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Sackett K, Brown P, Dutta K, Scully IL, Gangolli S, Looi K, Nemani S, Yu AYH, Kleven M, Xie J, Moran J, Pride MW, Anderson AS, Lotvin J. Identification of a Novel Keto Sugar Component in Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 12F Capsular Polysaccharide and Impact on Vaccine Immunogenicity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:764-773. [PMID: 36723033 PMCID: PMC9986053 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of conjugate vaccine technology revolutionized the ability to effectively elicit long-lasting immune responses to bacterial capsular polysaccharides. Although expansion of conjugate vaccine serotype coverage is designed to target residual disease burden to pneumococcal serotypes not contained in earlier vaccine versions, details of polysaccharide Ag structure, heterogeneity, and epitope structure components contributing to vaccine-mediated immunity are not always clear. Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F polysaccharide by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry revealed a partial substitution of N-acetyl-galactosamine by the keto sugar 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-xylo-hexos-4-ulose (Sug) in up to 25% of the repeat units. This substitution was not described in previous published structures for 12F. Screening a series of contemporary 12F strains isolated from humans (n = 17) identified Sug incorporation at varying levels in all strains examined. Thus, partial Sug substitution in S. pneumoniae serotype 12F may have always been present but is now detectable by state-of-the-art analytical techniques. During the steps of conjugation, the serotype 12F Sug epitope is modified by reduction, and both polysaccharide PPSV23 and conjugate PCV20 vaccines contain 12F Ags with little to no Sug epitope. Both PCV20 and PPSV23 vaccines were evaluated for protection against circulating 12F strains with varying amounts of Sug in their repeat unit based on an opsonophagocytic killing assay involving HL-60 cells and rabbit complement. Both vaccines elicited human-derived neutralizing Abs against serotype 12F, independent of Sug level between ∼2 and 25 mol%. These findings suggest that the newly identified serotype 12F Sug epitope is likely not an essential epitope for vaccine-elicited protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Sackett
- Pfizer Analytical Research and Development, Groton, CT
| | - Paul Brown
- Pfizer Analytical Research and Development, Chesterfield, MO
| | - Kaushik Dutta
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | | | - Seema Gangolli
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | - Kelvin Looi
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | - Sandeep Nemani
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | | | - Mark Kleven
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | - Jin Xie
- Pfizer Bioprocess Research and Development, Chesterfield, MO
| | - Justin Moran
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
| | | | | | - Jason Lotvin
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY
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2
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Effect of Different Initial Fermentation pH on Exopolysaccharides Produced by Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018 and Identification of Key Genes Involved in Exopolysaccharide Synthesis via Transcriptome Analysis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020089. [PMID: 35200619 PMCID: PMC8877158 DOI: 10.3390/md20020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are carbohydrate polymers produced and secreted by microorganisms. In a changing marine environment, EPS secretion can reduce damage from external environmental disturbances to microorganisms. Meanwhile, EPSs have promising application prospects in the fields of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Changes in external environmental pH have been shown to affect the synthesis of EPSs in microorganisms. In this study, we analyzed the effects of different initial fermentation pHs on the production, monosaccharide composition, and antioxidant activity of the EPSs of Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018. In addition, the transcriptome sequence of P. agarivorans Hao 2018 under different initial fermentation pH levels was determined. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes were concentrated in the two-component regulatory system and bacterial chemotaxis pathways. We further identified the expression of key genes involved in EPS synthesis during pH changes. In particular, the expression of genes encoding the glucose/galactose MFS transporter, phosphomannomutase, and mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase was upregulated when the environmental pH increased, thus promoting EPS synthesis. This study not only contributes to elucidating the environmental adaptation mechanisms of P. agarivorans, but also provides important theoretical guidance for the directed development of new products using biologically active polysaccharides.
