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Tolibia SEM, Pacheco AD, Balbuena SYG, Rocha J, López Y López VE. Engineering of global transcription factors in Bacillus, a genetic tool for increasing product yields: a bioprocess overview. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:12. [PMID: 36372802 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional factors are well studied in bacteria for their global interactions and the effects they produce at the phenotypic level. Particularly, Bacillus subtilis has been widely employed as a model Gram-positive microorganism used to characterize these network interactions. Bacillus species are currently used as efficient commercial microbial platforms to produce diverse metabolites such as extracellular enzymes, antibiotics, surfactants, industrial chemicals, heterologous proteins, among others. However, the pleiotropic effects caused by the genetic modification of specific genes that codify for global regulators (transcription factors) have not been implicated commonly from a bioprocess point of view. Recently, these strategies have attracted the attention in Bacillus species because they can have an application to increase production efficiency of certain commercial interest metabolites. In this review, we update the recent advances that involve this trend in the use of genetic engineering (mutations, deletion, or overexpression) performed to global regulators such as Spo0A, CcpA, CodY and AbrB, which can provide an advantage for the development or improvement of bioprocesses that involve Bacillus species as production platforms. Genetic networks, regulation pathways and their relationship to the development of growth stages are also discussed to correlate the interactions that occur between these regulators, which are important to consider for application in the improvement of commercial-interest metabolites. Reported yields from these products currently produced mostly under laboratory conditions and, in a lesser extent at bioreactor level, are also discussed to give valuable perspectives about their potential use and developmental level directed to process optimization at large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirlley Elizabeth Martínez Tolibia
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Adrián Díaz Pacheco
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Tlaxcala del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 90000, Guillermo Valle, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Sulem Yali Granados Balbuena
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rocha
- CONACyT - Unidad Regional Hidalgo, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Blvd. Santa Catarina, SN, C.P. 42163, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Víctor Eric López Y López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Impact of activation of neotrehalosadiamine/kanosamine biosynthetic pathway on the metabolism of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00603-20. [PMID: 33619155 PMCID: PMC8092168 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00603-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentose phosphate (PP) pathway is one of the major sources of cellular NADPH. A B. subtilis zwf mutant that lacks glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the PP pathway) showed inoculum-dose-dependent growth. This growth defect was suppressed by glcP disruption, which causes the upregulation of an autoinducer neotrehalosadiamine (NTD)/kanosamine biosynthetic pathway. A metabolome analysis showed that the stimulation of NTD/kanosamine biosynthesis caused significant accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates and NADPH. Because the major malic enzyme YtsJ concomitantly generates NADPH through malate-to-pyruvate conversion, de novo NTD/kanosamine biosynthesis can result in an increase in the intracellular NADPH pool via the accumulation of malate. In fact, a zwf mutant grew in malate-supplemented medium. Artificial induction of glcP in the zwf mutant caused a reduction in the intracellular NADPH pool. Moreover, the correlation between the expression level of the NTD/kanosamine biosynthesis operon ntdABC and the intracellular NADPH pool was confirmed. Our results suggest that NTD/kanosamine has the potential to modulate the carbon-energy metabolism through an autoinduction mechanism.ImportanceAutoinducers enable bacteria to sense cell density and to coordinate collective behavior. NTD/kanosamine is an autoinducer produced by B. subtilis and several close relatives, although its physiological function remains unknown. The most important finding of this study was the significance of de novo NTD/kanosamine biosynthesis in the modulation of the central carbon metabolism in B. subtilis We showed that NTD/kanosamine biosynthesis caused an increase in the NADPH pool via the accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates. These results suggest a possible role for NTD/kanosamine in the carbon-energy metabolism. As Bacillus species are widely used for the industrial production of various useful enzymes and compounds, the NTD/kanosamine biosynthetic pathway might be utilized to control metabolic pathways in these industrial strains.
