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Schiavolin L, Deneubourg G, Steinmetz J, Smeesters PR, Botteaux A. Group A Streptococcus adaptation to diverse niches: lessons from transcriptomic studies. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:241-265. [PMID: 38140809 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2294905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a major human pathogen, causing diseases ranging from mild superficial infections of the skin and pharyngeal epithelium to severe systemic and invasive diseases. Moreover, post infection auto-immune sequelae arise by a yet not fully understood mechanism. The ability of GAS to cause a wide variety of infections is linked to the expression of a large set of virulence factors and their transcriptional regulation in response to various physiological environments. The use of transcriptomics, among others -omics technologies, in addition to traditional molecular methods, has led to a better understanding of GAS pathogenesis and host adaptation mechanisms. This review focusing on bacterial transcriptomic provides new insight into gene-expression patterns in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo with an emphasis on metabolic shifts, virulence genes expression and transcriptional regulators role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Schiavolin
- Microbiology Laboratory, European Plotkin Institute of Vaccinology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey Deneubourg
- Microbiology Laboratory, European Plotkin Institute of Vaccinology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jenny Steinmetz
- Microbiology Laboratory, European Plotkin Institute of Vaccinology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre R Smeesters
- Microbiology Laboratory, European Plotkin Institute of Vaccinology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Brussels University Hospital, Academic Children Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Botteaux
- Microbiology Laboratory, European Plotkin Institute of Vaccinology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Survival of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is Enhanced Under Desiccated Culture Conditions. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1518-1524. [PMID: 32240341 PMCID: PMC8238923 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStreptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections are the leading cause of bacterial tonsillopharyngitis. The bacterium can survive and persist within the human host for a long time as it is observed in up to 40% of the population who are considered as carriers. Recurrent tonsillopharyngitis is a particular problem in children which is caused either by relapses due to failed bacterial clearance or by reinfection. A prolonged survival in tonsillar crypts or on inanimate surfaces might be sources for reinfection. We therefore examined 64 clinical GAS isolates from children with tonsillopharyngitis for their long-term survival under either liquid or desiccated culture conditions. After 6 weeks, the overall GAS survival rate was 400-fold increased under desiccated culture conditions compared to liquid culture conditions, but varied depending on the emm-type between 20-fold (emm4) and 14000-fold (emm3). The survival rates of isolates from emm75 were significantly lower which is probably due to their production of hydrogen peroxide up to fatal doses. No hydrogen peroxide production could be detected for other emm-types. Furthermore, 11 isolates from patients with recurrent tonsillopharyngitis were compared to isolates of the same emm-type from patients with single episodes of tonsillopharyngitis. A significant elevated pH value and an increased survival rate for isolates from patients with recurrent infections were observed. In conclusion, significant differences in long-term survival of different GAS isolates as well as survival under desiccated culture conditions might contribute to both failed bacterial clearance and reinfection in patients with recurrent tonsillopharyngitis.
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Menschner L, Falke U, Konrad P, Berner R, Toepfner N. Hydrogen Peroxide Production of Group A Streptococci (GAS) is emm-Type Dependent and Increased at Low Temperatures. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:698-705. [PMID: 30955044 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is an important human pathogen whose clinical isolates differ in their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 is primarily produced by the enzyme lactate oxidase (LctO), an in depth in silico research revealed that all genome-sequenced GAS possess the required gene lctO. The importance of lctO for GAS is underlined by its highly conserved catabolite control element (cre box) as well as its perfect promotor sequence in comparison to the known consensus sequences of the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis. In this study, we provide further insight in the function and regulation of lactate oxidase by analyzing a large group of clinical GAS isolates. We found that H2O2 production increased over time in the late stationary phase; after 4 days of incubation, 5.4% of the isolates showed a positive result at 37 °C, while the rate increased to 16.4% at 20 °C. This correlation between H2O2 production and low temperatures suggests additional regulatory mechanisms for lctO besides catabolite control protein A (CcpA) and indicates that lctO might play a role for GAS energy metabolism at sub-body temperatures. Furthermore, we could identify that H2O2 production was different among clinical isolates; we could correlate H2O2 production to emm-types, indicating that emm-types 6 and 75 had the highest rate of H2O2 production. The emm-type- and temperature-dependent H2O2 production of clinical GAS isolates might contribute to their different survival strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Menschner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Uta Falke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Konrad
