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Frelet-Barrand A. Lactococcus lactis, an Attractive Cell Factory for the Expression of Functional Membrane Proteins. Biomolecules 2022; 12:180. [PMID: 35204681 PMCID: PMC8961550 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins play key roles in most crucial cellular processes, ranging from cell-to-cell communication to signaling processes. Despite recent improvements, the expression of functionally folded membrane proteins in sufficient amounts for functional and structural characterization remains a challenge. Indeed, it is still difficult to predict whether a protein can be overproduced in a functional state in some expression system(s), though studies of high-throughput screens have been published in recent years. Prokaryotic expression systems present several advantages over eukaryotic ones. Among them, Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) has emerged in the last two decades as a good alternative expression system to E. coli. The purpose of this chapter is to describe L. lactis and its tightly inducible system, NICE, for the effective expression of membrane proteins from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Frelet-Barrand
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, CEDEX, 25030 Besançon, France
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Lysis of a Lactococcus lactis Dipeptidase Mutant and Rescue by Mutation in the Pleiotropic Regulator CodY. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02937-19. [PMID: 32005740 PMCID: PMC7117943 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02937-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 is a model for the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in the dairy industry. The proteolytic system, consisting of a proteinase, several peptide and amino acid uptake systems, and a host of intracellular peptidases, plays a vital role in nitrogen metabolism and is of eminent importance for flavor formation in dairy products. The dipeptidase PepV functions in the last stages of proteolysis. A link between nitrogen metabolism and peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis was underlined by the finding that deletion of the dipeptidase gene pepV (creating strain MGΔpepV) resulted in a prolonged lag phase when the mutant strain was grown with a high concentration of glycine. In addition, most MGΔpepV cells lyse and have serious defects in their shape. This phenotype is due to a shortage of alanine, since adding alanine can rescue the growth and shape defects. Strain MGΔpepV is more resistant to vancomycin, an antibiotic targeting peptidoglycan d-Ala-d-Ala ends, which confirmed that MGΔpepV has an abnormal PG composition. A mutant of MGΔpepV was obtained in which growth inhibition and cell shape defects were alleviated. Genome sequencing showed that this mutant has a single point mutation in the codY gene, resulting in an arginine residue at position 218 in the DNA-binding motif of CodY being replaced by a cysteine residue. Thus, this strain was named MGΔpepVcodY R218C Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data revealed a dramatic derepression in peptide uptake and amino acid utilization in MGΔpepVcodY R218C A model of the connections among PepV activity, CodY regulation, and PG synthesis of L. lactis is proposed.IMPORTANCE Precise control of peptidoglycan synthesis is essential in Gram-positive bacteria for maintaining cell shape and integrity as well as resisting stresses. Although neither the dipeptidase PepV nor alanine is essential for L. lactis MG1363, adequate availability of either ensures proper cell wall synthesis. We broaden the knowledge about the dipeptidase PepV, which acts as a linker between nitrogen metabolism and cell wall synthesis in L. lactis.
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Noens EEE, Lolkema JS. Convergent evolution of the arginine deiminase pathway: the ArcD and ArcE arginine/ornithine exchangers. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00412. [PMID: 27804281 PMCID: PMC5300872 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway converts L-arginine into L-ornithine and yields 1 mol of ATP per mol of L-arginine consumed. The L-arginine/L-ornithine exchanger in the pathway takes up L-arginine and excretes L-ornithine from the cytoplasm. Analysis of the genomes of 1281 bacterial species revealed the presence of 124 arc gene clusters encoding the pathway. About half of the clusters contained the gene encoding the well-studied L-arginine/L-ornithine exchanger ArcD, while the other half contained a gene, termed here arcE, encoding a membrane protein that is not a homolog of ArcD. The arcE gene product of Streptococcus pneumoniae was shown to take up L-arginine and L-ornithine with affinities of 0.6 and 1 μmol/L, respectively, and to catalyze metabolic energy-independent, electroneutral exchange. ArcE of S. pneumoniae could replace ArcD in the ADI pathway of Lactococcus lactis and provided the cells with a growth advantage. In contrast to ArcD, ArcE catalyzed translocation of the pathway intermediate L-citrulline with high efficiency. A short version of the ADI pathway is proposed for L-citrulline catabolism and the presence of the evolutionary unrelated arcD and arcE genes in different organisms is discussed in the context of the evolution of the ADI pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke E. E. Noens
- Molecular MicrobiologyGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Juke S. Lolkema
- Molecular MicrobiologyGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Marlinghaus L, Huß M, Korte-Berwanger M, Sakinc-Güler T, Gatermann SG. D-serine transporter in Staphylococcus saprophyticus identified. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw143. [PMID: 27252156 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among staphylococci Staphylococcus saprophyticus is the only species that is typically uropathogenic and an important cause of urinary tract infections in young women. The amino acid D-serine occurs in relatively high concentrations in human urine and has a bacteriostatic or toxic effect on many bacteria. In uropathogenic Escherichia coli and S. saprophyticus, the amino acid regulates the expression of virulence factors and can be used as a nutrient. The ability of uropathogens to respond to or to metabolize D-serine has been suggested as a factor that enables colonization of the urinary tract. Until now nothing is known about D-serine transport in S. saprophyticus We generated mutants of putative transporter genes in S. saprophyticus 7108 that show homology to the D-serine transporter cycA of E. coli and tested them in a D-serine depletion assay to analyze the D-serine uptake rate of the cells. The mutant of SPP1070 showed a strong decrease in D-serine uptake. Therefore, SSP1070 was identified as a major D-serine transporter in S. saprophyticus 7108 and was named D-serine transporter A (DstA). D-serine caused a prolonged lag phase of S. saprophyticus in a chemically defined medium. This negative effect was dependent on the presence of DstA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Marlinghaus
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiologie, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie Huß
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiologie, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Miriam Korte-Berwanger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiologie, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Türkan Sakinc-Güler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacherstr 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sören G Gatermann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiologie, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44892 Bochum, Germany
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Aller K, Adamberg K, Reile I, Timarova V, Peebo K, Vilu R. Excess of threonine compared with serine promotes threonine aldolase activity in Lactococcus lactis IL1403. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:1073-1080. [PMID: 25743155 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is an important lactic acid starter for food production as well as a cell factory for production of food grade additives, among which natural flavour production is one of the main interests of food producers. Flavour production is associated with the degradation of amino acids and comprehensive studies are required to elucidate mechanisms behind these pathways. In this study using chemically defined medium, labelled substrate and steady-state cultivation, new data for the catabolism of threonine in Lc. lactis have been obtained. The biosynthesis of glycine in this organism is associated with the catabolic pathways of glucose and serine. Nevertheless, if threonine concentration in the growth environment exceeds that of serine, threonine becomes the main source for glycine biosynthesis and the utilization of serine decreases. Also, the conversion of threonine to glycine was initiated by a threonine aldolase and this was the principal pathway used for threonine degradation. As in Streptococcus thermophilus, serine hydroxymethyltransferase in Lc. lactis may possess a secondary activity as threonine aldolase. Other catabolic pathways of threonine (e.g. threonine dehydrogenase and threonine dehydratase) were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Aller
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.,Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Kaarel Adamberg
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Food Processing, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia.,Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.,Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Indrek Reile
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Veronica Timarova
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.,Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Karl Peebo
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.,Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Raivo Vilu
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.,Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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