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Ortiz A, Sansinenea E. Chemical Compounds Produced by Bacillus sp. Factories and Their Role in Nature. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:373-380. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180829113612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms are able to produce hundreds of unique chemical structures that can be effectively used by the human beings on their own benefit using the products in the chemical industry. Bacteria belonging to Bacillus genera are very good chemical factories capable to synthesize different compounds with a wide variety of activities. In this review, we try to review the compounds with their respective biological activities produced by different species of Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, C.P. 72570, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, C.P. 72570, Puebla, Pue, Mexico
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Cross Talk among Transporters of the Phosphoenolpyruvate-Dependent Phosphotransferase System in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00213-18. [PMID: 30038046 PMCID: PMC6148471 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00213-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) is the main carbohydrate uptake system in Bacillus subtilis A typical PTS consists of two general proteins, enzyme I (EI) and a histidine-containing protein (HPr), as well as a specific carbohydrate transporter (or enzyme II [EII]), all of which transfer the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to the transported carbohydrate. The specific PTS transporters are formed by multidomain proteins or single-domain subunits. These domains are domain C (EIIC), the transmembrane channel for the carbohydrate transport; domain B (EIIB), the membrane-bound domain responsible for phosphorylation of the carbohydrate; and domain A (EIIA), the mediator between HPr(H15∼P) and EIIB. There are 16 PTS transporters in B. subtilis, 6 of which, i.e., NagP, MalP, MurP, TreP, SacP, and SacX, contain no EIIA domain. Deletion of the single-EIIA-containing transporters showed that there is cross talk between the noncognate EIIA and EIIB domains in PTS. By deletion of all EIIA-containing proteins, strain KM455 (ΔEIIA) was constructed, and the EIIA-containing proteins were individually introduced into the strain. In this way, the PTS transporters of the glucose family, namely, PtsG, GamP, and PtsA (also known as YpqE), enabled growth with maltose, N-acetylglucosamine, sucrose, or trehalose as the sole carbon source. Construction of TkmA-EIIA fusion proteins confirmed the probable interaction between the EIIAs of the glucose family of PTS transporters and the EIIA-deficient PTS transporters. Likewise, we have shown that SacX is mainly phosphorylated by PtsA and GamP. PtsG and GmuA were also able to phosphorylate SacX, albeit less well than GamP and PtsA.IMPORTANCE The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) not only is a carbohydrate uptake system in B. subtilis but also plays an important role in sensing the nutrient fluctuation in the medium. This sensing system enables the cells to respond to these fluctuations properly. The PTS transporters have a pivotal role in this sensing system since they are carbohydrate specific. In this study, we tried to understand the interactions among these transporters which revealed the cross talk among PTSs. Three PTS proteins, namely, PtsG (the specific transporter of glucose), GamP (the specific transporter of glucosamine), and PtsA (a cytoplasmic single-domain EIIA protein) were shown to play the major role in the interaction among the PTSs.
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Liu L, Wang M, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Modular pathway engineering of key carbon‐precursor supply‐pathways for improved
N
‐acetylneuraminic acid production in
Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2217-2231. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi China
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Hummels KR, Witzky A, Rajkovic A, Tollerson R, Jones LA, Ibba M, Kearns DB. Carbonyl reduction by YmfI in Bacillus subtilis prevents accumulation of an inhibitory EF-P modification state. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:236-251. [PMID: 28787546 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Translation elongation factor P (EF-P) in Bacillus subtilis is required for a form of surface migration called swarming motility. Furthermore, B. subtilis EF-P is post-translationally modified with a 5-aminopentanol group but the pathway necessary for the synthesis and ligation of the modification is unknown. Here we determine that the protein YmfI catalyzes the reduction of EF-P-5 aminopentanone to EF-P-5 aminopentanol. In the absence of YmfI, accumulation of 5-aminopentanonated EF-P is inhibitory to swarming motility. Suppressor mutations that enhanced swarming in the absence of YmfI were found at two positions on EF-P, including one that changed the conserved modification site (Lys 32) and abolished post-translational modification. Thus, while modification of EF-P is thought to be essential for EF-P activity, here we show that in some cases it can be dispensable. YmfI is the first protein identified in the pathway leading to EF-P modification in B. subtilis, and B. subtilis encodes the first EF-P ortholog that retains function in the absence of modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Witzky
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrei Rajkovic
- Department of Microbiology and Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rodney Tollerson
- Department of Microbiology and Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Proteomics Facility, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Michael Ibba
- Department of Microbiology and Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel B Kearns
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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7
