1
|
Pei H, Zhu C, Shu F, Lu Z, Wang H, Ma K, Wang J, Lan R, Shang F, Xue T. CodY: An Essential Transcriptional Regulator Involved in Environmental Stress Tolerance in Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus RMSA24. Foods 2023; 12:3166. [PMID: 37685098 PMCID: PMC10486358 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), as the main pathogen in milk and dairy products, usually causes intoxication with vomiting and various kinds of inflammation after entering the human body. CodY, an important transcriptional regulator in S. aureus, plays an important role in regulating metabolism, growth, and virulence. However, little is known about the role of CodY on environmental stress tolerance. In this research, we revealed the role of CodY in environmental stress tolerance in foodborne S. aureus RMSA24. codY mutation significantly reduced the tolerance of S. aureus to desiccation and oxidative, salt, and high-temperature stresses. However, S. aureus was more tolerant to low temperature stress due to mutation of codY. We found that the expressions of two important heat shock proteins-GroEL and DanJ-were significantly down-regulated in the mutant codY. This suggests that CodY may indirectly regulate the high- and low-temperature tolerance of S. aureus by regulating the expressions of groEL and danJ. This study reveals a new mechanism of environmental stress tolerance in S. aureus and provides new insights into controlling the contamination and harm caused by S. aureus in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pei
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Chengfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Fang Shu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Zhengfei Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Kai Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Ranxiang Lan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
- Food Procession Research Institute, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (H.P.); (C.Z.); (F.S.); (Z.L.); (H.W.); (K.M.); (J.W.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
- Food Procession Research Institute, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bange G, Bedrunka P. Physiology of guanosine-based second messenger signaling in Bacillus subtilis. Biol Chem 2021; 401:1307-1322. [PMID: 32881708 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The guanosine-based second messengers (p)ppGpp and c-di-GMP are key players of the physiological regulation of the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis. Their regulatory spectrum ranges from key metabolic processes over motility to biofilm formation. Here we review our mechanistic knowledge on their synthesis and degradation in response to environmental and stress signals as well as what is known on their cellular effectors and targets. Moreover, we discuss open questions and our gaps in knowledge on these two important second messengers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Bange
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, C07, Marburg, D-35043,Germany
| | - Patricia Bedrunka
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, C07, Marburg, D-35043,Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bacillus anthracis chain length, a virulence determinant, is regulated by membrane localized serine/threonine protein kinase PrkC. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00582-20. [PMID: 33753466 PMCID: PMC8117516 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00582-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming pathogen that displays a chaining phenotype. It has been reported that the chaining phenotype acts as a virulence factor in B. anthracis In this study, we identify a serine/threonine protein kinase of B. anthracis, PrkC, the only kinase localized at the bacteria-host interface, as a determinant of B. anthracis chain length. In vitro, prkC disruption strain (BAS ΔprkC) grew as shorter chains throughout the bacterial growth cycle. A comparative analysis between the parent strain and BAS ΔprkC indicated that the levels of proteins, BslO and Sap, associated with the regulation of the bacterial chain length, were upregulated in BAS ΔprkC BslO is a septal murein hydrolase that catalyzes daughter cell separation and Sap is an S-layer structural protein required for the septal localization of BslO. PrkC disruption also has a significant effect on bacterial growth, cell wall thickness, and septa formation. Upregulation of ftsZ in BAS ΔprkC was also observed. Altogether, our results indicate that PrkC is required for maintaining optimum growth, cell wall homeostasis and most importantly - for the maintenance of the chaining phenotype.IMPORTANCEChaining phenotype acts as a virulence factor in Bacillus anthracis This is the first study that identifies a 'signal transduction protein' with an ability to regulate the chaining phenotype in Bacillus anthracis We show that the disruption of the lone surface-localized serine/threonine protein kinase, PrkC, leads to the shortening of the bacterial chains. We report upregulation of the de-chaining proteins in the PrkC disruption strain. Apart from this, we also report for the first time that PrkC disruption results in an attenuated cell growth, a decrease in the cell wall thickness and aberrant cell septa formation during the logarithmic phase of growth - a growth phase where PrkC is expressed maximally.