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Prevalence of virulence genes in Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from women with urinary tract infections in Lagos State. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Silva KCS, Silva LOS, Silva GAA, Borges CL, Novaes E, Paccez JD, Fontes W, Giambiagi-deMarval M, Soares CMDA, Parente-Rocha JA. Staphylococcus saprophyticus Proteomic Analyses Elucidate Differences in the Protein Repertories among Clinical Strains Related to Virulence and Persistence. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010069. [PMID: 31963821 PMCID: PMC7169411 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive and coagulase negative cocci that composes the skin microbiota and can act as an opportunistic agent causing urinary tract infections, being more frequent in sexually active young women. The ability of a pathogen to cause infection in the host is associated to its ability to adhere to host cells and to survive host immune defenses. In this work, we presented the comparative proteomic profile of three S. saprophyticus strains. It was possible to characterize differences in the proteome content, specially related to expression of virulence factors. We compiled this data and previous data and we detected one strain (9325) possessing higher production and secretion of proteins related to virulence. Our results show that phenotypic, genotypic, and proteomic differences reflect in the ability to survive during interaction with host cells, since the 9325 strain presented a higher survival rate after macrophage interaction. In counterpart, the 7108 strain that possesses lower content of proteins related to virulence presented higher ability to form biofilm suggesting that this strain can be better adapted to persist in the host and in the environment. Our work describes, for the first time, proteomic flexibility among S. saprophyticus strains, reflecting in virulence and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Christina Sousa Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO 74690-900, Brazil; (K.C.S.S.); (L.O.S.S.); (G.A.A.S.); (C.L.B.); (J.D.P.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Lana O’Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO 74690-900, Brazil; (K.C.S.S.); (L.O.S.S.); (G.A.A.S.); (C.L.B.); (J.D.P.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Guilherme Algusto Alves Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO 74690-900, Brazil; (K.C.S.S.); (L.O.S.S.); (G.A.A.S.); (C.L.B.); (J.D.P.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO 74690-900, Brazil; (K.C.S.S.); (L.O.S.S.); (G.A.A.S.); (C.L.B.); (J.D.P.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Evandro Novaes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil;
| | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO 74690-900, Brazil; (K.C.S.S.); (L.O.S.S.); (G.A.A.S.); (C.L.B.); (J.D.P.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, UnB-Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO 74690-900, Brazil; (K.C.S.S.); (L.O.S.S.); (G.A.A.S.); (C.L.B.); (J.D.P.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO 74690-900, Brazil; (K.C.S.S.); (L.O.S.S.); (G.A.A.S.); (C.L.B.); (J.D.P.); (C.M.d.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Isolation, Optimization of Fermentation Conditions, and Characterization of an Exopolysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120703. [PMID: 31847202 PMCID: PMC6950073 DOI: 10.3390/md17120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the wide application of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) in food, cosmetics, medicine, and other fields has drawn tremendous attention. In this study, an EPS produced by Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018 was isolated and purified, and its fermentation conditions were optimized. Its structure and biological functions were also studied. The purity and molecular weight of EPS were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the EPS exhibited a number average of 2.26 × 105 and a weight average of 2.84 × 105. EPS has good adsorption for Cu2+ and Pb2+. The adsorption rates can reach up to 69.79% and 82.46%, respectively. The hygroscopic property of EPS was higher than that of chitosan, but slightly lower than that of sodium hyaluronate. However, the water-retaining activity of EPS was similar to that of chitosan and sodium hyaluronate. EPS has strong ability to scavenge free radicals, including OH radical and O2− radical. Further, its activity on O2− radicals has similarities with that of vitamin C. EPS has broad application prospects in many fields, such as cosmetics, environmental protection.