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Wee WY, Dutta A, Choo SW. Comparative genome analyses of mycobacteria give better insights into their evolution. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172831. [PMID: 28291784 PMCID: PMC5349653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria a genus of Actinobacteria are widespread in nature ranging from soil-dwelling saprophytes to human and animal pathogens. The rate of growth has been a classifying factor for the Mycobacterium spp., dividing them into the rapid growers and the slow growers. Here we have performed a comparative genome study of mycobacterial species in order to get better understanding of their evolution, particularly to understand the distinction between the rapid and slow growers. Our study shows that the slow growers had generally gained and lost more genes compared to the rapid growers. The slow growers might haved eventually lost genes (LivFGMH operon, shaACDEFG genes and MspA porin) that could contribute to the slow growth rate of the slow growers. The genes gained and lost in mycobacteria had eventually helped these bacteria to adapt to different environments and have led to the evolution of the present day rapid and slow growers. Our results also show high number of Mycobacterium abscessus specific genes (811 genes) and some of them are associated with the known bacterial quorum sensing genes that might be important for Mycobacterium abscessus to adapt and survive in variety of unfavorable environments. Mycobacterium abscessus also does not contains genes involved in the bacterial defense system and together with the quorum sensing genes may have contributed to the high gene gain rate of Mycobacterium abscessus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yee Wee
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Avirup Dutta
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Woh Choo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: ,
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8
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9
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van Straaten KE, Ko JB, Jagdhane R, Anjum S, Palmer DRJ, Sanders DAR. The structure of NtdA, a sugar aminotransferase involved in the kanosamine biosynthetic pathway in Bacillus subtilis, reveals a new subclass of aminotransferases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34121-34130. [PMID: 24097983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.500637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NtdA from Bacillus subtilis is a sugar aminotransferase that catalyzes the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent equatorial transamination of 3-oxo-α-D-glucose 6-phosphate to form α-D-kanosamine 6-phosphate. The crystal structure of NtdA shows that NtdA shares the common aspartate aminotransferase fold (Type 1) with residues from both monomers forming the active site. The crystal structures of NtdA alone, co-crystallized with the product α-D-kanosamine 6-phosphate, and incubated with the amine donor glutamate reveal three key structures in the mechanistic pathway of NtdA. The structure of NtdA alone reveals the internal aldimine form of NtdA with the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate covalently attached to Lys-247. The addition of glutamate results in formation of pyridoxamine phosphate. Co-crystallization with kanosamine 6-phosphate results in the formation of the external aldimine. Only α-D-kanosamine 6-phosphate is observed in the active site of NtdA, not the β-anomer. A comparison of the structure and sequence of NtdA with other sugar aminotransferases enables us to propose that the VIβ family of aminotransferases should be divided into subfamilies based on the catalytic lysine motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E van Straaten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Jong Bum Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Rajendra Jagdhane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Shazia Anjum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David R J Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David A R Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada.
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Nakazawa T, Ishiuchi K, Sato M, Tsunematsu Y, Sugimoto S, Gotanda Y, Noguchi H, Hotta K, Watanabe K. Targeted Disruption of Transcriptional Regulators in Chaetomium globosum Activates Biosynthetic Pathways and Reveals Transcriptional Regulator-Like Behavior of Aureonitol. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13446-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Nakazawa
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kan’ichiro Ishiuchi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Michio Sato
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satoru Sugimoto
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Gotanda
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kinya Hotta
- School
of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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11
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Kubo Y, Inaoka T, Hachiya T, Miyake M, Hase S, Nakagawa R, Hasegawa H, Funane K, Sakakibara Y, Kimura K. Development of a rifampicin-resistant Bacillus subtilis strain for natto-fermentation showing enhanced exoenzyme production. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 115:654-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Vetter ND, Langill DM, Anjum S, Boisvert-Martel J, Jagdhane RC, Omene E, Zheng H, van Straaten KE, Asiamah I, Krol ES, Sanders DAR, Palmer DRJ. A previously unrecognized kanosamine biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus subtilis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5970-3. [PMID: 23586652 DOI: 10.1021/ja4010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ntd operon in Bacillus subtilis is essential for biosynthesis of 3,3'-neotrehalosadiamine (NTD), an unusual nonreducing disaccharide reported to have antibiotic properties. It has been proposed that the three enzymes encoded within this operon, NtdA, NtdB, and NtdC, constitute a complete set of enzymes required for NTD synthesis, although their functions have never been demonstrated in vitro. We now report that these enzymes catalyze the biosynthesis of kanosamine from glucose-6-phosphate: NtdC is a glucose-6-phosphate 3-dehydrogenase, NtdA is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent 3-oxo-glucose-6-phosphate:glutamate aminotransferase, and NtdB is a kanosamine-6-phosphate phosphatase. None of these enzymatic reactions have been reported before. This pathway represents an alternate route to the previously reported pathway from Amycolatopsis mediterranei which derives kanosamine from UDP-glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D Vetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5C9
