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Ma Y, Li X, Wang F, Zhang L, Zhou S, Che X, Yu D, Liu X, Li Z, Sun H, Yu G, Zhang H. Structural and biochemical characterization of the key components of an auxin degradation operon from the rhizosphere bacterium Variovorax. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002189. [PMID: 37459330 PMCID: PMC10374108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated bacteria play important regulatory roles in modulating plant hormone auxin levels, affecting the growth and yields of crops. A conserved auxin degradation (iad) operon was recently identified in the Variovorax genomes, which is responsible for root growth inhibition (RGI) reversion, promoting rhizosphere colonization and root growth. However, the molecular mechanism underlying auxin degradation by Variovorax remains unclear. Here, we systematically screened Variovorax iad operon products and identified 2 proteins, IadK2 and IadD, that directly associate with auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Further biochemical and structural studies revealed that IadK2 is a highly IAA-specific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter solute-binding protein (SBP), likely involved in IAA uptake. IadD interacts with IadE to form a functional Rieske non-heme dioxygenase, which works in concert with a FMN-type reductase encoded by gene iadC to transform IAA into the biologically inactive 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA), representing a new bacterial pathway for IAA inactivation/degradation. Importantly, incorporation of a minimum set of iadC/D/E genes could enable IAA transformation by Escherichia coli, suggesting a promising strategy for repurposing the iad operon for IAA regulation. Together, our study identifies the key components and underlying mechanisms involved in IAA transformation by Variovorax and brings new insights into the bacterial turnover of plant hormones, which would provide the basis for potential applications in rhizosphere optimization and ecological agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuzichao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- YDS Pharmatech, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Xing Che
- YDS Pharmatech, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Dehao Yu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huabing Sun
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guimei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Li S, Shen W, Lian S, Wu Y, Qu Y, Deng Y. DARHD: A sequence database for aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase analysis and primer evaluation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129230. [PMID: 35739750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of aromatic compounds is ubiquitous in the environment and important for controlling organic pollutants. Aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases (ARHDs) are responsible for the first and rate-limiting step of aerobic biodegradation of aromatic compounds. The ARHD α subunit is a good biomarker for studying functional microorganisms in the environment, however their diversity and corresponding primer coverage are unclear, both of which require a comprehensive sequence database for the ARHD α subunit. Here amino acid sequences of the ARHD α subunit were collected, and a total of 103 sequences were selected as seed sequences that were distributed in 72 bacterial genera with 34 gene names. Based on both homolog search and keyword confirmation against the GenBank, a sequence database of ARHD (DARHD) has been established and 6367 highly credible sequences were retrieved. DARHD contained 407 bacterial genera capable of degrading 38 aromatic substrates, and intricate relationships among the gene name, aromatic substrate and microbial taxa were observed. Thereafter, a total of 136 pairs of primers were collected and assessed. Results showed coverages of most published primers were low. Our research provides new insights for understanding the diversity of ARHD α subunit, and gives guidance on the design and application of primers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wenli Shen
- Institute for Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shengyang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education) and Dalian POCT Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yueni Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education) and Dalian POCT Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ye Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute for Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Mahto JK, Sharma M, Neetu N, Kayastha A, Aggarwal S, Kumar P. Conformational flexibility enables catalysis of phthalate cis-4,5-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Suman J, Strejcek M, Zubrova A, Capek J, Wald J, Michalikova K, Hradilova M, Sredlova K, Semerad J, Cajthaml T, Uhlik O. Predominant Biphenyl Dioxygenase From Legacy Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)-Contaminated Soil Is a Part of Unusual Gene Cluster and Transforms Flavone and Flavanone. