gibson, Stone), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Arathy D S Nair
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Wilkerson, Black, George, Nair, Ganta).,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (Lanza-Perea), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Pathobiology (Sharma, Gibson, Stone), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Roman R Ganta
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Wilkerson, Black, George, Nair, Ganta).,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (Lanza-Perea), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Pathobiology (Sharma, Gibson, Stone), School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
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Lai TH, Parraga ME, Alvarez E, Rikihisa Y. Anaplasma platys Immunoblot Test Using Major Surface Antigens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:581-7. [PMID: 27327629 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma platys is an uncultivable tick-borne obligatory intracellular bacterium, which is known to infect platelets of dogs. A. platys causes infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia in subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Several cases of human infection with A. platys infection have also been reported. However, seroprevalence of A. platys exposure and infection has not been determined in most of the regions, in part, due to lack of a simple and reliable assay method. Furthermore, A. platys antigens recognized by dogs are unknown. We previously sequenced gene encoding A. platys major outer membrane proteins P44 and Omp-1X. In the present study, we obtained purified recombinant A. platys P44 and Omp-1X proteins, and using them as antigens in immunoblotting examined seroreactivity in dogs. Of 34 specimens from Venezuela where A. platys infection was previously reported, 25 specimens (73.5%) reacted to rAplP44 and/or rAplOMP-1X. Neither Anaplasma phagocytophilum-seropositive (N = 10) nor A. phagocytophilum-seronegative canine specimens (N = 10) from the geographic regions where A. platys infection has never been reported, reacted rAplP44 or rAplOMP-1X. The result indicates a high A. platys seroprevalence rate in tested dogs from Venezuela and suggests that the immunoblot analysis based on recombinant A. platys major outer membrane proteins can provide a simple and defined tool to enlighten the prevalence of A. platys infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-Huei Lai
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Maria E Parraga
- 2 Departamento Médico-Quirúrgico, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Central de Venezuela , Maracay, Estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Elizabeth Alvarez
- 3 Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yasuko Rikihisa
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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