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Wei L, Wang B, Bai J, Zhang Y, Liu C, Suo H, Wang C. Postbiotics are a candidate for new functional foods. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101650. [PMID: 39113733 PMCID: PMC11304867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating studies have highlighted the great potential of postbiotics in alleviating diseases and protecting host health. Compared with traditional functional foods (such as probiotics and prebiotics), postbiotics have the advantages of a single composition, high physiological activity, long shelf life, easy absorption, and high targeting, etc. The development of postbiotics has led to a wide range of potential applications in functional food and drug development. However, the lack of clinical trial data, mechanism analyses, safety evaluations, and effective regulatory frameworks has limited the application of postbiotic products. This review describes the definition, classification, sources, and preparation methods of postbiotics, the progress and mechanism of preclinical and clinical research in improving host diseases, and their application in food. Strengthen understanding of the recognition and development of related products to lay a theoretical foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Botao Wang
- Bloomage Biotechnology CO, LTD, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Junying Bai
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Department of Radiology, Yuxi Children's Hospital, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, China
| | - Huayi Suo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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2
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Ramirez Carbo CA, Faromiki OG, Nan B. A lytic transglycosylase connects bacterial focal adhesion complexes to the peptidoglycan cell wall. eLife 2024; 13:RP99273. [PMID: 39352247 PMCID: PMC11444678 DOI: 10.7554/elife.99273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus glides on solid surfaces. Dynamic bacterial focal adhesion complexes (bFACs) convert proton motive force from the inner membrane into mechanical propulsion on the cell surface. It is unclear how the mechanical force transmits across the rigid peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall. Here, we show that AgmT, a highly abundant lytic PG transglycosylase homologous to Escherichia coli MltG, couples bFACs to PG. Coprecipitation assay and single-particle microscopy reveal that the gliding motors fail to connect to PG and thus are unable to assemble into bFACs in the absence of an active AgmT. Heterologous expression of E. coli MltG restores the connection between PG and bFACs and thus rescues gliding motility in the M. xanthus cells that lack AgmT. Our results indicate that bFACs anchor to AgmT-modified PG to transmit mechanical force across the PG cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Ramirez Carbo
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
- The Genetics and Genomics Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | | | - Beiyan Nan
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
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3
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Alvarez L, Hernandez SB, Torrens G, Weaver AI, Dörr T, Cava F. Control of bacterial cell wall autolysins by peptidoglycan crosslinking mode. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7937. [PMID: 39261529 PMCID: PMC11390936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To withstand their internal turgor pressure and external threats, most bacteria have a protective peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall. The growth of this PG polymer relies on autolysins, enzymes that create space within the structure. Despite extensive research, the regulatory mechanisms governing these PG-degrading enzymes remain poorly understood. Here, we unveil a novel and widespread control mechanism of lytic transglycosylases (LTs), a type of autolysin responsible for breaking down PG glycan chains. Specifically, we show that LD-crosslinks within the PG sacculus act as an inhibitor of LT activity. Moreover, we demonstrate that this regulation controls the release of immunogenic PG fragments and provides resistance against predatory LTs of both bacterial and viral origin. Our findings address a critical gap in understanding the physiological role of the LD-crosslinking mode in PG homeostasis, highlighting how bacteria can enhance their resilience against environmental threats, including phage attacks, through a single structural PG modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alvarez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara B Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Gabriel Torrens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna I Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Dörr
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Felipe Cava
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Avila‐Cobian LF, De Benedetti S, Hoshino H, Nguyen VT, El‐Araby AM, Sader S, Hu DD, Cole SL, Kim C, Fisher JF, Champion MM, Mobashery S. Lytic transglycosylase Slt of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a periplasmic hub protein. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5038. [PMID: 38864725 PMCID: PMC11168074 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is a major constituent of the bacterial cell wall. Its integrity as a polymeric edifice is critical for bacterial survival and, as such, it is a preeminent target for antibiotics. The peptidoglycan is a dynamic crosslinked polymer that undergoes constant biosynthesis and turnover. The soluble lytic transglycosylase (Slt) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a periplasmic enzyme involved in this dynamic turnover. Using amber-codon-suppression methodology in live bacteria, we incorporated a fluorescent chromophore into the structure of Slt. Fluorescent microscopy shows that Slt populates the length of the periplasmic space and concentrates at the sites of septation in daughter cells. This concentration persists after separation of the cells. Amber-codon-suppression methodology was also used to incorporate a photoaffinity amino acid for the capture of partner proteins. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics identified 12 partners for Slt in vivo. These proteomics experiments were complemented with in vitro pulldown analyses. Twenty additional partners were identified. We cloned the genes and purified to homogeneity 22 identified partners. Biophysical characterization confirmed all as bona fide Slt binders. The identities of the protein partners of Slt span disparate periplasmic protein families, inclusive of several proteins known to be present in the divisome. Notable periplasmic partners (KD < 0.5 μM) include PBPs (PBP1a, KD = 0.07 μM; PBP5 = 0.4 μM); other lytic transglycosylases (SltB2, KD = 0.09 μM; RlpA, KD = 0.4 μM); a type VI secretion system effector (Tse5, KD = 0.3 μM); and a regulatory protease for alginate biosynthesis (AlgO, KD < 0.4 μM). In light of the functional breadth of its interactome, Slt is conceptualized as a hub protein within the periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Avila‐Cobian
