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Zaidi S, Ali K, Chawla YM, Khan AU. mltG gene deletion mitigated virulence potential of Streptococcus mutans: An in-vitro, ex-situ and in-vivo study. AMB Express 2023; 13:19. [PMID: 36806997 PMCID: PMC9941400 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cells are surrounded by a peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, which is essential for cell integrity and intrinsic biogenesis pathways; hence, the cell wall is a potential target for several antibiotics. Among several lytic transglycosylases (LTs), the mltG gene plays a crucial role in the synthesis of peripheral PG. It localises the re-modelled PGs for septum formation and cleavage across the bacterial cell wall during daughter cells separation. However, the role of mltG gene in bacterial virulence, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria during dentine biofilm and caries development, has remained unexplored. Hence, we exploited Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans cells for the very first time to construct a mltG knock-out bacterial strain, e.g., ΔmltG S. mutans. Systematic comparative investigations revealed that doubling time (Td), survival, enzymatic efficiencies, pH tolerance, bio-synthesise of lipid, proteins and DNA, biofilm formation and dentine lesions were significantly (p < 0.001) compromised in case of ΔmltG S. mutans than wild type strain. The qRT-PCR based gene expression profiling revealed that transcriptional expression of critically important genes involved in biofilm, metabolism, and stress response were dysregulated in the mutant. Besides, an incredible reduction in dentine caries development was found in the molar teeth of Wistar rats and also in human extracted teeth. Concisely, these trends obtained evidently advocated the fact that the deletion of mltG gene can be a potential target to impair the S. mutans virulence through severe growth retardation, thereby reducing the virulence potential of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Zaidi
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary, Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 UP India
| | - Khursheed Ali
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary, Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 UP India
| | - Yadya M. Chawla
- grid.425195.e0000 0004 0498 7682ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Asad U. Khan
- grid.411340.30000 0004 1937 0765Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary, Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 UP India
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2
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Chen C, Wang L, Lu Y, Yu H, Tian H. Comparative Transcriptional Analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum and Its ccpA-Knockout Mutant Under Galactooligosaccharides and Glucose Conditions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1584. [PMID: 31338086 PMCID: PMC6629832 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are documented prebiotic compounds, but knowledge of the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of GOS utilization by lactic acid bacteria is still limited. Here we used transcriptome and physiological analyses to investigate the differences in the logarithmic growth phase of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. plantarum ΔccpA metabolizing GOS or glucose as the sole source of carbohydrate. In total, 489 genes (16%) were differentially transcribed in the wild-type L. plantarum grown on glucose and GOS and the value is decreased to 7% due to the loss of ccpA. Only 6% genes were differentially expressed when the wild-type and the ccpA mutant were compared on GOS. Transcriptome data revealed that the carbon sources significantly affected the expression of several genes, and some of the genes were mediated by CcpA. In particular, lac and gal gene clusters resembled the corresponding clusters in L. acidophilus NCFM that are involved in GOS metabolism, indicating that these clusters may be participating in GOS utilization. Moreover, reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that GOS-related gene clusters were organized in five independent polycistronic units. In addition, many commonalities were found between fructooligosaccharides and GOS metabolism in L. plantarum, including differentially expressed genes involved in oligosaccharide metabolism, conversion of metabolites, and changes in fatty acid biosynthesis. Overall, our findings provide new information on gene transcription and the metabolic mechanism associated with GOS utilization, and confirm that CcpA plays an important role in carbon metabolism regulation in L. plantarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanxiang Tian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
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3