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644708. [PMID: 34721309 PMCID: PMC8552027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the diversity of bphA genes was assessed in a 13C-enriched metagenome upon stable isotope probing (SIP) of microbial populations in legacy PCB-contaminated soil with 13C-biphenyl (BP). In total, 13 bphA sequence variants (SVs) were identified in the final amplicon dataset. Of these, one SV comprised 59% of all sequences, and when it was translated into a protein sequence, it exhibited 87, 77.4, and 76.7% identity to its homologs from Pseudomonas furukawaii KF707, Cupriavidus sp. WS, and Pseudomonas alcaliphila B-367, respectively. This same BphA sequence also contained unusual amino acid residues, Alanine, Valine, and Serine in region III, which had been reported to be crucial for the substrate specificity of the corresponding biphenyl dioxygenase (BPDO), and was accordingly designated BphA_AVS. The DNA locus of 18 kbp containing the BphA_AVS-coding sequence retrieved from the metagenome was comprised of 16 ORFs and was most likely borne by Paraburkholderia sp. The BPDO corresponding to bphAE_AVS was cloned and heterologously expressed in E. coli, and its substrate specificity toward PCBs and a spectrum of flavonoids was assessed. Although depleting a rather narrow spectrum of PCB congeners, the efficient transformation of flavone and flavanone was demonstrated through dihydroxylation of the B-ring of the molecules. The homology-based functional assignment of the putative proteins encoded by the rest of ORFs in the AVS region suggests their potential involvement in the transformation of aromatic compounds, such as flavonoids. In conclusion, this study contributes to the body of information on the involvement of soil-borne BPDOs in the metabolism of flavonoid compounds, and our paper provides a more advanced context for understanding the interactions between plants, microbes and anthropogenic compounds in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jachym Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Strejcek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrea Zubrova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Capek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Wald
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Klara Michalikova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miluse Hradilova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kamila Sredlova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Semerad
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Uhlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
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Xu T, Liu T, Jiang D, Yuan Z, Jia X. Attainment and characterization of a microbial consortium that efficiently degrades biphenyl and related substances. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kalia S, Bhattacharya A, Prajapati SK, Malik A. Utilization of starch effluent from a textile industry as a fungal growth supplement for enhanced α-amylase production for industrial application. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130554. [PMID: 33873067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Desizing process in textile industry produces large volume of starch effluent. This carbon-rich waste can be used for resource recovery, such as the production of industrially useful enzymes. The present work assesses the usability of starch effluent from textile industry as an additional carbon source for enhanced production of α-amylase during solid-state fermentation (SSF) of agro-wastes by Trichoderma reesei. A significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in α-amylase activity (25.48 ± 1.12 U mL-1) was observed with supplementation of starch effluent in SSF. Partial purification of α-amylase by 80% ammonium sulphate precipitation produced a yield of 58.39% enzyme with purification fold of 1.89. The enzyme was thermally stable at 40 °C with 90% residual activity after 5 h and 70% residual activity at 50 °C after 3 h. Using Michaelis-Menten kinetics analysis, the estimated Km and Vmax values for the partially purified α-amylase were found to be 2.55 mg mL-1 and 53.47 U mg-1, respectively. For the rapid assessment of the industrial application, desizing of the fabric was attempted. The cotton fabric was efficiently desized using α-amylase (at a concentration of 1% on the weight of fabric basis) at 80 °C. The present work demonstrates starch effluent from desizing process as a resource for the production of amylase. The amylase can further be used in the desizing process. With in-depth research, the work may lead to the development of a closed-loop, waste-recycling process for the textile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kalia
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Arghya Bhattacharya
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India; Department of Biotechnology, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology University, Gunupur, Odisha, 765022, India.
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India.
