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Göttle M, Dove S, Seifert R. Bacillus anthracis edema factor substrate specificity: evidence for new modes of action. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:505-35. [PMID: 22852066 PMCID: PMC3407890 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the isolation of Bacillus anthracis exotoxins in the 1960s, the detrimental activity of edema factor (EF) was considered as adenylyl cyclase activity only. Yet the catalytic site of EF was recently shown to accomplish cyclization of cytidine 5'-triphosphate, uridine 5'-triphosphate and inosine 5'-triphosphate, in addition to adenosine 5'-triphosphate. This review discusses the broad EF substrate specificity and possible implications of intracellular accumulation of cyclic cytidine 3':5'-monophosphate, cyclic uridine 3':5'-monophosphate and cyclic inosine 3':5'-monophosphate on cellular functions vital for host defense. In particular, cAMP-independent mechanisms of action of EF on host cell signaling via protein kinase A, protein kinase G, phosphodiesterases and CNG channels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 6302 Woodruff Memorial Research Building, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-404-727-1678; Fax: +1-404-727-3157
| | - Stefan Dove
- Department of Medicinal/Pharmaceutical Chemistry II, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
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Xu Q, Göhler AK, Kosfeld A, Carlton D, Chiu HJ, Klock HE, Knuth MW, Miller MD, Elsliger MA, Deacon AM, Godzik A, Lesley SA, Jahreis K, Wilson IA. The structure of Mlc titration factor A (MtfA/YeeI) reveals a prototypical zinc metallopeptidase related to anthrax lethal factor. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:2987-99. [PMID: 22467785 PMCID: PMC3370624 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00038-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MtfA of Escherichia coli (formerly YeeI) was previously identified as a regulator of the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent:glucose phosphotransferase system. MtfA homolog proteins are highly conserved, especially among beta- and gammaproteobacteria. We determined the crystal structures of the full-length MtfA apoenzyme from Klebsiella pneumoniae and its complex with zinc (holoenzyme) at 2.2 and 1.95 Å, respectively. MtfA contains a conserved H(149)E(150)XXH(153)+E(212)+Y(205) metallopeptidase motif. The presence of zinc in the active site induces significant conformational changes in the region around Tyr205 compared to the conformation of the apoenzyme. Additionally, the zinc-bound MtfA structure is in a self-inhibitory conformation where a region that was disordered in the unliganded structure is now observed in the active site and a nonproductive state of the enzyme is formed. MtfA is related to the catalytic domain of the anthrax lethal factor and the Mop protein involved in the virulence of Vibrio cholerae, with conservation in both overall structure and in the residues around the active site. These results clearly provide support for MtfA as a prototypical zinc metallopeptidase (gluzincin clan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Xu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | - Anne Kosfeld
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dennis Carlton
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ju Chiu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Heath E. Klock
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark W. Knuth
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mitchell D. Miller
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Marc-André Elsliger
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ashley M. Deacon
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Adam Godzik
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Scott A. Lesley
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Knut Jahreis
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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