1
|
Matsuike D, Tahara YO, Nonaka T, Wu HN, Hamaguchi T, Kudo H, Hayashi Y, Arai M, Miyata M. Structure and Function of Gli123 Involved in Mycoplasma mobile Gliding. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0034022. [PMID: 36749051 PMCID: PMC10029712 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00340-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile is a fish pathogen that glides on solid surfaces by means of its own gliding machinery composed of internal and surface structures. In the present study, we focused on the function and structure of Gli123, a surface protein that is essential for the localization of other surface proteins. The amino acid sequence of Gli123, which is 1,128 amino acids long, contains lipoprotein-specific repeats. We isolated the native Gli123 protein from M. mobile cells and a recombinant protein, rGli123, from Escherichia coli. The isolated rGli123 complemented a nonbinding and nongliding mutant of M. mobile that lacked Gli123. Circular dichroism and rotary-shadowing electron microscopy (EM) showed that rGli123 has a structure that is not significantly different from that of the native protein. Rotary-shadowing EM suggested that Gli123 adopts two distinct globular and rod-like structures, depending on the ionic strength of the solution. Negative-staining EM coupled with single-particle analysis revealed that Gli123 forms a globular structure featuring a small protrusion with dimensions of approximately 15.7, 14.7, and 14.1 nm for the "height," major axis and minor axis, respectively. Small-angle X-ray scattering analyses indicated a rod-like structure composed of several tandem globular domains with total dimensions of approximately 34 nm in length and 6 nm in width. Both molecular structures were suggested to be dimers, based on the predicted molecular size and structure. Gli123 may have evolved by multiplication of repeating lipoprotein units and acquired a role for Gli521 and Gli349 assembly. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasmas are pathogenic bacteria that are widespread in animals. They are characterized by small cell and genome sizes but are equipped with unique abilities for infection, such as surface variation and gliding. Here, we focused on a surface-localizing protein named Gli123 that is essential for Mycoplasma mobile gliding. This study suggested that Gli123 undergoes drastic conformational changes between its rod-like and globular structures. These changes may be caused by a repetitive structure common in the surface proteins that is responsible for the modulation of the cell surface structure and related to the assembly process for the surface gliding machinery. An evolutionary process for surface proteins essential for this mycoplasma gliding was also suggested in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Matsuike
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuhei O Tahara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nonaka
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Heng Ning Wu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kudo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munehito Arai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han NC, Kavoor A, Ibba M. Characterizing the amino acid activation center of the naturally editing-deficient aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase PheRS in Mycoplasma mobile. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:947-957. [PMID: 35038769 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To ensure correct amino acids are incorporated during protein synthesis, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) employ proofreading mechanisms collectively referred to as editing. Although editing is important for viability, editing-deficient aaRSs have been identified in host-dependent organisms. In Mycoplasma mobile, editing-deficient PheRS and LeuRS have been identified. We characterized the amino acid activation site of MmPheRS and identified a previously unknown hyperaccurate mutation, L287F. Additionally, we report that m-Tyr, an oxidation byproduct of Phe which is toxic to editing-deficient cells, is poorly discriminated by MmPheRS activation and is not subjected to editing. Furthermore, expressing MmPheRS and the hyperaccurate variants renders Escherichia coli susceptible to m-Tyr stress, indicating that active site discrimination is insufficient in tolerating excess m-Tyr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Ching Han
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA
| | - Arundhati Kavoor
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA
| | - Michael Ibba
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA.,Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA.,Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman university, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile, a parasitic bacterium, glides on solid surfaces, such as animal cells and glass, by a special mechanism. This process is driven by the force generated through ATP hydrolysis on an internal structure. However, the spatial and temporal behaviors of the internal structures in living cells are unclear. In this study, we detected the movements of the internal structure by scanning cells immobilized on a glass substrate using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). By scanning the surface of a cell, we succeeded in visualizing particles, 2 nm in height and aligned mostly along the cell axis with a pitch of 31.5 nm, consistent with previously reported features based on electron microscopy. Movements of individual particles were then analyzed by HS-AFM. In the presence of sodium azide, the average speed of particle movements was reduced, suggesting that movement is linked to ATP hydrolysis. Partial inhibition of the reaction by sodium azide enabled us to analyze particle behavior in detail, showing that the particles move 9 nm right, relative to the gliding direction, and 2 nm into the cell interior in 330 ms and then return to their original position, based on ATP hydrolysis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Refined Mechanism of Mycoplasma mobile Gliding Based on Structure, ATPase Activity, and Sialic Acid Binding of Machinery. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02846-19. [PMID: 31874918 PMCID: PMC6935860 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02846-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile, a fish pathogen, glides on solid surfaces by repeated catch, pull, and release of sialylated oligosaccharides by a unique mechanism based on ATP energy. The gliding machinery is composed of huge surface proteins and an internal "jellyfish"-like structure. Here, we elucidated the detailed three-dimensional structures of the machinery by electron cryotomography. The internal "tentacle"-like structure hydrolyzed ATP, which was consistent with the fact that the paralogs of the α- and β-subunits of F1-ATPase are at the tentacle structure. The electron microscopy suggested conformational changes of the tentacle structure depending on the presence of ATP analogs. The gliding machinery was isolated and showed that the binding activity to sialylated oligosaccharide was higher in the presence of ADP than in the presence of ATP. Based on these results, we proposed a model to explain the mechanism of M. mobile gliding.IMPORTANCE The genus Mycoplasma is made up of the smallest parasitic and sometimes commensal bacteria; Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes human "walking pneumonia," is representative. More than ten Mycoplasma species glide on host tissues by novel mechanisms, always in the direction of the distal side of the machinery. Mycoplasma mobile, the fastest species in the genus, catches, pulls, and releases sialylated oligosaccharides (SOs), the carbohydrate molecules also targeted by influenza viruses, by means of a specific receptor and using ATP hydrolysis for energy. Here, the architecture of the gliding machinery was visualized three dimensionally by electron cryotomography (ECT), and changes in the structure and binding activity coupled to ATP hydrolysis were discovered. Based on the results, a refined mechanism was proposed for this unique motility.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fogarty C, Burgess CM, Cotter PD, Cabrera-Rubio R, Whyte P, Smyth C, Bolton DJ. Diversity and composition of the gut microbiota of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farmed in Irish waters. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:648-657. [PMID: 31021487 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Information on the gut microbiota of salmon is essential for optimizing nutrition while maintaining host health and welfare. This study's objectives were to characterize the microbiota in the GI tract of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farmed in waters off the west coast of Ireland and to investigate whether there is a difference in microbiota diversity between the proximal and distal regions of the intestine. METHODS AND RESULTS The microbiota from the proximal and distal intestine (PI and DI, respectively) of Atlantic salmon was examined using MiSeq Illumina high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The PI region had greater bacterial diversity than the DI region. Six phyla were present in the DI samples, dominated by Tenericutes and Firmicutes. These six phyla were also amongst the 12 phyla detected in the PI samples. The PI microbiota was dominated by Tenericutes, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. A core microbiota of 20 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) common to both regions was observed. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that Tenericutes were the dominant phylum in both PI and DI samples, and the PI region had greater Shannon and Simpson diversity of bacteria. However, further work is required to identify the functionality of the salmon microbiota. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study determined the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in adult salmon from a commercial fishery and provides data to improve our understanding of their contributions to the nutrition, health and welfare of Atlantic salmon farmed in Irish waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Fogarty
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, and APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Raul Cabrera-Rubio
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, and APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Conor Smyth
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.,School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mizutani M, Tulum I, Kinosita Y, Nishizaka T, Miyata M. Detailed Analyses of Stall Force Generation in Mycoplasma mobile Gliding. Biophys J 2018; 114:1411-1419. [PMID: 29590598 PMCID: PMC5883615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile is a bacterium that uses a unique mechanism to glide on solid surfaces at a velocity of up to 4.5 μm/s. Its gliding machinery comprises hundreds of units that generate the force for gliding based on the energy derived from ATP; the units catch and pull sialylated oligosaccharides fixed to solid surfaces. In this study, we measured the stall force of wild-type and mutant strains of M. mobile carrying a bead manipulated using optical tweezers. The strains that had been enhanced for binding exhibited weaker stall forces than the wild-type strain, indicating that stall force is related to force generation rather than to binding. The stall force of the wild-type strain decreased linearly from 113 to 19 picoNewtons after the addition of 0-0.5 mM free sialyllactose (a sialylated oligosaccharide), with a decrease in the number of working units. After the addition of 0.5 mM sialyllactose, the cells carrying a bead loaded using optical tweezers exhibited stepwise movements with force increments. The force increments ranged from 1 to 2 picoNewtons. Considering the 70-nm step size, this small-unit force may be explained by the large gear ratio involved in the M. mobile gliding machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizutani
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isil Tulum
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kinosita
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nishizaka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan; The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reprint of “Prospects for the gliding mechanism of Mycoplasma mobile”. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 28:122-8. [PMID: 26711226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile forms gliding machinery at a cell pole and glides continuously in the direction of the cell pole at up to 4.5 μm per second on solid surfaces such as animal cells. This motility system is not related to those of any other bacteria or eukaryotes. M. mobile uses ATP energy to repeatedly catch, pull, and release sialylated oligosaccharides on host cells with its approximately 50-nm long legs. The gliding machinery is a large structure composed of huge surface proteins and internal jellyfish-like structure. This system may have developed from an accidental combination between an adhesin and a rotary ATPase, both of which are essential for the adhesive parasitic life of Mycoplasmas.