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Wang C, Fan Q, Zhang X, Lu X, Xu Y, Zhu W, Zhang J, Hao W, Hao L. Isolation, Characterization, and Pharmaceutical Applications of an Exopolysaccharide from Aerococcus Uriaeequi. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090337. [PMID: 30223612 PMCID: PMC6163479 DOI: 10.3390/md16090337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine bacteria secrete exopolysaccharides (EPSs), which are made up of a substantial component of the macro-molecules surrounding cells. Recently, the wide demand for EPSs for food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other applications has led to great interest in them. In this study, an EPS produced by marine bacteria Aerococcus uriaeequi HZ strains (EPS-A) was isolated and purified to examine its structure and biological function. The molecular weight of EPS-A analyzed by high-performance liquid gel filtration chromatography (HPGFC) is found to have a number average of 2.22 × 105 and weight average of 2.84 × 105, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transform–infrared (FT–IR) analysis indicate that EPS-A was a polysaccharide composed of glucose and a little mannose. In addition, the flocculating rate of sewage of EPS-A was 79.90%. The hygroscopicity studies showed that hygroscopicity of EPS-A was higher than chitosan but lower than that of sodium hyaluronate. The moisture retention of EPS-A showed similar retention activity to both chitosan and sodium hyaluronate. EPS-A also can scavenge free radicals including both OH• free radical and O2•− free radical and the activity to O2•− free radical is similar to vitamin C. Safety assessment on mice indicated that the EPS-A is safe for external use and oral administration. EPS-A has great potential for applications in medicine due to its characteristics mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Qiuping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Xiaoping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Yanrui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Wenxing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Wen Hao
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Qingdao 266033, China.
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao 266033, China.
| | - Lujiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
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Oliveira ASD, Rosa IIR, Novaes E, Oliveira LSD, Baeza LC, Borges CL, Marlinghaus L, Soares CMDA, Giambiagi-deMarval M, Parente-Rocha JA. The exoproteome profiles of three Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains reveal diversity in protein secretion contents. Microbiol Res 2018; 216:85-96. [PMID: 30269860 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a gram-positive microorganism responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs). Although some virulence factors are characterized, such as urease, autolysins, adhesins and hemagglutinins, large-scale proteomic studies have not been performed within this species. We performed the characterization of the exoproteome from three S. saprophyticus strains: the reference strain ATCC 15,305, a non-capsular strain 7108 and the 9325 strain containing a thick capsule which were cultured in BHI medium and culture supernatants were analysed by using mass spectrometry approach. We observed a core of 72 secreted proteins. In addition, it was possible to detect diversity in the protein profiles of the exoproteomes. Interestingly, strain 7108 presented no secretion of three antigenic proteins, including the classical SsaA antigen. In addition, the level of antigenic proteins secreted by strain 9325 was higher than in ATCC 15,305. This result was confirmed by Western blot analysis using anti-SsaA polyclonal antibodies, and no production/ secretion of SsaA was detected in strain 7108. Transcriptional data shows that 7108 strain produces transcripts encoding SsaA, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation occurs in this strain. Moreover, when compared with the other strains that were analyzed, it was possible to detect higher levels of proteases secreted by strain 7108 and higher levels of antigenic proteins and transglycosylases secreted by 9325 strain. The results reveal diversity in protein secretion among strains. This research is an important first step towards understanding the variability in S. saprophyticus exoproteome profile and could be significant in explaining differences among strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santana de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Isabella Inês Rodrigues Rosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Evandro Novaes
- Escola de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27227294 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0012-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are a common cause of urinary-tract infection (UTI), particularly among individuals who are elderly, pregnant, or who have other risk factors for UTI. Here we review the epidemiology, virulence mechanisms, and host response to the most frequently isolated Gram-positive uropathogens: Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We also review several emerging, rare, misclassified, and otherwise underreported Gram-positive pathogens of the urinary tract including Aerococcus, Corynebacterium, Actinobaculum, and Gardnerella. The literature strongly suggests that urologic diseases involving Gram-positive bacteria may be easily overlooked due to limited culture-based assays typically utilized for urine in hospital microbiology laboratories. Some UTIs are polymicrobial in nature, often involving one or more Gram-positive bacteria. We herein review the risk factors and recent evidence for mechanisms of bacterial synergy in experimental models of polymicrobial UTI. Recent experimental data has demonstrated that, despite being cleared quickly from the bladder, some Gram-positive bacteria can impact pathogenic outcomes of co-infecting organisms. When taken together, the available evidence argues that Gram-positive bacteria are important uropathogens in their own right, but that some can be easily overlooked because they are missed by routine diagnostic methods. Finally, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that a surprising variety of fastidious Gram-positive bacteria may either reside in or be regularly exposed to the urinary tract and further suggests that their presence is widespread among women, as well as men. Experimental studies in this area are needed; however, there is a growing appreciation that the composition of bacteria found in the bladder could be a potentially important determinant in urologic disease, including susceptibility to UTI.