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Kubo Y, Saito K, Hohlweck D, Funane K, Nakagawa R, Kimura K. Black Soybean Fermentation using a rpoB Mutant Strain of Bacillus subtilis (natto). J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.60.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Moeller R, Vlašić I, Reitz G, Nicholson WL. Role of altered rpoB alleles in Bacillus subtilis sporulation and spore resistance to heat, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:759-67. [PMID: 22484477 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the RNA polymerase β-subunit gene rpoB causing resistance to rifampicin (Rif(R)) in Bacillus subtilis were previously shown to lead to alterations in the expression of a number of global phenotypes known to be under transcriptional control. To better understand the influence of rpoB mutations on sporulation and spore resistance to heat and chemicals, cells and spores of the wild-type and twelve distinct congenic Rif(R) mutant strains of B. subtilis were tested. Different levels of glucose catabolite repression during sporulation and spore resistance to heat and chemicals were observed in the Rif(R) mutants, indicating the important role played by the RNA polymerase β-subunit, not only in the catalytic aspect of transcription, but also in the initiation of sporulation and in the spore resistance properties of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Moeller
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
The depth of knowledge concerning its physiology and genetics make Bacillus subtilis an attractive system for strain engineering and analysis. Transposon-based mutagenesis strategies generate large libraries of mutant strains that can be used to investigate molecular mechanisms relevant in fundamental research or to generate desirable phenotypes in applied research. This section presents a mini-Tn10-based transposon mutagenesis system that is capable of genome-wide insertional mutagenesis in B. subtilis and related organisms. Using appropriately designed selections or screens, the desired strain phenotypes can be isolated from transposon mutant libraries. This transposon system then allows rapid identification of the genetic locus responsible for the desired phenotype, and, due to the natural competence of B. subtilis, the identified genotypic change can easily be confirmed as responsible for the phenotypic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Wilson
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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16
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Heravi KM, Wenzel M, Altenbuchner J. Regulation of mtl operon promoter of Bacillus subtilis: requirements of its use in expression vectors. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:83. [PMID: 22014119 PMCID: PMC3217849 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several vector systems have been developed to express any gene desired to be studied in Bacillus subtilis. Among them, the transcriptionally regulated promoters involved in carbohydrate utilization are a research priority. Expression systems based on Bacillus promoters for xylose, maltose, and mannose utilization, as well as on the heterologous E. coli lactose promoter, have been successfully constructed. The promoter of the mtlAFD operon for utilization of mannitol is another promising candidate for its use in expression vectors. In this study, we investigated the regulation of the mtl genes in order to identify the elements needed to construct a strong mannitol inducible expression system in B. subtilis. Results Regulation of the promoters of mtlAFD operon (PmtlA) and mtlR (PmtlR) encoding the activator were investigated by fusion to lacZ. Identification of the PmtlA and PmtlR transcription start sites revealed the σA like promoter structures. Also, the operator of PmtlA was determined by shortening, nucleotide exchange, and alignment of PmtlA and PmtlR operator regions. Deletion of the mannitol-specific PTS genes (mtlAF) resulted in PmtlA constitutive expression demonstrating the inhibitory effect of EIICBMtl and EIIAMtl on MtlR in the absence of mannitol. Disruption of mtlD made the cells sensitive to mannitol and glucitol. Both PmtlA and PmtlR were influenced by carbon catabolite repression (CCR). However, a CcpA deficient mutant showed only a slight reduction in PmtlR catabolite repression. Similarly, using PgroE as a constitutive promoter, putative cre sites of PmtlA and PmtlR slightly reduced the promoter activity in the presence of glucose. In contrast, glucose repression of PmtlA and PmtlR was completely abolished in a ΔptsG mutant and significantly reduced in a MtlR (H342D) mutant. Conclusions The mtl operon promoter (PmtlA) is a strong promoter that reached a maximum of 13,000 Miller units with lacZ as a reporter on low copy plasmids. It is tightly regulated by just one copy of the mtlR gene on the chromosome and subject to CCR. CCR can be switched off by mutations in MtlR and the glucose transporter. These properties and the low costs of the inducers, i.e. mannitol and glucitol, make the promoter ideal for designing regulated expression systems.