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Structural and Biochemical Analysis Reveals a Distinct Catalytic Site of Salicylate 5-Monooxygenase NagGH from Rieske Dioxygenases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.01629-20. [PMID: 33452034 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01629-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rieske nonheme iron oxygenases (ROs) catalyze the oxidation of a wide variety of substrates and play important roles in aromatic compound degradation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. Those Rieske dioxygenases that usually act on hydrophobic substrates have been extensively studied and structurally characterized. Here, we report the crystal structure of a novel Rieske monooxygenase, NagGH, the oxygenase component of a salicylate 5-monooxygenase from Ralstonia sp. strain U2 that catalyzes the hydroxylation of a hydrophilic substrate salicylate (2-hydroxybenzoate), forming gentisate (2, 5-dihydroxybenzoate). The large subunit NagG and small subunit NagH share the same fold as that for their counterparts of Rieske dioxygenases and assemble the same α3β3 hexamer, despite that they share low (or no identity for NagH) sequence identities with these dioxygenase counterparts. A potential substrate-binding pocket was observed in the vicinity of the nonheme iron site. It featured a positively charged residue Arg323 that was surrounded by hydrophobic residues. The shift of nonheme iron atom caused by residue Leu228 disrupted the usual substrate pocket observed in other ROs. Residue Asn218 at the usual substrate pocket observed in other ROs was likewise involved in substrate binding and oxidation, yet residues Gln316 and Ser367, away from the usual substrate pocket of other ROs, were shown to play a more important role in substrate oxidation than Asn218. The unique binding pocket and unusual substrate-protein hydrophilic interaction provide new insights into Rieske monooxygenases.IMPORTANCE Rieske oxygenases are involved in the degradation of various aromatic compounds. These dioxygenases usually carry out hydroxylation of hydrophobic aromatic compounds and supply substrates with hydroxyl groups for extradiol/intradiol dioxygenases to cleave rings, and have been extensively studied. Salicylate 5-hydroxylase NagGH is a novel Rieske monooxygenase with high similarity to Rieske dioxygenases, and also shares reductase and ferredoxin similarity with a Rieske dioxygenase naphthalene 1,2-dioxygenase (NagAcAd) in Ralstonia sp. strain U2. The structure of NagGH, the oxygenase component of salicylate 5-monooxygenase, gives a representative of those monooxygenases and will help us understand the mechanism of their substrate binding and product regio-selectivity.
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Active-site loop variations adjust activity and selectivity of the cumene dioxygenase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1095. [PMID: 33597523 PMCID: PMC7889853 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Active-site loops play essential roles in various catalytically important enzyme properties like activity, selectivity, and substrate scope. However, their high flexibility and diversity makes them challenging to incorporate into rational enzyme engineering strategies. Here, we report the engineering of hot-spots in loops of the cumene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens IP01 with high impact on activity, regio- and enantioselectivity. Libraries based on alanine scan, sequence alignments, and deletions along with a novel insertion approach result in up to 16-fold increases in activity and the formation of novel products and enantiomers. CAVER analysis suggests possible increases in the active pocket volume and formation of new active-site tunnels, suggesting additional degrees of freedom of the substrate in the pocket. The combination of identified hot-spots with the Linker In Loop Insertion approach proves to be a valuable addition to future loop engineering approaches for enhanced biocatalysts.
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Engineering Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 BphA through Site-Directed Mutagenesis at Position 283. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01040-20. [PMID: 32709719 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01040-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biphenyl dioxygenase (BPDO), which is a Rieske-type oxygenase (RO), catalyzes the initial dioxygenation of biphenyl and some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In order to enhance the degradation ability of BPDO in terms of a broader substrate range, the BphAES283M, BphAEp4-S283M, and BphAERR41-S283M variants were created from the parent enzymes BphAELB400, BphAEp4, and BphAERR41, respectively, by a substitution at one residue, Ser283Met. The results of steady-state kinetic parameters show that for biphenyl, the k cat/Km values of BphAES283M, BphAEp4-S283M, and BphAERR41-S283M were significantly increased compared to those of their parent enzymes. Meanwhile, we determined the steady-state kinetics of BphAEs toward highly chlorinated biphenyls. The results suggested that the Ser283Met substitution enhanced the catalytic activity of BphAEs toward 2,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2,3',4,4'-CB), 2,2',6,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (2,2',6,6'-CB), and 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (2,3',4,4',5-CB). We compared the catalytic reactions of BphAELB400 and its variants toward 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (2,2'-CB), 2,5-dichlorobiphenyl (2,5-CB), and 2,6-dichlorobiphenyl (2,6-CB). The biochemical data indicate that the Ser283Met substitution alters