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Stefania De Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Hidekazu Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Van T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Amr M. El‐Araby
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Safaa Sader
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Daniel D. Hu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Sara L. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Choon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Jed F. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Matthew M. Champion
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
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5
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Rajguru V, Chatterjee S, Garde S, Reddy M. Crosslink cleaving enzymes: the smart autolysins that remodel the bacterial cell wall. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:494-506. [PMID: 38072724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is a protective mesh-like polymer in bacterial cell walls that enables their survival in almost every ecological niche. PG is formed by crosslinking of several glycan strands through short peptides, conferring a characteristic structure and elasticity, distinguishing it from other polymeric exoskeletons. The significance of PG crosslink formation has been known for decades, as some of the most widely used antibiotics, namely β-lactams, target the enzymes that catalyze this step. However, the importance of crosslink hydrolysis in PG biology remained largely underappreciated. Recent advances demonstrate the functions of crosslink cleavage in diverse physiological processes, including an indispensable role in PG expansion during the cell cycle, thereby making crosslink cleaving enzymes an untapped target for novel drugs. Here, we elaborate on the fundamental roles of crosslink-specific endopeptidases and their regulation across the bacterial kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Rajguru
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Stuti Chatterjee
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shambhavi Garde
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Manjula Reddy
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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6
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Mishra N, Garg A, Ashique S, Bhatt S. Potential of postbiotics for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103921. [PMID: 38382867 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Postbiotics, the next generation of probiotics, are extracts that are free of living and nonviable bacteria and show strong modulatory effects on the gut flora. Examples include vitamin B12, vitamin K, folate, lipopolysaccharides, enzymes, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), representing a subset of essential nutrients commonly found in the human diet. Postbiotics have been observed to demonstrate antiobesity and antidiabetic effects through a variety of mechanisms. These pathways primarily involve an elevation in energy expenditure, a decrease in the formation and differentiation of adipocytes and food intake, modification of lipid and carbohydrate absorption and metabolism, and regulation of gut dysbiosis. Based on these above effects and mechanisms, the use of postbiotics can be considered as potential strategy for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior 474005, India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Guru RamdasKhalsa Institute of Science and Technology (Pharmacy), Jabalpur 483001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India
| | - Shvetank Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India.
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7
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Boorman J, Zeng X, Lin J, van den Akker F. Structural insights into peptidoglycan glycosidase EtgA binding to the inner rod protein EscI of the type III secretion system via a designed EscI-EtgA fusion protein. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4930. [PMID: 38380768 PMCID: PMC10880428 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria express lytic enzymes such as glycosidases, which have potentially self-destructive peptidoglycan (PG)-degrading activity and, therefore, require careful regulation in bacteria. The PG glycosidase EtgA is regulated by localization to the assembling type III secretion system (T3SS), generating a hole in the PG layer for the T3SS to reach the outer membrane. The EtgA localization was found to be mediated via EtgA interacting with the T3SS inner rod protein EscI. To gain structural insights into the EtgA recognition of EscI, we determined the 2.01 Å resolution structure of an EscI (51-87)-linker-EtgA fusion protein designed based on AlphaFold2 predictions. The structure revealed EscI residues 72-87 forming an α-helix interacting with the backside of EtgA, distant from the active site. EscI residues 56-71 also were found to interact with EtgA, with these residues stretching across the EtgA surface. The ability of the EscI to interact with EtgA was also probed using an EscI peptide. The EscI peptide comprising residues 66-87, slightly larger than the observed EscI α-helix, was shown to bind to EtgA using microscale thermophoresis and thermal shift differential scanning fluorimetry. The EscI peptide also had a two-fold activity-enhancing effect on EtgA, whereas the EscI-EtgA fusion protein enhanced activity over four-fold compared to EtgA. Our studies suggest that EtgA regulation by EscI could be trifold involving protein localization, protein activation, and protein stabilization components. Analysis of the sequence conservation of the EscI EtgA interface residues suggested a possible conservation of such regulation for related proteins from different bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Boorman
- Department of BiochemistryCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - X. Zeng
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - J. Lin
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - F. van den Akker
- Department of BiochemistryCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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8