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Berner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
In the past decade, the field of the cellular microbiology of group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes) infection has made tremendous advances and touched upon several important aspects of pathogenesis, including receptor biology, invasive and evasive phenomena, inflammasome activation, strain-specific autophagic bacterial killing, and virulence factor-mediated programmed cell death. The noteworthy aspect of S. pyogenes-mediated cell signaling is the recognition of the role of M protein in a variety of signaling events, starting with the targeting of specific receptors on the cell surface and on through the induction and evasion of NETosis, inflammasome, and autophagy/xenophagy to pyroptosis and apoptosis. Variations in reports on S. pyogenes-mediated signaling events highlight the complex mechanism of pathogenesis and underscore the importance of the host cell and S. pyogenes strain specificity, as well as in vitro/in vivo experimental parameters. The severity of S. pyogenes infection is, therefore, dependent on the virulence gene expression repertoire in the host environment and on host-specific dynamic signaling events in response to infection. Commonly known as an extracellular pathogen, S. pyogenes finds host macrophages as safe havens wherein it survives and even multiplies. The fact that endothelial cells are inherently deficient in autophagic machinery compared to epithelial cells and macrophages underscores the invasive nature of S. pyogenes and its ability to cause severe systemic diseases. S. pyogenes is still one of the top 10 causes of infectious mortality. Understanding the orchestration of dynamic host signaling networks will provide a better understanding of the increasingly complex mechanism of S. pyogenes diseases and novel ways of therapeutically intervening to thwart severe and often fatal infections.
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Genomic Landscape of Intrahost Variation in Group A Streptococcus: Repeated and Abundant Mutational Inactivation of the fabT Gene Encoding a Regulator of Fatty Acid Synthesis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3268-3281. [PMID: 27600505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00608-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To obtain new information about Streptococcus pyogenes intrahost genetic variation during invasive infection, we sequenced the genomes of 2,954 serotype M1 strains recovered from a nonhuman primate experimental model of necrotizing fasciitis. A total of 644 strains (21.8%) acquired polymorphisms relative to the input parental strain. The fabT gene, encoding a transcriptional regulator of fatty acid biosynthesis genes, contained 54.5% of these changes. The great majority of polymorphisms were predicted to deleteriously alter FabT function. Transcriptome-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of a wild-type strain and an isogenic fabT deletion mutant strain found that between 3.7 and 28.5% of the S. pyogenes transcripts were differentially expressed, depending on the growth temperature (35°C or 40°C) and growth phase (mid-exponential or stationary phase). Genes implicated in fatty acid synthesis and lipid metabolism were significantly upregulated in the fabT deletion mutant strain. FabT also directly or indirectly regulated central carbon metabolism genes, including pyruvate hub enzymes and fermentation pathways and virulence genes. Deletion of fabT decreased virulence in a nonhuman primate model of necrotizing fasciitis. In addition, the fabT deletion strain had significantly decreased survival in human whole blood and during phagocytic interaction with polymorphonuclear leukocytes ex vivo We conclude that FabT mutant progeny arise during infection, constitute a metabolically distinct subpopulation, and are less virulent in the experimental models used here.
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Kulkarni T, Aikawa C, Nozawa T, Murase K, Maruyama F, Nakagawa I. DNA-based culture-independent analysis detects the presence of group a streptococcus in throat samples from healthy adults in Japan. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:237. [PMID: 27724855 PMCID: PMC5057481 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) causes a range of mild to severe infections in humans. It can also colonize healthy persons asymptomatically. Therefore, it is important to study GAS carriage in healthy populations, as carriage of it might lead to subsequent disease manifestation, clonal spread in the community, and/or diversification of the organism. Throat swab culture is the gold standard method for GAS detection. Advanced culture-independent methods provide rapid and efficient detection of microorganisms directly from clinical samples. We investigated the presence of GAS in throat swab samples from healthy adults in Japan using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Results Two throat swab samples were collected from 148 healthy volunteers. One was cultured on selective medium, while total DNA extracted from the other was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified with two GAS-specific primer pairs: one was a newly designed 16S rRNA-specific primer pair, the other a previously described V-Na+-ATPase primer pair. Although only 5 (3.4 %) of the 148 samples were GAS-positive by the culture-dependent method, 146 (98.6 %) were positive for the presence of GAS DNA by the culture-independent method. To obtain serotype information by emm typing, we performed nested PCR using newly designed emm primers. We detected the four different emm types in 25 (16.9 %) samples, and these differed from the common emm types associated with GAS associated diseases in Japan. The different emm types detected in the healthy volunteers indicate that the presence of unique emm types might be associated with GAS carriage. Conclusions Our results suggest that culture-independent methods should be considered for profiling GAS in the healthy hosts, with a view to obtaining better understanding of these organisms. The GAS-specific primers (16S rRNA and V-Na+-ATPase) used in this study can be used to estimate the maximum potential GAS carriage in people. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0858-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini Kulkarni
