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Angulo-Cánovas E, Bartual A, López-Igual R, Luque I, Radzinski NP, Shilova I, Anjur-Dietrich M, García-Jurado G, Úbeda B, González-Reyes JA, Díez J, Chisholm SW, García-Fernández JM, del Carmen Muñoz-Marín M. Direct interaction between marine cyanobacteria mediated by nanotubes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj1539. [PMID: 38781331 PMCID: PMC11114229 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Microbial associations and interactions drive and regulate nutrient fluxes in the ocean. However, physical contact between cells of marine cyanobacteria has not been studied thus far. Here, we show a mechanism of direct interaction between the marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the intercellular membrane nanotubes. We present evidence of inter- and intra-genus exchange of cytoplasmic material between neighboring and distant cells of cyanobacteria mediated by nanotubes. We visualized and measured these structures in xenic and axenic cultures and in natural samples. We show that nanotubes are produced between living cells, suggesting that this is a relevant system of exchange material in vivo. The discovery of nanotubes acting as exchange bridges in the most abundant photosynthetic organisms in the ocean may have important implications for their interactions with other organisms and their population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Angulo-Cánovas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | - Ana Bartual
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Igual
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignacio Luque
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nikolai P. Radzinski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Maya Anjur-Dietrich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gema García-Jurado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Bárbara Úbeda
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Antonio González-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | - Jesús Díez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | - Sallie W. Chisholm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - José Manuel García-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Muñoz-Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
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Druce E, Grego M, Bolhuis H, Johnes PJ, Sánchez-Baracaldo P. Draft Genome Sequences of Synechococcus sp. strains CCAP1479/9, CCAP1479/10, CCAP1479/13, CCY0621, and CCY9618: Five Freshwater Syn/Pro Clade Picocyanobacteria. J Genomics 2023; 11:26-36. [PMID: 37152813 PMCID: PMC10161378 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.81013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Picocyanobacteria are essential primary producers in freshwaters yet little is known about their genomic diversity and ecological niches. We report here five draft genomes of freshwater picocyanobacteria: Synechococcus sp. CCAP1479/9, Synechococcus sp. CCAP1479/10, and Synechococcus sp. CCAP1479/13 isolated from Lake Windermere in the Lake District, UK; and Synechococcus sp. CCY0621 and Synechococcus sp. CCY9618 isolated from lakes in The Netherlands. Phylogenetic analysis reveals all five strains belonging to sub-cluster 5.2 of the Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus clade of Cyanobacteria. These five strains are divergent from Synechococcus elongatus, an often-used model for freshwater Synechococcus. Functional annotation revealed significant differences in the number of genes involved in the transport and metabolism of several macro-molecules between freshwater picocyanobacteria from sub-cluster 5.2 and Synechococcus elongatus, including amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Comparative genomic analysis identified further differences in the presence of photosynthesis-associated proteins while gene neighbourhood comparisons revealed alternative structures of the nitrate assimilation operon nirA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Druce
- School of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Grego
- CNRS and Sorbonne Université, FR 2424, Roscoff Culture Collection, Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Roscoff, France
| | - Henk Bolhuis
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Hoorn, the Netherlands
| | - Penny J. Johnes
- School of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo
- School of Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
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Urrejola C, von Dassow P, van den Engh G, Salas L, Mullineaux CW, Vicuña R, Sánchez-Baracaldo P. Loss of Filamentous Multicellularity in Cyanobacteria: the Extremophile Gloeocapsopsis sp. Strain UTEX B3054 Retained Multicellular Features at the Genomic and Behavioral Levels. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:e00514-19. [PMID: 32253342 PMCID: PMC7253616 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00514-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellularity in Cyanobacteria played a key role in their habitat expansion, contributing to the Great Oxidation Event around 2.45 billion to 2.32 billion years ago. Evolutionary studies have indicated that some unicellular cyanobacteria emerged from multicellular ancestors, yet little is known about how the emergence of new unicellular morphotypes from multicellular ancestors occurred. Our results give new insights into the evolutionary reversion from which the Gloeocapsopsis lineage emerged. Flow cytometry and microscopy results revealed morphological plasticity involving the patterned formation of multicellular morphotypes sensitive to environmental stimuli. Genomic analyses unveiled the presence of multicellularity-associated genes in its genome. Calcein-fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments confirmed that Gloeocapsopsis sp. strain UTEX B3054 carries out cell-to-cell communication in multicellular morphotypes but at slower time scales than filamentous cyanobacteria. Although traditionally classified as unicellular, our results suggest that Gloeocapsopsis displays facultative multicellularity, a condition that may have conferred ecological advantages for thriving as an extremophile for more than 1.6 billion years.IMPORTANCECyanobacteria are among the few prokaryotes that evolved multicellularity. The early emergence of multicellularity in Cyanobacteria (2.5 billion years ago) entails that some unicellular cyanobacteria reverted from multicellular ancestors. We tested this evolutionary hypothesis by studying the unicellular strain Gloeocapsopsis sp. UTEX B3054 using flow cytometry, genomics, and cell-to-cell communication experiments. We demonstrate the existence of a well-defined patterned organization of cells in clusters during growth, which might change triggered by environmental stimuli. Moreover, we found genomic signatures of multicellularity in the Gloeocapsopsis genome, giving new insights into the evolutionary history of a cyanobacterial lineage that has thrived in extreme environments since the early Earth. The potential benefits in terms of resource acquisition and the ecological relevance of this transient behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Urrejola