Collapse
|
8
|
Miyata M, Hamaguchi T. Prospects for the gliding mechanism of Mycoplasma mobile. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 29:15-21. [PMID: 26500189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile forms gliding machinery at a cell pole and glides continuously in the direction of the cell pole at up to 4.5μm per second on solid surfaces such as animal cells. This motility system is not related to those of any other bacteria or eukaryotes. M. mobile uses ATP energy to repeatedly catch, pull, and release sialylated oligosaccharides on host cells with its approximately 50-nm long legs. The gliding machinery is a large structure composed of huge surface proteins and internal jellyfish-like structure. This system may have developed from an accidental combination between an adhesin and a rotary ATPase, both of which are essential for the adhesive parasitic life of Mycoplasmas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tasuku Hamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Localization of P42 and F(1)-ATPase α-subunit homolog of the gliding machinery in Mycoplasma mobile revealed by newly developed gene manipulation and fluorescent protein tagging. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:1815-24. [PMID: 24509320 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01418-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile has a unique mechanism that enables it to glide on solid surfaces faster than any other gliding mycoplasma. To elucidate the gliding mechanism, we developed a transformation system for M. mobile based on a transposon derived from Tn4001. Modification of the electroporation conditions, outgrowth time, and colony formation from the standard method for Mycoplasma species enabled successful transformation. A fluorescent-protein tagging technique was developed using the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and applied to two proteins that have been suggested to be involved in the gliding mechanism: P42 (MMOB1050), which is transcribed as continuous mRNA with other proteins essential for gliding, and a homolog of the F1-ATPase α-subunit (MMOB1660). Analysis of the amino acid sequence of P42 by PSI-BLAST suggested that P42 evolved from a common ancestor with FtsZ, the bacterial tubulin homologue. The roles of P42 and the F(1)-ATPase subunit homolog are discussed as part of our proposed gliding mechanism.
Collapse
|
10
|
Whole surface image of Mycoplasma mobile, suggested by protein identification and immunofluorescence microscopy. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:5848-55. [PMID: 22923591 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00976-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mobile, a freshwater fish pathogen featured with robust gliding motility, binds to the surface of the gill, where it then colonizes. Here, to obtain a whole image of its cell surface, we identified the proteins exposed on the surface using the following methods. (i) The cell surface was labeled with sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido) hexanoate and recovered by an avidin column. (ii) The cells were subjected to phase partitioning using Triton X-114, and the hydrophobic proteins were recovered. (iii) The membrane fraction was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These recovered proteins were subjected to peptide mass fingerprinting, and a final list of 36 expressed surface proteins was established. The ratio of identified proteins to whole surface proteins was estimated through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the membrane fraction. The localization of three newly found proteins, Mvsps C, E, and F, has been clarified by immunofluorescence microscopy. Integrating all information, a whole image of the cell surface showed that the proteins for gliding that were localized at the base of the protrusion of flask-shaped M. mobile account for more than 12% of all surface proteins and that Mvsps, surface variants that were localized at both parts other than the neck, account for 49% of all surface proteins.
Collapse
|