the orientation of the substrate inside the catalytic site and, thereby, its site of hydroxylation, and this was confirmed by docking experiments. We also assessed the substrate ranges of BphAELB400 and its variants with degradation activity. BphAES283M and BphAEp4-S283M were clearly improved in oxidizing some of the 3-6-chlorinated biphenyls, which are generally very poorly oxidized by most dioxygenases. Collectively, the present work showed a significant effect of mutation Ser283Met on substrate specificity/regiospecificity in BPDO. These will certainly be meaningful elements for understanding the effect of the residue corresponding to position 283 in other Rieske oxygenase enzymes.IMPORTANCE The segment from positions 280 to 283 in BphAEs is located at the entrance of the catalytic pocket, and it shows variation in conformation. In previous works, results have suggested but never proved that residue Ser283 of BphAELB400 might play a role in substrate specificity. In the present paper, we found that the Ser283Met substitution significantly increased the specificity of the reaction of BphAE toward biphenyl, 2,3',4,4'-CB, 2,2',6,6'-CB, and 2,3',4,4',5-CB. Meanwhile, the Ser283Met substitution altered the regiospecificity of BphAE toward 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl and 2,6-dichlorobiphenyl. Additionally, this substitution extended the range of PCBs metabolized by the mutated BphAE. BphAES283M and BphAEp4-S283M were clearly improved in oxidizing some of the more highly chlorinated biphenyls (3 to 6 chlorines), which are generally very poorly oxidized by most dioxygenases. We used modeled and docked enzymes to identify some of the structural features that explain the new properties of the mutant enzymes. Altogether, the results of this study provide better insights into the mechanisms by which BPDO evolves to change and/or expand its substrate range and its regiospecificity.
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Structural basis for divergent C-H hydroxylation selectivity in two Rieske oxygenases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2991. [PMID: 32532989 PMCID: PMC7293229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysts that perform C–H hydroxylation exhibit exceptional substrate specificity and site-selectivity, often through the use of high valent oxidants to activate these inert bonds. Rieske oxygenases are examples of enzymes with the ability to perform precise mono- or dioxygenation reactions on a variety of substrates. Understanding the structural features of Rieske oxygenases responsible for control over selectivity is essential to enable the development of this class of enzymes for biocatalytic applications. Decades of research has illuminated the critical features common to Rieske oxygenases, however, structural information for enzymes that functionalize diverse scaffolds is limited. Here, we report the structures of two Rieske monooxygenases involved in the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), SxtT and GxtA, adding to the short list of structurally characterized Rieske oxygenases. Based on these structures, substrate-bound structures, and mutagenesis experiments, we implicate specific residues in substrate positioning and the divergent reaction selectivity observed in these two enzymes. Rieske oxygenases are iron-dependent enzymes that catalyse C–H mono- and dihydroxylation reactions. Here, the authors characterise two cyanobacterial Rieske oxygenases, SxtT and GxtA that are involved in the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins and determine their substrate free and saxitoxin analog-bound crystal structures and by using mutagenesis experiments identify residues, which are important for substrate positioning and reaction selectivity.
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Zhu L, Zhou J, Zhang R, Tang X, Wang J, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang W. Degradation mechanism of biphenyl and 4-4'-dichlorobiphenyl cis-dihydroxylation by non-heme 2,3 dioxygenases BphA: A QM/MM approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125844. [PMID: 32069708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase (BphA), a Rieske-type and first enzyme in the aerobic degradation process, plays a key role in the metabolizing process of biphenyl/polychlorinated biphenyl aromatic pollutants in the environment. To understand the catalytic mechanism of biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase, the conversions leading to the cis-diols are investigated by means of quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method. A hydroperoxo-iron (III) species is involved in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Herein, we explored the direct reaction mechanism of hydroperoxo-iron (III) species with biphenyl and 4-4'-dichlorobiphenyl. The reaction process involves an epoxide intermediate, it could develop into a carbocation intermediate, and ultimately evolve into a cis-diol product. The important roles of several residues during the dioxygenation process were highlighted. This study may provide theoretical support for further directed mutations and enzymatic engineering of BphA, as well as promote the development of degrading environmentally persistent biphenyl/polychlorinated biphenyl aromatic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
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12
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Characterization of phthalate reductase from Ralstonia eutropha CH34 and in silico study of phthalate dioxygenase and phthalate reductase interaction. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 90:161-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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