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter von Dassow
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Concepción, Chile
- UMI3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, CNRS-UPMC Sorbonne Universités, PUCCh, UACH, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Loreto Salas
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Vicuña
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Nieves-Morión M, Flores E, Foster RA. Predicting substrate exchange in marine diatom-heterocystous cyanobacteria symbioses. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2027-2052. [PMID: 32281201 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the open ocean, some phytoplankton establish symbiosis with cyanobacteria. Some partnerships involve diatoms as hosts and heterocystous cyanobacteria as symbionts. Heterocysts are specialized cells for nitrogen fixation, and a function of the symbiotic cyanobacteria is to provide the host with nitrogen. However, both partners are photosynthetic and capable of carbon fixation, and the possible metabolites exchanged and mechanisms of transfer are poorly understood. The symbiont cellular location varies from internal to partial to fully external, and this is reflected in the symbiont genome size and content. In order to identify the membrane transporters potentially involved in metabolite exchange, we compare the draft genomes of three differently located symbionts with known transporters mainly from model free-living heterocystous cyanobacteria. The types and numbers of transporters are directly related to the symbiont cellular location: restricted in the endosymbionts and wider in the external symbiont. Three proposed models of metabolite exchange are suggested which take into account the type of transporters in the symbionts and the influence of their cellular location on the available nutrient pools. These models provide a basis for several hypotheses that given the importance of these symbioses in global N and C budgets, warrant future testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Nieves-Morión
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Enrique Flores
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, E-41092, Spain
| | - Rachel A Foster
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
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Walter J, Leganés F, Aro EM, Gollan PJ. The small Ca 2+-binding protein CSE links Ca 2+ signalling with nitrogen metabolism and filament integrity in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:57. [PMID: 32160863 PMCID: PMC7065334 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Filamentous cyanobacteria represent model organisms for investigating multicellularity. For many species, nitrogen-fixing heterocysts are formed from photosynthetic vegetative cells under nitrogen limitation. Intracellular Ca2+ has been implicated in the highly regulated process of heterocyst differentiation but its role remains unclear. Ca2+ is known to operate more broadly in metabolic signalling in cyanobacteria, although the signalling mechanisms are virtually unknown. A Ca2+-binding protein called the Ca2+ Sensor EF-hand (CSE) is found almost exclusively in filamentous cyanobacteria. Expression of asr1131 encoding the CSE protein in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was strongly induced by low CO2 conditions, and rapidly downregulated during nitrogen step-down. A previous study suggests a role for CSE and Ca2+ in regulation of photosynthetic activity in response to changes in carbon and nitrogen availability. Results In the current study, a mutant Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 strain lacking asr1131 (Δcse) was highly prone to filament fragmentation, leading to a striking phenotype of very short filaments and poor growth under nitrogen-depleted conditions. Transcriptomics analysis under nitrogen-replete conditions revealed that genes involved in heterocyst differentiation and function were downregulated in Δcse, while heterocyst inhibitors were upregulated, compared to the wild-type. Conclusions These results indicate that CSE is required for filament integrity and for proper differentiation and function of heterocysts upon changes in the cellular carbon/nitrogen balance. A role for CSE in transmitting Ca2+ signals during the first response to changes in metabolic homeostasis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Walter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 6. krs, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, Environmental Plant Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 6. krs, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J Gollan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 6. krs, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Shvarev D, Maldener I. ATP-binding cassette transporters of the multicellular cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120: a wide variety for a complex lifestyle. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4817535. [PMID: 29360977 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hundred genes or 3% of the known or putative protein-coding genes of the filamentous freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 encode domains of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Detailed characterization of some of these transporters (14-15 importers and 5 exporters) has revealed their crucial roles in the complex lifestyle of this multicellular photoautotroph, which is able to differentiate specialized cells for nitrogen fixation. This review summarizes the characteristics of the ABC transporters of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shvarev
- Organismic Interactions, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iris Maldener
