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Koksharova OA, Babykin MM. Cyanobacterial cell division: Genetics and comparative genomics of cyanobacterial cell division. RUSS J GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795411030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schwartzbach SD, Hecker LI, Barnett WE. Transcriptional origin of Euglena chloroplast tRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 73:1984-8. [PMID: 16592326 PMCID: PMC430432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.6.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
tRNA.DNA hybridization studies indicate that Euglena chloroplast tRNAs are transcriptional products of the chloroplast genome, which contains approximately 26 tRNA cistrons. Hybridization with purified chloroplast tRNA(Phe) and tRNA(Asp) shows that the chloroplast genome contains one cistron for each of these two species. No hybridization of chloroplast tRNA with nuclear DNA was observed. tRNAs from Euglena cytoplasm, Escherichia coli, and Agmenellum quadraduplicatum do not compete with chloroplast tRNA for hybridization with chloroplast DNA. Evidence is presented that photoinduction of chloroplast tRNAs is at the level of transcription rather than maturation of tRNA precursor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Schwartzbach
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
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Koksharova OA, Wolk CP. A novel gene that bears a DnaJ motif influences cyanobacterial cell division. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:5524-8. [PMID: 12218043 PMCID: PMC135336 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.19.5524-5528.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposon Tn5-692 mutagenizes Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 efficiently. The predicted product of the gene mutated in the Tn5-692-derived cell division mutant FTN2 has an N-terminal DnaJ domain, as have its cyanobacterial and plant orthologs. Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, when mutated in genes orthologous to ftn2 and ftn6, forms akinete-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Koksharova
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823-1312, USA
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Hecker LI, Barnett WE, Lin FK, Furr TD, Heckman JE, RajBhandary UL, Chang SH. The nucleotide sequence of blue-green algae phenylalanine-tRNA and the evolutionary origin of chloroplasts. Nucleic Acids Res 1982; 10:6433-40. [PMID: 6817301 PMCID: PMC326933 DOI: 10.1093/nar/10.20.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine tRNA from the blue-green alga, Agmenellum quadruplicatum, has been purified to homogeneity. The nucleotide sequence of this tRNA was determined to be: (see tests) Comparisons of the sequence and the modified nucleosides of this tRNA with those of other tRNAPhes thus far sequenced, indicate that this blue green algal tRNAPhe is typically prokaryotic and closely resembles the chloroplast tRNAPhes of higher plants and Euglena. The significance of this observation to the evolutionary origin of chloroplasts is discussed.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in 1960, this compound has become one of the most widely used chemical mutagens. The present paper gives a survey on the chemistry, metabolism, and mode of interaction of MNNG with DNA and proteins, and of the genotoxic effects of this agent on microorganisms, plants, and animals, including human cells cultured in vitro. Data on the carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of MNNG as well as on the genotoxic effects of homologs of MNNG are also presented.
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Pellegrino F, Wong D, Alfano RR, Zilinskas BA. FLUORESCENCE RELAXATION KINETICS AND QUANTUM YIELD FROM THE PHYCOBILISOMES OF THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA NOSTOC SP. MEASURED AS A FUNCTION OF SINGLE PICOSECOND PULSE INTENSITY. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb09426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Doukas AG, Stefancic V, Buchert J, Alfano R, Zilinskas BA. EXCITON ANNIHILATION IN THE ISOLATED PHYCOBILIPROTEINS FROM THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA NOSTOC SP. USING PICOSECOND ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb09393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wong D, Pellegrino F, Alfano RR, Zilinskas BA. FLUORESCENCE RELAXATION KINETICS AND QUANTUM YIELD FROM THE ISOLATED PHYCOBILIPROTEINS OF THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA NOSTOC SP. MEASURED AS A FUNCTION OF SINGLE PICOSECOND PULSE INTENSITY, I. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb05471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Doolittle WF. The cyanobacterial genome, its expression, and the control of that expression. Adv Microb Physiol 1980; 20:1-102. [PMID: 119432 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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[4] Mutants of blue-green algae. Methods Enzymol 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)69006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Bonen L, Doolittle WF. Ribosomal RNA homologies and the evolution of the filamentous blue-green bacteria. J Mol Evol 1978; 10:283-91. [PMID: 416225 DOI: 10.1007/bf01734218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence homology (as determined by comparisons of T1 oligonucleotide catalogs of 32P-labeled 16S rRNAs) has been used to assess phylogenetic relationships within the filamentous and unicellular blue-green bacteria, and to identify regions of evolutionary conservatism within blue-green bacterial 16S rRNAs. Nostoc and Fishcherella, representatives of two morphologically distinct and highly differentiated orders, are shown to be as closely related (on the basis of RNA sequence homology) as typical members of the non-blue-green bacterial genus Bacillus. They are further shown to be (on the same basis) indistinguishable from typical unicellular members of a subgroup of the unicellular blue-green bacterial order Chroococcales. These results have general implications for studies of the origin of differentiated prokaryotes and of evolutionary change in prokaryotic macromolecules. In particular, they provide indirect evidence that the divergences of contemporary major prokaryotic groups are truly ancient ones.