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Schwartbeck B, Birtel J, Treffon J, Langhanki L, Mellmann A, Kale D, Kahl J, Hirschhausen N, Neumann C, Lee JC, Götz F, Rohde H, Henke H, Küster P, Peters G, Kahl BC. Dynamic in vivo mutations within the ica operon during persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006024. [PMID: 27902784 PMCID: PMC5130281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with chronic bacterial airway infections leading to lung insufficiency and decreased life expectancy. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent pathogens isolated from the airways of CF patients. Mucoid colony morphology has been described for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most common pathogen in CF, but not for S. aureus. From the airways of 8 of 313 CF patients (2.5%) mucoid S. aureus isolates (n = 115) were cultured with a mean persistence of 29 months (range 1 month, 126 months). In contrast to non-mucoid S. aureus, mucoid isolates were strong biofilm formers. The upstream region of the ica operon, which encodes the proteins responsible for the synthesis of the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), of mucoid isolates was sequenced. Spa-types of mucoid and non-mucoid strains were identical, but differed between patients. Mucoid isolates carried a 5 bp deletion in the intergenic region between icaR and icaA. During long-term persistence, from two patients subsequent non-mucoid isolates (n = 12) with 5 bp deletions were cultured, which did not produce biofilm. Sequencing of the entire ica operon identified compensatory mutations in various ica-genes including icaA (n = 7), icaD (n = 3) and icaC (n = 2). Six sequential isolates of each of these two patients with non-mucoid and mucoid phenotypes were subjected to whole genome sequencing revealing a very close relationship of the individual patient’s isolates. Transformation of strains with vectors expressing the respective wild-type genes restored mucoidy. In contrast to the non-mucoid phenotype, mucoid strains were protected against neutrophilic killing and survived better under starvation conditions. In conclusion, the special conditions present in CF airways seem to facilitate ongoing mutations in the ica operon during S. aureus persistence. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens isolated from the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In this study, we identified unusual mucoid S. aureus isolates in 8 of 313 (2.5%) CF patients. All mucoid isolates carried a 5 bp deletion upstream of the ica operon, which resulted in increased expression of PIA/PNAG biofilm. In three patients, mucoid isolates were recovered for extended periods up to 126 months. Surprisingly, later sequential non-mucoid isolates (n = 12) of two patients also carried the 5 bp deletion. Sequencing of the entire ica operon identified compensatory mutations in different ica genes (icaA, icaD, icaC) in these isolates. A close relationship of these isolates and of the first mucoid and closest non-mucoid isolate without 5 bp deletion were confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Transformation with expression vectors with respective wild-type genes restored mucoidy. Mucoid isolates were protected against neutrophil killing and survived better under starvation conditions. In conclusion, the special conditions present in CF airways seem to facilitate ongoing mutations in the ica operon during persistence of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Birtel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Clinics Münster, Germany
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, United States of America
| | - Janina Treffon
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Clinics Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Langhanki
- Institute for Hygiene, University Clinics Münster, Germany
| | | | - Devika Kale
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Clinics Münster, Germany
| | - Janina Kahl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Clinics Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Hirschhausen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Clinics Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Neumann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Clinics Münster, Germany
| | - Jean C. Lee
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, United States of America
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Department of Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanae Henke
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Küster
- Pediatric Department Clemenshospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Clinics Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara C. Kahl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Clinics Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Vinogradov E, Goyette-Desjardins G, Okura M, Takamatsu D, Gottschalk M, Segura M. Structure determination of Streptococcus suis serotype 9 capsular polysaccharide and assignment of functions of the cps locus genes involved in its biosynthesis. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:25-30. [PMID: 27423880 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 9 is the most prevalent S. suis serotype in several European countries. In spite of its pathogenicity for pigs and increasing zoonotic potential, limited information is available on this serotype. Here we determined for the first time the chemical composition and structure of serotype 9 capsular polysaccharide (CPS), a major bacterial virulence factor and the antigen at the origin of S. suis classification into serotypes. Chemical and spectroscopic data gave the repeating unit sequence: [3)Glcol-6-P-3-[D-Gal(α1-2)]D-Gal(β1-3)D-Sug(β1-3)L-Rha(α1-)]n. Compared to previously characterized S. suis CPSs (serotypes 1, 1/2, 2 and 14), serotype 9 CPS does not contain sialic acid but contains a labile 4-keto sugar (2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-xylo-hexopyranos-4-ulose), one particular feature of this serotype. A correlation between S. suis serotype 9 CPS sequence and genes of this serotype cps locus encoding putative glycosyltransferases and polymerase responsible for the biosynthesis of the repeating unit was tentatively established. Knowledge of CPS structure and composition will contribute to better dissect the role of this bacterial component in the pathogenesis of S. suis serotype 9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masatoshi Okura
- Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Laboratory of Research on Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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Staphylococcal Bap Proteins Build Amyloid Scaffold Biofilm Matrices in Response to Environmental Signals. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005711. [PMID: 27327765 PMCID: PMC4915627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of bacteria that grow encased in an extracellular matrix that often contains proteins. The spatial organization and the molecular interactions between matrix scaffold proteins remain in most cases largely unknown. Here, we report that Bap protein of Staphylococcus aureus self-assembles into functional amyloid aggregates to build the biofilm matrix in response to environmental conditions. Specifically, Bap is processed and fragments containing at least the N-terminus of the protein become aggregation-prone and self-assemble into amyloid-like structures under acidic pHs and low concentrations of calcium. The molten globule-like state of Bap fragments is stabilized upon binding of the cation, hindering its self-assembly into amyloid fibers. These findings define a dual function for Bap, first as a sensor and then as a scaffold protein to promote biofilm development under specific environmental conditions. Since the pH-driven multicellular behavior mediated by Bap occurs in coagulase-negative staphylococci and many other bacteria exploit Bap-like proteins to build a biofilm matrix, the mechanism of amyloid-like aggregation described here may be widespread among pathogenic bacteria. Major components of the biofilm matrix scaffold are proteins that assemble to create a unified structure that maintain bacteria attached to each other and to surfaces. We provide evidence that a surface protein present in several staphylococcal species forms functional amyloid aggregates to build the biofilm matrix in response to specific environmental conditions. Under low Ca2+ concentrations and acidic pH, Bap is processed and forms insoluble aggregates with amyloidogenic properties. When the Ca2+ concentration increases, metal-coordinated Bap adopts a structurally more stable conformation and as a consequence, the N-terminal region is unable to assemble into amyloid aggregates. The control of Bap cleavage and assembly helps to regulate biofilm matrix development as a function of environmental changes.
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Wacker M, Wang L, Kowarik M, Dowd M, Lipowsky G, Faridmoayer A, Shields K, Park S, Alaimo C, Kelley KA, Braun M, Quebatte J, Gambillara V, Carranza P, Steffen M, Lee JC. Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections by glycoprotein vaccines synthesized in Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1551-61. [PMID: 24308931 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of superficial and invasive human disease that is often refractory to antimicrobial therapy. Vaccines have the potential to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and economic impact associated with staphylococcal infections. However, single-component vaccines targeting S. aureus have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. METHODS A novel glycoengineering technology for creation of a multicomponent staphylococcal vaccine is described. Genes encoding S. aureus capsular polysaccharide (CP) biosynthesis, PglB (a Campylobacter oligosaccharyl transferase), and a protein carrier (detoxified Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoprotein A or S. aureus α toxin [Hla]) were coexpressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant proteins N-glycosylated with S. aureus serotype 5 or 8 CPs were purified from E. coli. RESULTS Rabbits and mice immunized with the glycoprotein vaccines produced antibodies that were active in vitro in functional assays. Active and passive immunization strategies targeting the CPs protected mice against bacteremia, and vaccines targeting Hla protected against lethal pneumonia. The CP-Hla bioconjugate vaccine protected against both bacteremia and lethal pneumonia, providing broad-spectrum efficacy against staphylococcal invasive disease. CONCLUSIONS Glycoengineering technology, whereby polysaccharide and protein antigens are enzymatically linked in a simple E. coli production system, has broad applicability for use in vaccine development against encapsulated microbial pathogens.