- Organismic Interactions, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Flores E, Nieves-Morión M, Mullineaux CW. Cyanobacterial Septal Junctions: Properties and Regulation. Life (Basel) 2018; 9:E1. [PMID: 30577420 PMCID: PMC6463045 DOI: 10.3390/life9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria are multicellular organisms that grow as chains of cells (filaments or trichomes) in which the cells exchange regulators and nutrients. In this article, we review the morphological, physiological and genetic data that have led to our current understanding of intercellular communication in these organisms. Intercellular molecular exchange appears to take place by simple diffusion through proteinaceous structures, known as septal junctions, which connect the adjacent cells in the filament and traverse the septal peptidoglycan through perforations known as nanopores. Proteins that are necessary to produce, and that may be components of, the septal junctions-SepJ, FraC and FraD-have been identified in the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 model. Additionally, several proteins that are necessary to produce a normal number of nanopores and functional septal junctions have been identified, including AmiC-type amidases, peptidoglycan-binding proteins and some membrane transporters. Available reports and reevaluation of intercellular molecular transfer data for some mutants of Anabaena suggest that the septal junctions can be regulated, likely by a mechanism of gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Flores
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Nieves-Morión
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Specific Glucoside Transporters Influence Septal Structure and Function in the Filamentous, Heterocyst-Forming Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00876-16. [PMID: 28096449 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00876-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
When deprived of combined nitrogen, some filamentous cyanobacteria contain two cell types: vegetative cells that fix CO2 through oxygenic photosynthesis and heterocysts that are specialized in N2 fixation. In the diazotrophic filament, the vegetative cells provide the heterocysts with reduced carbon (mainly in the form of sucrose) and heterocysts provide the vegetative cells with combined nitrogen. Septal junctions traverse peptidoglycan through structures known as nanopores and appear to mediate intercellular molecular transfer that can be traced with fluorescent markers, including the sucrose analog esculin (a coumarin glucoside) that is incorporated into the cells. Uptake of esculin by the model heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 was inhibited by the α-glucosides sucrose and maltose. Analysis of Anabaena mutants identified components of three glucoside transporters that move esculin into the cells: GlsC (Alr4781) and GlsP (All0261) are an ATP-binding subunit and a permease subunit of two different ABC transporters, respectively, and HepP (All1711) is a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) protein that was shown previously to be involved in formation of the heterocyst envelope. Transfer of fluorescent markers (especially calcein) between vegetative cells of Anabaena was impaired by mutation of glucoside transporter genes. GlsP and HepP interact in bacterial two-hybrid assays with the septal junction-related protein SepJ, and GlsC was found to be necessary for the formation of a normal number of septal peptidoglycan nanopores and for normal subcellular localization of SepJ. Therefore, beyond their possible role in nutrient uptake in Anabaena, glucoside transporters influence the structure and function of septal junctions.IMPORTANCE Heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria have the ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis and to assimilate atmospheric CO2 and N2 These organisms grow as filaments that fix these gases specifically in vegetative cells and heterocysts, respectively. For the filaments to grow, these types of cells exchange nutrients, including sucrose, which serves as a source of reducing power and of carbon skeletons for the heterocysts. Movement of sucrose between cells in the filament takes place through septal junctions and has been traced with a fluorescent sucrose analog, esculin, that can be taken up by the cells. Here, we identified α-glucoside transporters of Anabaena that mediate uptake of esculin and, notably, influence septal structure and the function of septal junctions.
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Herrero A, Stavans J, Flores E. The multicellular nature of filamentous heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:831-854. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Murik O, Oren N, Shotland Y, Raanan H, Treves H, Kedem I, Keren N, Hagemann M, Pade N, Kaplan A. What distinguishes cyanobacteria able to revive after desiccation from those that cannot: the genome aspect. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:535-550. [PMID: 27501380 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous cyanobacteria are the main founders and primary producers in biological desert soil crusts (BSCs) and are likely equipped to cope with one of the harshest environmental conditions on earth including daily hydration/dehydration cycles, high irradiance and extreme temperatures. Here, we resolved and report on the genome sequence of Leptolyngbya ohadii, an important constituent of the BSC. Comparative genomics identified a set of genes present in desiccation-tolerant but not in dehydration-sensitive cyanobacteria. RT qPCR analyses showed that the transcript abundance of many of them is upregulated during desiccation in L. ohadii. In addition, we identified genes where the orthologs detected in desiccation-tolerant cyanobacteria differs substantially from that found in desiccation-sensitive cells. We present two examples, treS and fbpA (encoding trehalose synthase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase respectively) where, in addition to the orthologs present in the desiccation-sensitive strains, the resistant cyanobacteria also possess genes with different predicted structures. We show that in both cases the two orthologs are transcribed during controlled dehydration of L. ohadii and discuss the genetic basis for the acclimation of cyanobacteria to the desiccation conditions in desert BSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Murik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Nadav Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Yoram Shotland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, 84100, Israel
| | - Hagai Raanan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Haim Treves
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Isaac Kedem
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Nir Keren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Martin Hagemann
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
| | - Nadin Pade
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock, D-18059, Germany
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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