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Currier TC, Haury JF, Wolk CP. Isolation and preliminary characterization of auxotrophs of a filamentous Cyanobacterium. J Bacteriol 1977; 129:1556-62. [PMID: 403180 PMCID: PMC235135 DOI: 10.1128/jb.129.3.1556-1562.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxotrophic mutants of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis were isolated by a method in which, after mutagenesis and before penicllin enrichment, mutant and wild-type cells were separated by cavitation. Auxotrophs were identified by their inability to grow on minimal medium, and they were partially characterized by replica plating to media supplemented with single nutrients or specific groups of nutrients. Of the 83 auxotrophs isolated, 65 required an inorganic source of nitrogen for growth. In addition, auxotrophs were isolated that required methionine (six), uracil (two), adenine (one), biotin (two), and nicotinic acid (two). (The number of isolates of each type is indicated in parentheses.) The nutrient requirements of five auxotrophs appeared complex and were not determined. A large proportion of the mutants requiring inorgainic fixed nitrogen was altered in the differentiation of heterocysts. The following morphological aberrancies were observed: abnormally high and abnormally low frequencies of heterocysts; thick, uneven heterocyst envelopes; incompletely developed pore regions; very distinct pore regions; and protoplasts separated from the envelope of the heterocyst. Spontaneously occurring, N2-fixing, prototrophic revertants of mutants with aberrant heterocysts have been isolated at a frequency of 2 X 10(-8) to 4 X 10(-8) of the cells plated. That most such revertants produced morphologically normal heterocysts is consisten with the idea that heterocysts play an essential role in aerobic N2 fixation.
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Ladha JK, Kumar HD. Some characteristics of two morphological mutants of Nostoc linckia induced by nitrosoguanidine. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1977; 17:513-9. [PMID: 414465 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630170704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The blue-green alga Nostoc linckia was treated with nitrosoguanidine and two classes of morphological mutant clones were isolated. One class shows certain abnormal phenotypic features of vegetative cells, spores, and heterocysts. It has increased heterocyst frequency and impaired growth rate. The other class exhibits an altered heterocyst spacing pattern. Both classes of mutants have reduced nitrogenase activity.
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Dickens BF, Ingram LO. Peptidoglycan synthesis and turnover in cell division mutants of Agmenellum. J Bacteriol 1976; 127:334-40. [PMID: 819421 PMCID: PMC233066 DOI: 10.1128/jb.127.1.334-340.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and turnover of peptidoglycan in Agmenellum quadruplicatum was investigated using D-[U-14C]alanine followed by proteolytic digestion. The rate of turnover of alanine in the peptide portion of the peptidoglycan was measured in strain BG-1 and in two division mutants of this strain: one was blocked in cell separation; and the other was a low-temperature, conditional cell division mutant. The peptide portion of peptidoglycan turned over in all three strains tested, but no correlation was observed between septum formation or cell separation and the rate of turnover. Peptidoglycan synthesis was measured during induced division in snake forms of strain SN-29. A stimulation of peptidoglycan synthesis was observed during the period of cross-wall formation, even in the absence of new protein synthesis. Thus in A. quadruplicatum, cross-wall synthesis is accompanied by a stimulation of peptidoglycan synthesis.