Collapse
|
4
|
Han LL, Liu YC, Miao CC, Feng H. Disruption of the pleiotropic gene scoC causes transcriptomic and phenotypical changes in Bacillus pumilus BA06. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:327. [PMID: 31039790 PMCID: PMC6492404 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus pumilus is a Gram-positive and endospore-forming bacterium broadly existing in a variety of environmental niches. Because it produces and secrets many industrially useful enzymes, a lot of studies have been done to understand the underlying mechanisms. Among them, scoC was originally identified as a pleiotropic transcription factor negatively regulating protease production and sporulation in B. subtilis. Nevertheless, its role in B. pumilus largely remains unknown. RESULTS In this study we successfully disrupted scoC gene in B. pumilus BA06 and found increased total extracellular protease activity in scoC mutant strain. Surprisingly, we also found that scoC disruption reduced cell motility possibly by affecting flagella formation. To better understand the underlying mechanism, we performed transcriptome analysis with RNA sequencing. The result showed that more than one thousand genes were alternated at transcriptional level across multiple growth phases, and among them the largest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at the transition time point (12 h) between the exponential growth and the stationary growth phases. In accordance with the altered phenotype, many protease genes especially the aprE gene encoding alkaline protease were transcriptionally regulated. In contrast to the finding in B. subtilis, the aprN gene encoding neutral protease was transcriptionally downregulated in B. pumilus, implicating that scoC plays strain-specific roles. CONCLUSIONS The pleiotropic transcription factor ScoC plays multiple roles in various cellular processes in B. pumilus, some of which were previously reported in B. subtilis. The supervising finding is the identification of ScoC as a positive regulator for flagella formation and bacterial motility. Our transcriptome data may provide hints to understand the underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Li Han
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Cui Miao
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Feng
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Steinchen W, Vogt MS, Altegoer F, Giammarinaro PI, Horvatek P, Wolz C, Bange G. Structural and mechanistic divergence of the small (p)ppGpp synthetases RelP and RelQ. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2195. [PMID: 29391580 PMCID: PMC5794853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional alarmones ppGpp and pppGpp (collectively: (p)ppGpp) are nucleotide-based second messengers enabling bacteria to respond to environmental and stress conditions. Several bacterial species contain two highly homologous (p)ppGpp synthetases named RelP (SAS2, YwaC) and RelQ (SAS1, YjbM). It is established that RelQ forms homotetramers that are subject to positive allosteric regulation by pppGpp, but structural and mechanistic insights into RelP lack behind. Here we present a structural and mechanistic characterization of RelP. In stark contrast to RelQ, RelP is not allosterically regulated by pppGpp and displays a different enzyme kinetic behavior. This discrepancy is evoked by different conformational properties of the guanosine-substrate binding site (G-Loop) of both proteins. Our study shows how minor structural divergences between close homologues result in new functional features during the course of molecular evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Steinchen
- Philipps-University Marburg, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology & Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marian S Vogt
- Philipps-University Marburg, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology & Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Altegoer
- Philipps-University Marburg, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology & Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Pietro I Giammarinaro
- Philipps-University Marburg, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology & Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Horvatek
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- Philipps-University Marburg, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology & Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bidnenko V, Nicolas P, Grylak-Mielnicka A, Delumeau O, Auger S, Aucouturier A, Guerin C, Repoila F, Bardowski J, Aymerich S, Bidnenko E. Termination factor Rho: From the control of pervasive transcription to cell fate determination in Bacillus subtilis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006909. [PMID: 28723971 PMCID: PMC5540618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, RNA species originating from pervasive transcription are regulators of various cellular processes, from the expression of individual genes to the control of cellular development and oncogenesis. In prokaryotes, the function of pervasive transcription and its output on cell physiology is still unknown. Most bacteria possess termination factor Rho, which represses pervasive, mostly antisense, transcription. Here, we investigate the biological significance of Rho-controlled transcription in the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Rho inactivation strongly affected gene expression in B. subtilis, as assessed by transcriptome and proteome analysis of a rho-null mutant during exponential growth in rich medium. Subsequent physiological analyses demonstrated that a considerable part of Rho-controlled transcription is connected to balanced regulation of three mutually exclusive differentiation programs: cell motility, biofilm formation, and sporulation. In the absence of Rho, several up-regulated sense and antisense transcripts affect key structural and regulatory elements of these differentiation programs, thereby suppressing motility and biofilm formation and stimulating sporulation. We dissected how Rho is involved in the activity of the cell fate decision-making network, centered on the master regulator Spo0A. We also revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of Spo0A activation through Rho-dependent intragenic transcription termination of the protein kinase kinB gene. Altogether, our findings indicate that distinct Rho-controlled transcripts are functional and constitute a previously unknown built-in module for the control of cell differentiation in B. subtilis. In a broader context, our results highlight the recruitment of the termination factor Rho, for which the conserved biological role is probably to repress pervasive transcription, in highly integrated, bacterium-specific, regulatory networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bidnenko
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Nicolas
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aleksandra Grylak-Mielnicka
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olivier Delumeau
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Auger
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne Aucouturier
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cyprien Guerin
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Francis Repoila
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jacek Bardowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stéphane Aymerich
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elena Bidnenko