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazunori Murase
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Insufficient Acidification of Autophagosomes Facilitates Group A Streptococcus Survival and Growth in Endothelial Cells. mBio 2015; 6:e01435-15. [PMID: 26419882 PMCID: PMC4611045 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01435-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is an important human pathogen, and its invasion via blood vessels is critically important in serious events such as bacteremia or multiorgan failure. Although GAS was identified as an extracellular bacterium, the internalization of GAS into nonphagocytic cells may provide a strategy to escape from immune surveillance and antibiotic killing. However, GAS has also been reported to induce autophagy and is efficiently killed within lysosome-fused autophagosomes in epithelial cells. In this study, we show that GAS can replicate in endothelial cells and that streptolysin O is required for GAS growth. Bacterial replication can be suppressed by altering GAS gene expression in an acidic medium before internalization into endothelial cells. The inhibitory effect on GAS replication can be reversed by treatment with bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase. Compared with epithelial cells in which acidification causes autophagy-mediated clearance of GAS, there was a defect in acidification of GAS-containing vesicles in endothelial cells. Consequently, endothelial cells fail to maintain low pH in GAS-containing autophagosomes, thereby permitting GAS replication inside LAMP-1- and LC3-positive vesicles. Furthermore, treatment of epithelial cells with bafilomycin A1 resulted in defective GAS clearance by autophagy, with subsequent bacterial growth intracellularly. Therefore, low pH is a key factor for autophagy-mediated suppression of GAS growth inside epithelial cells, while defective acidification of GAS-containing vesicles results in bacterial growth in endothelial cells. Previous reports showed that GAS can induce autophagy and is efficiently killed within lysosome-fused autophagosomes in epithelial cells. In endothelial cells, in contrast, induction of autophagy is not sufficient for GAS killing. In this study, we provide the first evidence that low pH is required to prevent intracellular growth of GAS in epithelial cells and that this mechanism is defective in endothelial cells. Treatment of GAS with low pH altered GAS growth rate and gene expression of virulence factors and resulted in enhanced susceptibility of GAS to intracellular lysosomal killing. Our findings reveal the existence of different mechanisms of host defense against GAS invasion between epithelial and endothelial cells.
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Jang EH, Ah Park S, Min Chi Y, Lee KS. Kinetic and structural characterization for cofactor preference of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Streptococcus pyogenes. Mol Cells 2014; 37:719-26. [PMID: 25256219 PMCID: PMC4213762 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms has been used in various ways as a signaling molecule or a significant component generating metabolic energy under conditions of nutrient limitation or stress, through GABA catabolism. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) catalyzes the oxidation of succinic semialdehyde to succinic acid in the final step of GABA catabolism. Here, we report the catalytic properties and two crystal structures of SSADH from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpSSADH) regarding its cofactor preference. Kinetic analysis showed that SpSSADH prefers NADP(+) over NAD(+) as a hydride acceptor. Moreover, the structures of SpSSADH were determined in an apo-form and in a binary complex with NADP(+) at 1.6 Å and 2.1 Å resolutions, respectively. Both structures of SpSSADH showed dimeric conformation, containing a single cysteine residue in the catalytic loop of each subunit. Further structural analysis and sequence comparison of SpSSADH with other SSADHs revealed that Ser158 and Tyr188 in SpSSADH participate in the stabilization of the 2'-phosphate group of adenine-side ribose in NADP(+). Our results provide structural insights into the cofactor preference of SpSSADH as the gram-positive bacterial SSADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyuk Jang
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713,
Korea
| | - Seong Ah Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 609-757,
Korea
| | - Young Min Chi
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713,
Korea
| | - Ki Seog Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 609-757,
Korea