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Padhy RN, Singh PK. Mutation to resistance for virus N-1 in the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. Arch Virol 1976; 52:85-90. [PMID: 826239 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous and nitrosoguanidine induced N-1 virus resistant mutants of the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum were isolated with the average mutation frequency of 3.55 X 10(-5) and 6.08 X 10(-4) respectively. Of the surviving colonies 8 per cent became virus sensitive,whereas out of the remaining 92 per cent 9.3 per cent showed lysogenic behaviour and 13.3 per cent showed poor or no nitrogen fixing ability. Mutation to virus-resistance was independent of the presence of the virus.Spontaneous host range mutants of virus were not found in repeated experiments.
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Olson GJ, Ingram LO. Effects of temperature and nutritional changes on the fatty acids of agmenellum quadruplicatum. J Bacteriol 1975; 124:373-9. [PMID: 809416 PMCID: PMC235905 DOI: 10.1128/jb.124.1.373-379.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of the blue-green bacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum was examined under a wide variety of growth conditions. The fatty acid composition was found to undergo significant changes with variations in temperature, media composition, and growth phase (log versus stationary). With increasing growth temperature (20 to 43 C) log-phase cells exhibited an increase in saturated fatty acids (38.4% at 20 C to 63.6% at 43 C). Striking changes were seen with some of the individual fatty acids such as 18.3, which made up 16.0% of the total fatty acid at 20 C but was not neasurable at 43 C. Fatty acid 12:0 was not measurable at 20 C but made up 16.3% of the total fatty acids at 43 C. Cell lipids were separated into neutral lipid, glycolipid, and very polar liquid fractions. The neutral lipid fraction was composed almost entirely of 12 carbon fatty acids (12:0, 12:1). Glycolipid and very polar lipids were more similar in their fatty acid composition when compared to the total cellular fatty acids, although they did lack 12 carbon fatty acids. The total of 12 carbon fatty acids in the cell can be used as an indicator of the amount of neutral lipid present.
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Macromolecular requirements for the physical initiation of cell division in a filamentous mutant of Agmenellum quadruplicatum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Detergent extracts of three blue-green bacteria (Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain BG1, Anacystis nidulans strain TX20, and Nostoc sp. strain MAC) contained enzymes capable of lysing suspensions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The enzyme preparation from A. quadruplicatum released soluble reducing fragments from purified peptidoglycan. The lytic activity exhibited a pH optimum between 6 and 7, was relatively heat stable, and was susceptible to attack by proteolytic enzymes. These results extend the range of bacterial types exhibiting cell lytic activity as well as confirm the existence of the lytic system commonly observed in "water blooms".
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Abstract
Phycobilisomes were isolated from a Nostoc sp. strain Mac in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) by treatment with 1% Brij 56 and centrifugation on discontinuous sucrose gradients (2.0, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25 M in the proportions 6:4:4:10 ml, respectively). Absorption spectra of isolated phycobilisomes showed the presence of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin. The phycobilisome pigments were partially resolved by electrophoresis on acrylamide gels. Stained gels demonstrated that each main protein band corresponded to a pigmented region. The phycobilisomes appeared compact with a rounded surface and flattened base (about 40-nm diameter) at the attachment site to the photosynthetic lamellae. Fixation in glutaraldehyde caused a significant reduction in total pigment absorption, as well as shifts in the absorption maxima, particularly that of phycoerythrin.
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Ingram LO, Van Baalen C, Calder JA. Role of reduced exogenous organic compounds in the physiology of the blue-green bacteria (algae): photoheterotrophic growth of an "autotrophic" blue-green bacterium. J Bacteriol 1973; 114:701-5. [PMID: 4196253 PMCID: PMC251829 DOI: 10.1128/jb.114.2.701-705.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The unicellular blue-green bacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain BG-1 was found to be capable of rapid photoheterotrophic growth but unable to grow in the dark on a variety of reduced organic substrates. The generation time on glycerol was 12 h, and on CO(2), 3 h. Glycerol carbon was converted into cellular carbon with a very high efficiency. This high efficiency of carbon conversion, the action spectrum for growth on glycerol, cell pigmentation, gas exchange measurements, and immediate ability of photoheterotrophically grown cells to evolve O(2) (upon the addition of CO(2)) suggest the involvement of both photosystems I and II of photosynthesis during photoheterotrophic growth.