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Wang X, Cai J, Shang N, Zhu L, Shao N, Dong X, Tong H. The carbon catabolite repressor CcpA mediates optimal competence development in Streptococcus oligofermentans through post-transcriptional regulation. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:552-568. [PMID: 31074889 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural transformation increases the genetic diversity of bacteria, but is costly and must be strictly controlled. We previously found that deletion of ccpA, a key regulator of carbon catabolite repression (CCR), reduced transformation efficiency of Streptococcus oligofermentans, the current work further investigated the regulatory mechanisms of CcpA. The competence operon comCDE is subjected to basal and autoregulatory transcription. A luciferase reporter detected a transcriptional readthrough (TRT) from the upstream tRNAArg into the comCDE operon, which was induced by L -arginine. Insertion of the Escherichia coli T1T2 terminator downstream of tRNAArg abolished TRT, and reduced the basal comCDE transcription by 77% and also the transformation efficiency. Deletion of ccpA increased tRNAArg TRT and tRNAArg -comCDE polycistronic transcript by twofold. An in vitro transcription assay determined that CcpA promoted the transcription termination of tRNAArg TRT, and RNA EMSA and SPR assays detected equal binding affinity of CcpA to both the RNA and DNA of tRNAArg . These results indicate that CcpA controls the basal comCDE transcription by post-transcriptional actions. Overexpression of comDE or its phospho-mimicking mutant comDED58E reduced transformation efficiency, indicating that excessive ComE impairs competence development. CCR-regulated competence was further confirmed by higher tRNAArg TRT but lower transformation efficiency in galactose than in glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Nan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Nana Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiuzhu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huichun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Chen C, Lu Y, Wang L, Yu H, Tian H. CcpA-Dependent Carbon Catabolite Repression Regulates Fructooligosaccharides Metabolism in Lactobacillus plantarum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1114. [PMID: 29896178 PMCID: PMC5986886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) metabolism in Lactobacillus plantarum is controlled by two gene clusters, and the global regulator catabolite control protein A (CcpA) may be involved in the regulation. To understand the mechanism, this study focused on the regulation relationships of CcpA toward target genes and the binding effects on the catabolite responsive element (cre). First, reverse transcription-PCR analysis of the transcriptional organization of the FOS-related gene clusters showed that they were organized in three independent polycistronic units. Diauxic growth, hierarchical utilization of carbohydrates and repression of FOS-related genes were observed in cultures containing FOS and glucose, suggesting carbon catabolite repression (CCR) control in FOS utilization. Knockout of ccpA gene eliminated these phenomena, indicating the principal role of this gene in CCR of FOS metabolism. Furthermore, six potential cre sites for CcpA binding were predicted in the regions of putative promoters of the two clusters. Direct binding was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays in vitro and chromatin immunoprecipitation in vivo. The results of the above studies suggest that CcpA is a vital regulator of FOS metabolism in L. plantarum and that CcpA-dependent CCR regulates FOS metabolism through the direct binding of CcpA toward the cre sites in the promoter regions of FOS-related clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaixiang Tian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
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Zhang T, Zhu J, Wei S, Luo Q, Li L, Li S, Tucker A, Shao H, Zhou R. The roles of RelA/(p)ppGpp in glucose-starvation induced adaptive response in the zoonotic Streptococcus suis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27169. [PMID: 27255540 PMCID: PMC4891663 DOI: 10.1038/srep27169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The (p)ppGpp signal molecules play a central role in the stringent response (SR) to adapt to nutrient starvation in bacteria, yet the carbohydrate starvation induced adaptive response and the roles of SR in this response is not well characterized, especially in Gram-positives. Here, two (p)ppGpp synthetases RelA and RelQ are identified in Streptococcus suis, an important emerging zoonotic Gram-positive bacterium, while only RelA is functional under glucose starvation. To characterize the roles of RelA/(p)ppGpp in glucose starvation response in S. suis, the growth curves and transcriptional profiles were compared between the mutant strain ΔrelA [a (p)ppGpp0 strain under glucose starvation] and its parental strain SC-19 [(p)ppGpp+]. The results showed great difference between SC-19 and ΔrelA on adaptive responses when suffering glucose starvation, and demonstrated that RelA/(p)ppGpp plays important roles in adaptation to glucose starvation. Besides the classic SR including inhibition of growth and related macromolecular synthesis, the extended adaptive response also includes inhibited glycolysis, and carbon catabolite repression (CCR)-mediated carbohydrate-dependent metabolic switches. Collectively, the pheno- and genotypic characterization of the glucose starvation induced adaptive response in S. suis makes a great contribution to understanding better the mechanism of SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingping Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Alexander Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Huabin Shao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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Paixão L, Oliveira J, Veríssimo A, Vinga S, Lourenço EC, Ventura MR, Kjos M, Veening JW, Fernandes VE, Andrew PW, Yesilkaya H, Neves AR. Host glycan sugar-specific pathways in Streptococcus pneumoniae: galactose as a key sugar in colonisation and infection [corrected]. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121042. [PMID: 25826206 PMCID: PMC4380338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is a strictly fermentative organism that relies on glycolytic metabolism to obtain energy. In the human nasopharynx S. pneumoniae encounters glycoconjugates composed of a variety of monosaccharides, which can potentially be used as nutrients once depolymerized by glycosidases. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesise that the pneumococcus would rely on these glycan-derived sugars to grow. Here, we identified the sugar-specific catabolic pathways used by S. pneumoniae during growth on mucin. Transcriptome analysis of cells grown on mucin showed specific upregulation of genes likely to be involved in deglycosylation, transport and catabolism of galactose, mannose and N acetylglucosamine. In contrast to growth on mannose and N-acetylglucosamine, S. pneumoniae grown on galactose re-route their metabolic pathway from homolactic fermentation to a truly mixed acid fermentation regime. By measuring intracellular metabolites, enzymatic activities and mutant analysis, we provide an accurate map of the biochemical pathways for galactose, mannose and N-acetylglucosamine catabolism in S. pneumoniae. Intranasal mouse infection models of pneumococcal colonisation and disease showed that only mutants in galactose catabolic genes were attenuated. Our data pinpoint galactose as a key nutrient for growth in the respiratory tract and highlights the importance of central carbon metabolism for pneumococcal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paixão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joana Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - André Veríssimo
- Centre for Intelligent Systems, LAETA, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Vinga
- Centre for Intelligent Systems, LAETA, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva C. Lourenço
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M. Rita Ventura
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Morten Kjos
- Molecular Genetics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Molecular Genetics Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Synthetic Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor E. Fernandes
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Andrew
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Yesilkaya
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Rute Neves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Putrescine production via the agmatine deiminase pathway increases the growth of Lactococcus lactis and causes the alkalinization of the culture medium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:897-905. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Krzyściak W, Jurczak A, Kościelniak D, Bystrowska B, Skalniak A. The virulence of Streptococcus mutans and the ability to form biofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:499-515. [PMID: 24154653 PMCID: PMC3953549 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In some diseases, a very important role is played by the ability of bacteria to form multi-dimensional complex structure known as biofilm. The most common disease of the oral cavity, known as dental caries, is a top leader. Streptococcus mutans, one of the many etiological factors of dental caries, is a microorganism which is able to acquire new properties allowing for the expression of pathogenicity determinants determining its virulence in specific environmental conditions. Through the mechanism of adhesion to a solid surface, S. mutans is capable of colonizing the oral cavity and also of forming bacterial biofilm. Additional properties enabling S. mutans to colonize the oral cavity include the ability to survive in an acidic environment and specific interaction with other microorganisms colonizing this ecosystem. This review is an attempt to establish which characteristics associated with biofilm formation--virulence determinants of S. mutans--are responsible for the development of dental caries. In order to extend the knowledge of the nature of Streptococcus infections, an attempt to face the following problems will be made: Biofilm formation as a complex process of protein-bacterium interaction. To what extent do microorganisms of the cariogenic flora exemplified by S. mutans differ in virulence determinants "expression" from microorganisms of physiological flora? How does the environment of the oral cavity and its microorganisms affect the biofilm formation of dominant species? How do selected inhibitors affect the biofilm formation of cariogenic microorganisms?
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Affiliation(s)
- W Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, UJCM 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland,
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