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Szabados F, Mohner A, Kleine B, Gatermann SG. Staphylococcus saprophyticus surface-associated protein (Ssp) is associated with lifespan reduction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Virulence 2013; 4:604-11. [PMID: 23959029 DOI: 10.4161/viru.25875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal lipases have been proposed as pathogenicity factors. In Staphylococcus saprophyticus the surface-associated protein (Ssp) has been previously characterized as a cell wall-associated true lipase. A S. saprophyticus Δssp::ermB mutant has been described as less virulent in an in vivo model of urinary tract infection compared with its wild-type. This is the first report showing that S. saprophyticus induced a lifespan reduction in Caenorhabditis elegans similar to that of S. aureus RN4220. In two S. saprophyticus Δssp::ermB mutants lifespan reduction in C. elegans was partly abolished. In order to attribute virulence to the lipase activity itself and distinguish this phenomenon from the presence of the Ssp-protein, the conserved active site of the lipase was modified by site-directed ligase-independent mutagenesis and lipase activity-deficient mutants were constructed. These results indicate that the Ssp is associated with pathogenicity in C. elegans and one could speculate that the lipase activity itself is responsible for this virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Szabados
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology; Department of Medical Microbiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum, Germany
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Kokoulin MS, Kalinovsky AI, Komandrova NA, Tovarchi VE, Tomshich SV, Nedashkovskaya OI, Vaskovsky VE. The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide from marine bacterium Litorimonas taeanensis G5T containing 2-acetamido-4-((3S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhexanamido)-2,4-dideoxy-d-quinovose and 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-l-xylo-hexos-4-ulose. Carbohydr Res 2013; 375:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Capsular polysaccharide of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of swine erysipelas, and its modification with phosphorylcholine. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3993-4003. [PMID: 22949554 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00635-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsule has been implicated in the virulence of the swine pathogen Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a rod-shaped, intracellular Gram-positive bacterium that has a unique phylogenetic position in the phylum Firmicutes and is a close relative of Mollicutes (mycoplasma species). In this study, we analyzed the genetic locus and composition of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of the Fujisawa strain of E. rhusiopathiae. Genome analysis of the Fujisawa strain revealed that the genetic locus for capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) is located next to an lic operon, which is involved in the incorporation and expression of phosphorylcholine (PCho). Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that cps and lic are transcribed as a single mRNA, indicating that the loci form an operon. Using the cell surface antigen-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) ER21 as a probe, the capsular materials were isolated from the Fujisawa strain by hot water extraction and treatment with DNase, RNase, pronase, and N-acetylmuramidase SG, followed by anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The materials were then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The CPS of E. rhusiopathiae is heterogeneous and consists of the major monosaccharides galacturonic acid, galactose, mannose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, and N-acetylglucosamine and some minor monosaccharides containing ribose, rhamnose, and N-acetylgalactosamine. In addition, the capsule is modified by PCho, which comigrates with the capsular materials, as determined by Western immunoblotting, and colocalizes on the cell surface, as determined by immunogold electron microscopy. Virulence testing of PCho-defective mutants in mice demonstrated that PCho is critical for the virulence of this organism.
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Cobucci-Ponzano B, Moracci M. Glycosynthases as tools for the production of glycan analogs of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:697-709. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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