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Ingram LO, Fisher WD. Novel mutant impaired in cell division: evidence for a positive regulating factor. J Bacteriol 1973; 113:999-1005. [PMID: 4632328 PMCID: PMC285318 DOI: 10.1128/jb.113.2.999-1005.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, conditional, cell-division mutant from Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain BG1 is described. During rapid growth in dilute suspensions, cell division lags behind mass increase and the cells form filaments. These filaments spontaneously divide into unit cell lengths as the culture density increases. Other conditions that favor the accumulation of metabolic products in the medium antagonize filament formations. An 80% ethanol-water extract of dried, spent medium also restores the ability of filaments to divide into cells of unit length. Our results suggest that at least one chemical factor acting as a positive effector is involved in cell division.
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Abstract
We describe a nonlethal temperature-conditional mutant of Agmenellum quadruplicatum which allows dissociation of the processes of growth and cell division. With this system, evidence has been obtained for the regulation of one step in the process of cell division by a small effector molecule. The effector molecule is apparently released into the surrounding medium and can be obtained from lyophilized spent medium by extraction with 80% ethanol. The addition of this extract to serpentine filaments of the SN29 mutant strain stimulates cell division in these filaments and leads to the production of cells approximating normal dimensions within one generation time. The degree of stimulation of cell division is directly related to the amount of extract added. A general hypothesis is presented for the positive regulation of the initiation of cell wall and cell membrane invagination in this organism.
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Ingram LO, Van Baalen C, Fisher WD. Cell division mutations in the blue-green bacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain BG1: a comparison of the cell wall. J Bacteriol 1972; 111:614-21. [PMID: 4559740 PMCID: PMC251325 DOI: 10.1128/jb.111.2.614-621.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidoglycan from two types of filamentous cell division mutants of Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain BG1 has been compared to that of the parent organism. Small variations in the total peptidoglycan composition on a dry-weight basis were found in the mutants. The reduced level of peptidoglycan in the serpentine mutant is consistent with a general decrease in the ratio of surface area to volume as compared to the parent organism. The increased peptidoglycan content in the septate mutant confirms previous ultrastructural observations of the greatly enlarged peptidoglycan septum between adjacent cells. A comparison of peptidoglycan composition and cross-linking in the two types of filamentous mutants of A. quadruplicatum and in drug-induced phenocopies suggests that structural alterations of the peptidoglycan are not involved in the apparent impairments of cellular division. Furthermore, data concerning the relative susceptibilities of the parent and mutants to antibiotics indicate that neither mutant exhibits a gross alteration of permeability.
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Van Baalen C, O'Donnell R. Action spectra for ultraviolet killing and photoreactivation in the blue-green alga Agmenellum quadruplicatum. Photochem Photobiol 1972; 15:269-74. [PMID: 4624248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1972.tb07331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ingram LO, Thurston EL, Van Baalen C. Effects of selected inhibitors on growth and cell division in Agmenellum. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1972; 81:1-12. [PMID: 4550907 DOI: 10.1007/bf00715019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ingram LO, Van Baalen C. Characteristics of a stable, filamentous mutant of a coccoid blue-green alga. J Bacteriol 1970; 102:784-9. [PMID: 4988043 PMCID: PMC247627 DOI: 10.1128/jb.102.3.784-789.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous mutants were induced in a coccoid blue-green alga, Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain BG1, after treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). The mutants fall into two general classes: filaments with cross walls and filaments without cross walls. All mutants of these general types derived from BG1 are stable and have growth rates the same as or very similar to the wild type under a variety of conditions. Detailed examination of one mutant, 53SB2, revealed no difference in deoxyribonucleic acid content nor in base ratios. Mutant 53SB2 did not revert to the normal cell size and shape when grown under different physical conditions nor upon the addition of potential reversing agents to the basal medium. It is our general experience that filamentous mutants such as those described here in BG1 are commonly induced in other coccoid blue-green algae after NTG treatment.
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Stevens SE, Van Baalen C. Growth characteristics of selected mutants of a coccoid blue-green alga. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1970; 72:1-8. [PMID: 4988021 DOI: 10.1007/bf00411008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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