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Sansinenea E, Ortiz A. Secondary metabolites of soil Bacillus spp. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1523-38. [PMID: 21528405 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus species produce secondary metabolites that are the object of natural product chemistry studies. The wide structural variability of these compounds has attracted the curiosity of chemists and their biological activities have inspired the pharmaceutical industry to search for lead structures in microbial extracts. Screening of microbial extracts reveals the large structural diversity of natural compounds with broad biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, immunosuppressive, and antitumor activities, that enable the bacterium to survive in its natural environment. These findings widen the potential industrial importance of Bacillus spp., particularly of B. thuringiensis, beyond insecticidal usage and may help explain the role of Bacillus spp. in the soil ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, PUE, México.
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Activation of dormant secondary metabolism neotrehalosadiamine synthesis by an RNA polymerase mutation in Bacillus subtilis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:618-23. [PMID: 21512256 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms possess the ability to produce a variety of commercially important secondary metabolites such as antibiotics. Although it becomes harder and harder to discover useful new compounds, microorganisms still have the potential to produce unknown compounds. One of the reasons for the difficulty in finding new compounds is that the expression level of many secondary metabolite genes is insufficient in wild-type strains. Therefore, a new method of activating gene expression might be a powerful tool for the screening of novel compounds and for strain improvement to overproduce useful compounds. We found that the rifampicin-resistant RNA polymerase mutations stimulate the expression of antibiotic synthetic gene clusters in several microorganisms. In the case of the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis, one of the rifampicin-resistance mutations resulted in the activation of a dormant secondary metabolism, neotrehalosadiamine synthesis. To clarify this activation mechanism, we first identified the neotrehalosadiamine biosynthetic operon and investigated its transcriptional regulation. Here we summarize our findings on the transcriptional regulation of the neotrehalosadiamine biosynthetic operon and discuss a crucial effect of the rifampicin-resistance mutation on the expression of dormant genes.
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Wyszynski FJ, Hesketh AR, Bibb MJ, Davis BG. Dissecting tunicamycin biosynthesis by genome mining: cloning and heterologous expression of a minimal gene cluster. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00325e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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van Straaten KE, Langill DM, Palmer DRJ, Sanders DAR. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of NtdA, a putative pyridoxal phosphate-dependent aminotransferase from Bacillus subtilis. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:426-9. [PMID: 19342798 PMCID: PMC2664778 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109009038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NtdA is a putative sugar aminotransferase that is required for the synthesis of 3,3'-neotrehalosadiamine. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by means of Ni(2+)-affinity chromatography and was crystallized using the microbatch method. X-ray diffraction data were collected from a single crystal to 2.3 A resolution at the Canadian Light Source (CLS). The crystals belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 50.3, b = 106.7, c = 96.7 A, beta = 96.2 degrees, and contained two molecules per asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. van Straaten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - D. M. Langill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - D. R. J. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - D. A. R. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Bäumchen C, Krings E, Bringer S, Eggeling L, Sahm H. Myo-inositol facilitators IolT1 and IolT2 enhance d-mannitol formation from d-fructose in Corynebacterium glutamicum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 290:227-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Jahreis K, Pimentel-Schmitt EF, Brückner R, Titgemeyer F. Ins and outs of glucose transport systems in eubacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:891-907. [PMID: 18647176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the classical carbon source that is used to investigate the transport, metabolism, and regulation of nutrients in bacteria. Many physiological phenomena like nutrient limitation, stress responses, production of antibiotics, and differentiation are inextricably linked to nutrition. Over the years glucose transport systems have been characterized at the molecular level in more than 20 bacterial species. This review aims to provide an overview of glucose uptake systems found in the eubacterial kingdom. In addition, it will highlight the diverse and sophisticated regulatory features of glucose transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Jahreis
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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