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Kaul M, Meher SK, Nallamotu KC, Reddy M. Glycan strand cleavage by a lytic transglycosylase, MltD contributes to the expansion of peptidoglycan in Escherichia coli. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011161. [PMID: 38422114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is a protective sac-like exoskeleton present in most bacterial cell walls. It is a large, covalently crosslinked mesh-like polymer made up of many glycan strands cross-bridged to each other by short peptide chains. Because PG forms a continuous mesh around the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, opening the mesh is critical to generate space for the incorporation of new material during its expansion. In Escherichia coli, the 'space-making activity' is known to be achieved by cleavage of crosslinks between the glycan strands by a set of redundant PG endopeptidases whose absence leads to rapid lysis and cell death. Here, we demonstrate a hitherto unknown role of glycan strand cleavage in cell wall expansion in E. coli. We find that overexpression of a membrane-bound lytic transglycosylase, MltD that cuts the glycan polymers of the PG sacculus rescues the cell lysis caused by the absence of essential crosslink-specific endopeptidases, MepS, MepM and MepH. We find that cellular MltD levels are stringently controlled by two independent regulatory pathways; at the step of post-translational stability by a periplasmic adaptor-protease complex, NlpI-Prc, and post-transcriptionally by RpoS, a stationary-phase specific sigma factor. Further detailed genetic and biochemical analysis implicated a role for MltD in cleaving the nascent uncrosslinked glycan strands generated during the expansion of PG. Overall, our results show that the combined activity of PG endopeptidases and lytic transglycosylases is necessary for successful expansion of the cell wall during growth of a bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneca Kaul
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Suraj Kumar Meher
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Krishna Chaitanya Nallamotu
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Manjula Reddy
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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9
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Chen X, Peng Z, Ji X, Zhang J. Reducing Cellular Autolysis of Bacillus subtilis to Improve Keratinase Production. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3106-3113. [PMID: 37677132 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has been shown to be an excellent expression host for keratinases due to its powerful secretion system. However, cellular autolysis limits its production capacity. Here, we selected seven genes with significantly upregulated transcript levels from 15 genes associated with cellular autolysis as knockout targets by qRT-PCR and constructed a total of 127 strains to reduce cellular autolysis. Among them, the biomass of B. subtilis BSΔXLPC-ker deficient in xpf, lytC, pcfA, and cwlC increased by 57%. This was confirmed by cell staining, green fluorescent protein imaging, and extracellular nucleic acid leakage assay. Keratinase activity was increased by 1.46-fold in the 5 L fermenter. In addition, the activities of nattokinase and subtilisin E were also increased by 1.50-fold and 1.43-fold, respectively, in the modified chassis cells, which further confirms the generalizability of the strategy. Thus, reducing cellular autolysis to increase the ability of B. subtilis to produce subtilisins is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaomei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
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10
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Dörr T. Cleave a Septum, Leave a Cell: Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Secretes a Specialized Lytic Transglycosylase to Clear Prey Cell Septum Obstruction. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0007423. [PMID: 37010280 PMCID: PMC10128895 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00074-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Predatory microbes like Bdellovibrio feed on other bacteria by invading their periplasm, replicating within the bacterial shell that is now a feeding trough, and ultimately lysing the prey and disseminating. A new study by E. J. Banks, C. Lambert, S. Mason, J. Tyson, et al. (J Bacteriol 205:e00475-22, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00475-22) highlights the great lengths to which Bdellovibrio must go to affect host cell remodeling: A secreted cell wall lytic enzyme with specificity for the host septal cell wall maximizes the size of the attacker's meal and the size of the restaurant in which it can spread out. This study provides novel insights into bacterial predator-prey dynamics and showcases elegant co-option of an endogenous cell wall turnover enzyme refurbished as a warhead to enhance prey consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dörr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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11
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Galinier A, Delan-Forino C, Foulquier E, Lakhal H, Pompeo F. Recent Advances in Peptidoglycan Synthesis and Regulation in Bacteria. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050720. [PMID: 37238589 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria must synthesize their cell wall and membrane during their cell cycle, with peptidoglycan being the primary component of the cell wall in most bacteria. Peptidoglycan is a three-dimensional polymer that enables bacteria to resist cytoplasmic osmotic pressure, maintain their cell shape and protect themselves from environmental threats. Numerous antibiotics that are currently used target enzymes involved in the synthesis of the cell wall, particularly peptidoglycan synthases. In this review, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of peptidoglycan synthesis, remodeling, repair, and regulation in two model bacteria: the Gram-negative Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. By summarizing the latest findings in this field, we hope to provide a comprehensive overview of peptidoglycan biology, which is critical for our understanding of bacterial adaptation and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Galinier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS/Aix-Marseille Univ, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Clémentine Delan-Forino
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS/Aix-Marseille Univ, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Foulquier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS/Aix-Marseille Univ, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Hakima Lakhal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS/Aix-Marseille Univ, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Frédérique Pompeo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS/Aix-Marseille Univ, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
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