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Powell EL, Powell J, Samuel JR, Wilson JA. A review of the pathogenesis of adult peritonsillar abscess: time for a re-evaluation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1941-50. [PMID: 23612569 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a multifactorial exploration of the aetiology of peritonsillar abscess (PTA) in adults, in order to develop greater clinical understanding of the condition and improve management. DESIGN A literature review exploring key pathogens, predisposing host factors and current pathogenic hypotheses. METHODS A PubMed search for articles published between January 1980 and January 2012 using the terms 'peritonsillar abscess AND microbiology', 'peritonsillar abscess AND pathophysiology' and 'peritonsillar abscess AND etiology'. RESULTS Major pathogens in PTA are opportunistic microflora. Group A streptococcal PTA infections present differently from polymicrobial PTA. A number of host factors influence the conditions required for the pathogenesis of PTA. CONCLUSIONS PTA is clinically distinct from acute tonsillitis and occurs in people with a chronic underlying susceptibility. Targeting host factors, including oral hygiene, antibiotic use and smoking, may prevent PTA. Re-education of clinicians concerning the aetiology of PTA is necessary for appropriate disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Powell
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Yang Q, Porter AJ, Zhang M, Harrington DJ, Black GW, Sutcliffe IC. The impact of pH and nutrient stress on the growth and survival of Streptococcus agalactiae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 102:277-87. [PMID: 22527623 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a major neonatal pathogen that is able to colonise various host environments and is associated with both gastrointestinal and vaginal maternal carriage. Maternal vaginal carriage represents the major source for transmission of S. agalactiae to the foetus/neonate and thus is a significant risk factor for neonatal disease. In order to understand factors influencing maternal carriage we have investigated growth and long term survival of S. agalactiae under conditions of low pH and nutrient stress in vitro. Surprisingly, given that vaginal pH is normally <4.5, S. agalactiae was found to survive poorly at low pH and failed to grow at pH 4.3. However, biofilm growth, although also reduced at low pH, was shown to enhance survival of S. agalactiae. Proteomic analysis identified 26 proteins that were more abundant under nutrient stress conditions (extended stationary phase), including a RelE family protein, a universal stress protein family member and four proteins that belong to the Gls24 (PF03780) stress protein family. Cumulatively, these data indicate that novel mechanisms are likely to operate that allow S. agalactiae survival at low pH and under nutrient stress during maternal vaginal colonisation and/or that the bacteria may access a more favourable microenvironment at the vaginal mucosa. As current in vitro models for S. agalactiae growth appear unsatisfactory, novel methods need to be developed to study streptococcal colonisation under physiologically-relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Savic DJ, McShan WM. Long-term survival of Streptococcus pyogenes in rich media is pH-dependent. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1428-1436. [PMID: 22361943 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.054478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that allow Streptococcus pyogenes to survive and persist in the human host, often in spite of antibiotic therapy, remain poorly characterized. Therefore, the determination of culture conditions for long-term studies is crucial to advancement in this field. Stationary cultures of S. pyogenes strain NZ131 and its spontaneous small-colony variant OK171 were found to survive in rich medium for less than 2 weeks, and this inability to survive resulted from the acidification of the medium to below pH 5.5, which the cells did not tolerate for longer than 6-7 days. The growth of NZ131 resulted in acidification of the culture to below pH 5.5 by the onset of stationary phase, and the loss of viability occurred in a linear fashion. These results were also found to be true for M49 strain CS101 and for M1 strain SF370. The S. pyogenes strains could be protected from killing by the addition of a buffer that stabilized the pH of the medium at pH 6.5, ensuring bacterial survival to at least 70 days. By contrast, increasing the glucose added to the medium accelerated the loss of culture viability in strain NZ131 but not OK171, suggesting that the small-colony variant is altered in glucose uptake or metabolism. Similarly, acidification of the medium prior to inoculation or at the middle of exponential phase resulted in growth inhibition of all strains. These results suggest that control of the pH is crucial for establishing long-term cultures of S. pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragutin J Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, PO Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - William M McShan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, PO Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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Dmitriev AV, Chaussee MS. The Streptococcus pyogenes proteome: maps, virulence factors and vaccine candidates. Future Microbiol 2011; 5:1539-51. [PMID: 21073313 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is an important cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. A wealth of genomic information related to this pathogen has facilitated exploration of the proteome, particularly in response to environmental conditions thought to mimic various aspects of pathogenesis. Proteomic approaches are also used to identify immunoreactive proteins for vaccine development and to identify proteins that may induce autoimmunity. These studies have revealed new mechanisms involved in regulating the S. pyogenes proteome, which has opened up new avenues in the study of S. pyogenes pathogenesis. This article describes the methods used, and progress being made towards characterizing the S. pyogenes proteome, including studies seeking to identify potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Dmitriev
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine. acad. Pavlov str., 12, Saint-Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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