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Naithani K, Das A, Ushare M, Nath S, Biswas R, Kundu A, Ahmed KT, Mohan U, Bhowmik S. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 1,4-benzothiazine-3-one containing bisamide derivatives as dual inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus with plausible application in a urinary catheter. Front Chem 2024; 12:1420593. [PMID: 38988728 PMCID: PMC11233542 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1420593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, 1,4-benzothiazine-based bisamide derivatives, a new class of antibacterial agents targeting bacterial peptide deformylase (PDF), were designed and synthesized to combat Staphylococcus aureus infection. Molecular modeling of the designed molecules showed better docking scores compared to the natural product actinonin. Bioactivity assessment identified two derivatives with promising antibacterial activity in vitro. The stability of the most active molecule, 8bE, was assessed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Significantly, compound 8bE could also inhibit the S. aureus biofilm at low concentrations. Furthermore, the capability of the synthesized molecule to inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation on medical devices like urinary catheters is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Naithani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arka Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mamta Ushare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subham Nath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Microbiology Division, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rashmita Biswas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Microbiology Division, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Kundu
- Department of Natural Product, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kazi Tawsif Ahmed
- Department of Botany, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Utpal Mohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Microbiology Division, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhendu Bhowmik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Rohaun SK, Imlay JA. The vulnerability of radical SAM enzymes to oxidants and soft metals. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102495. [PMID: 36240621 PMCID: PMC9576991 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical S-adenosylmethionine enzymes (RSEs) drive diverse biological processes by catalyzing chemically difficult reactions. Each of these enzymes uses a solvent-exposed [4Fe-4S] cluster to coordinate and cleave its SAM co-reactant. This cluster is destroyed during oxic handling, forcing investigators to work with these enzymes under anoxic conditions. Analogous substrate-binding [4Fe-4S] clusters in dehydratases are similarly sensitive to oxygen in vitro; they are also extremely vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and in vivo. These observations suggested that ROS might similarly poison RSEs. This conjecture received apparent support by the observation that when E. coli experiences hydrogen peroxide stress, it induces a cluster-free isozyme of the RSE HemN. In the present study, surprisingly, the purified RSEs viperin and HemN proved quite resistant to peroxide and superoxide in vitro. Furthermore, pathways that require RSEs remained active inside E. coli cells that were acutely stressed by hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Viperin, but not HemN, was gradually poisoned by molecular oxygen in vitro, forming an apparent [3Fe-4S]+ form that was readily reactivated. The modest rate of damage, and the known ability of cells to repair [3Fe-4S]+ clusters, suggest why these RSEs remain functional inside fully aerated organisms. In contrast, copper(I) damaged HemN and viperin in vitro as readily as it did fumarase, a known target of copper toxicity inside E. coli. Excess intracellular copper also impaired RSE-dependent biosynthetic processes. These data indicate that RSEs may be targets of copper stress but not of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A Imlay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Imlay JA, Sethu R, Rohaun SK. Evolutionary adaptations that enable enzymes to tolerate oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:4-13. [PMID: 30735836 PMCID: PMC6684875 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical mechanisms emerged and were integrated into the metabolic plan of cellular life long before molecular oxygen accumulated in the biosphere. When oxygen levels finaly rose, they threatened specific types of enzymes: those that use organic radicals as catalysts, and those that depend upon iron centers. Nature has found ways to ensure that such enzymes are still used by contemporary organisms. In some cases they are restricted to microbes that reside in anoxic habitats, but in others they manage to function inside aerobic cells. In the latter case, it is frequently true that the ancestral enzyme has been modified to fend off poisoning. In this review we survey a range of protein adaptations that permit radical-based and low-potential iron chemistry to succeed in oxic environments. In many cases, accessory domains shield the vulnerable radical or metal center from oxygen. In others, the structures of iron cofactors evolved to less oxidizable forms, or alternative metals replaced iron altogether. The overarching view is that some classes of biochemical mechanism are intrinsically incompatible with the presence of oxygen. The structural modification of target enzymes is an under-recognized response to this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Imlay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Ramakrishnan Sethu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar Rohaun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Singh SK, Kumar D, Rathore AS. Determination of Critical Quality Attributes for a Biotherapeutic in the QbD Paradigm: GCSF as a Case Study. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1826-1841. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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