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramaniuk O, Černý M, Krásný L, Vohradský J. Kinetic modelling and meta-analysis of the B. subtilis SigA regulatory network during spore germination and outgrowth. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017. [PMID: 28648455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the meta-analysis and kinetic modelling of gene expression control by sigma factor SigA of Bacillus subtilis during germination and outgrowth based on microarray data from 14 time points. The analysis computationally models the direct interaction among SigA, SigA-controlled sigma factor genes (sigM, sigH, sigD, sigX), and their target genes. Of the >800 known genes in the SigA regulon, as extracted from databases, 311 genes were analysed, and 190 were confirmed by the kinetic model as being controlled by SigA. For the remaining genes, alternative regulators satisfying kinetic constraints were suggested. The kinetic analysis suggested another 214 genes as potential SigA targets. The modelling was able to (i) create a particular SigA-controlled gene expression network that is active under the conditions for which the expression time series was obtained, and where SigA is the dominant regulator, (ii) suggest new potential SigA target genes, and (iii) find other possible regulators of a given gene or suggest a new mechanism of its control by identifying a matching profile of unknown regulator(s). Selected predicted regulatory interactions were experimentally tested, thus validating the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Ramaniuk
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Víničná 5, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - M Černý
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - L Krásný
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - J Vohradský
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology CAS, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brinsmade SR. CodY, a master integrator of metabolism and virulence in Gram-positive bacteria. Curr Genet 2016; 63:417-425. [PMID: 27744611 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence points to CodY, a global regulator in Gram-positive bacteria, as a critical link between microbial physiology and pathogenesis in diverse environments. Recent studies uncovering graded regulation of CodY gene targets reflect the true nature of this transcription factor controlled by ligands and reveal nutrient availability as a potentially critical factor in modulating pathogenesis. This review will serve to update the status of the field and raise new questions to be answered.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mitsunaga H, Meissner L, Büchs J, Fukusaki E. Branched chain amino acids maintain the molecular weight of poly(γ-glutamic acid) of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945 during the fermentation. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:400-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
YodL and YisK Possess Shape-Modifying Activities That Are Suppressed by Mutations in Bacillus subtilis mreB and mbl. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2074-88. [PMID: 27215790 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00183-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many bacteria utilize actin-like proteins to direct peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis. MreB and MreB-like proteins are thought to act as scaffolds, guiding the localization and activity of key PG-synthesizing proteins during cell elongation. Despite their critical role in viability and cell shape maintenance, very little is known about how the activity of MreB family proteins is regulated. Using a Bacillus subtilis misexpression screen, we identified two genes, yodL and yisK, that when misexpressed lead to loss of cell width control and cell lysis. Expression analysis suggested that yodL and yisK are previously uncharacterized Spo0A-regulated genes, and consistent with these observations, a ΔyodL ΔyisK mutant exhibited reduced sporulation efficiency. Suppressors resistant to YodL's killing activity occurred primarily in mreB mutants and resulted in amino acid substitutions at the interface between MreB and the highly conserved morphogenic protein RodZ, whereas suppressors resistant to YisK occurred primarily in mbl mutants and mapped to Mbl's predicted ATP-binding pocket. YodL's shape-altering activity appears to require MreB, as a ΔmreB mutant was resistant to the effects of YodL but not YisK. Similarly, YisK appears to require Mbl, as a Δmbl mutant was resistant to the cell-widening effects of YisK but not of YodL. Collectively, our results suggest that YodL and YisK likely modulate MreB and Mbl activity, possibly during the early stages of sporulation. IMPORTANCE The peptidoglycan (PG) component of the cell envelope confers structural rigidity to bacteria and protects them from osmotic pressure. MreB and MreB-like proteins are thought to act as scaffolds for PG synthesis and are essential in bacteria exhibiting nonpolar growth. Despite the critical role of MreB-like proteins, we lack mechanistic insight into how their activities are regulated. Here, we describe the discovery of two B. subtilis proteins, YodL and YisK, which modulate MreB and Mbl activities. Our data suggest that YodL specifically targets MreB, whereas YisK targets Mbl. The apparent specificities with which YodL and YisK are able to differentially target MreB and Mbl make them potentially powerful tools for probing the mechanics of cytoskeletal function in bacteria.
Collapse
|
11
|
Molière N, Hoßmann J, Schäfer H, Turgay K. Role of Hsp100/Clp Protease Complexes in Controlling the Regulation of Motility in Bacillus subtilis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:315. [PMID: 27014237 PMCID: PMC4793158 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hsp100/Clp protease complexes of Bacillus subtilis ClpXP and ClpCP are involved in the control of many interconnected developmental and stress response regulatory networks, including competence, redox stress response, and motility. Here we analyzed the role of regulatory proteolysis by ClpXP and ClpCP in motility development. We have demonstrated that ClpXP acts on the regulation of motility by controlling the levels of the oxidative and heat stress regulator Spx. We obtained evidence that upon oxidative stress Spx not only induces the thiol stress response, but also transiently represses the transcription of flagellar genes. Furthermore, we observed that in addition to the known impact of ClpCP via the ComK/FlgM-dependent pathway, ClpCP also affects flagellar gene expression via modulating the activity and levels of the global regulator DegU-P. This adds another layer to the intricate involvement of Clp mediated regulatory proteolysis in different gene expression programs, which may allow to integrate and coordinate different signals for a better-adjusted response to the changing environment of B. subtilis cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noël Molière
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Leibniz Universität HannoverHannover, Germany; Institut für Biologie-Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Hoßmann
- Institut für Biologie-Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Schäfer
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Kürşad Turgay
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Leibniz Universität HannoverHannover, Germany; Institut für Biologie-Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|