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Inaba Y, Kernan T, West AC, Banta S. Dispersion of sulfur creates a valuable new growth medium formulation that enables earlier sulfur oxidation in relation to iron oxidation in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3225-3238. [PMID: 34086346 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is an acidophilic chemolithoautotroph that is commonly reported to exhibit diauxic population growth behavior where ferrous iron is oxidized before elemental sulfur when both are available, despite the higher energy content of sulfur. We have discovered sulfur dispersion formulations that enables sulfur oxidation before ferrous iron oxidation. The oxidation of dispersed sulfur can lower the culture pH within days below the range where aerobic ferrous iron oxidation can occur. Thus, ferric iron reduction can be observed quickly which had previously been reported over extended incubation periods with untreated sulfur. Therefore, we demonstrate that this substrate utilization pattern is strongly dependent on the cell loading in relation to sulfur concentration, sulfur surface hydrophobicity, and the pH of the culture. Our dispersed sulfur formulation, lig-sulfur, can be used to support the rapid antibiotic selection of plasmid-transformed cells, which is not possible in liquid cultures where ferrous iron is the main source of energy for these acidophiles. Furthermore, we find that media containing lig-sulfur supports higher production of green fluorescent protein compared to media containing ferrous iron. The use of dispersed sulfur is a valuable new tool for the development of engineered A. ferrooxidans strains and it provides a new method to control iron and sulfur oxidation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Inaba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Timothy Kernan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Alan C West
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Thakur S, Singh A, Sharma R, Aurora R, Jain SK. Biosurfactants as a Novel Additive in Pharmaceutical Formulations: Current Trends and Future Implications. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:885-901. [PMID: 33032505 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201008143238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactants are an important category of additives that are used widely in most of the formulations as solubilizers, stabilizers, and emulsifiers. Current drug delivery systems comprise of numerous synthetic surfactants (such as Cremophor EL, polysorbate 80, Transcutol-P), which are associated with several side effects though used in many formulations. Therefore, to attenuate the problems associated with conventional surfactants, a new generation of surface-active agents is obtained from the metabolites of fungi, yeast, and bacteria, which are termed as biosurfactants. OBJECTIVES In this article, we critically analyze the different types of biosurfactants, their origin along with their chemical and physical properties, advantages, drawbacks, regulatory status, and detailed pharmaceutical applications. METHODS 243 papers were reviewed and included in this review. RESULTS Briefly, Biosurfactants are classified as glycolipids, rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, trehalolipids, surfactin, lipopeptides & lipoproteins, lichenysin, fatty acids, phospholipids, and polymeric biosurfactants. These are amphiphilic biomolecules with lipophilic and hydrophilic ends and are used as drug delivery vehicles (foaming, solubilizer, detergent, and emulsifier) in the pharmaceutical industry. Despite additives, they have some biological activity as well (anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-microbial, P-gp inhibition, etc.). These biomolecules possess better safety profiles and are biocompatible, biodegradable, and specific at different temperatures. CONCLUSION Biosurfactants exhibit good biomedicine and additive properties that can be used in developing novel drug delivery systems. However, more research should be driven due to the lack of comprehensive toxicity testing and high production cost which limits their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Amrinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Ritika Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot, 145001, India
| | - Rohan Aurora
- The International School Bangalore, Karnataka, 562125, India
| | - Subheet Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
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Zhang R, Neu TR, Li Q, Blanchard V, Zhang Y, Schippers A, Sand W. Insight Into Interactions of Thermoacidophilic Archaea With Elemental Sulfur: Biofilm Dynamics and EPS Analysis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:896. [PMID: 31133998 PMCID: PMC6524610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biooxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) by thermoacidophiles is of particular interest for the biomining industry and for environmental issues, e.g., formation of acid mine drainage (AMD). Up to now, interfacial interactions of acidophiles with elemental sulfur as well as the mechanisms of sulfur oxidation by acidophiles, especially thermoacidophiles, are not yet fully clear. This work focused on how a crenarchaeal isolate Acidianus sp. DSM 29099 interacts with elemental sulfur. Analysis by Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) in combination with Epifluorescence microscopy (EFM) shows that biofilms on elemental sulfur are characterized by single colonies and a monolayer in first stage and later on 3-D structures with a diameter of up to 100 μm. The analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by a non-destructive lectin approach (fluorescence lectin-barcoding analysis) using several fluorochromes shows that intial attachment was featured by footprints rich in biofilm cells that were embedded in an EPS matrix consisting of various glycoconjugates. Wet chemistry data indicate that carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and uronic acids are the main components. Attenuated reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD) indicate glucose and mannose as the main monosaccharides in EPS polysaccharides. EPS composition as well as sugar types in EPS vary according to substrate (sulfur or tetrathionate) and lifestyle (biofilms and planktonic cells). This study provides information on the building blocks/make up as well as dynamics of biofilms of thermoacidophilic archaea in extremely acidic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyong Zhang
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, Germany
- Biofilm Centre, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas R. Neu
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Véronique Blanchard
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Biofilm Centre, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Axel Schippers
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sand
- Biofilm Centre, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
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Ferreira PF, Sérvulo EFC, Costa ACAD, Ferreira DM, Godoy MLDP, Oliveira FJS. BIOLEACHING OF METALS FROM A SPENT DIESEL HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYST EMPLOYING Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans FG-01. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20170341s20150208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang R, Neu TR, Zhang Y, Bellenberg S, Kuhlicke U, Li Q, Sand W, Vera M. Visualization and analysis of EPS glycoconjugates of the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus metallicus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7343-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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High molecular weight bioemulsifiers, main properties and potential environmental and biomedical applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:691-706. [PMID: 25739564 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight bioemulsifiers are amphipathic polysaccharides, proteins, lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, or complex mixtures of these biopolymers, produced by a wide variety of microorganisms. They are characterized by highly structural diversity and have the ability to decrease the surface and interfacial tension at the surface and interface respectively and/or emulsify hydrophobic compounds. Emulsan, fatty acids, phospholipids, neutral lipids, exopolysaccharides, vesicles and fimbriae are among the most popular high molecular weight bioemulsifiers. They have great physic-chemical properties like tolerance to extreme conditions of pH, temperature and salinity, low toxicity and biodegradability. Owing their emulsion forming and breaking capacities, solubilization, mobilization and dispersion activities and their viscosity reduction activity; they possess great environmental application as enhancer of hydrocarbon biodegradation and for microbial enhanced oil recovery. Besides, they are applied in biomedical fields for their antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activities and involvement in immune responses.
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Burgos-Díaz C, Pons R, Espuny M, Aranda F, Teruel J, Manresa A, Ortiz A, Marqués A. Isolation and partial characterization of a biosurfactant mixture produced by Sphingobacterium sp. isolated from soil. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 361:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Evolution of biofilms during the colonization process of pyrite by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:763-75. [PMID: 21773763 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have applied epifluorescence principles, atomic force microscopy, and Raman studies to the analysis of the colonization process of pyrite (FeS(2)) by sulfuroxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans after 1, 15, 24, and 72 h. For the stages examined, we present results comprising the evolution of biofilms, speciation of S (n) (2-) /S(0) species, adhesion forces of attached cells, production and secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and its biochemical composition. After 1 h, highly dispersed attached cells in the surface of the mineral were observed. The results suggest initial non-covalent, weak interactions (e.g., van der Waal's, hydrophobic interactions), mediating an irreversible binding mechanism to electrooxidized massive pyrite electrode (eMPE), wherein the initial production of EPS by individual cells is determinant. The mineral surface reached its maximum cell cover between 15 to 24 h. Longer biooxidation times resulted in the progressive biofilm reduction on the mineral surface. Quantification of attached cell adhesion forces indicated a strong initial mechanism (8.4 nN), whereas subsequent stages of mineral colonization indicated stability of biofilms and of the adhesion force to an average of 4.2 nN. A variable EPS (polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins) secretion at all stages was found; thus, different architectural conformation of the biofilms was observed during 120 h. The main EPS produced were lipopolysaccharides which may increase the hydrophobicity of A. thiooxidans biofilms. The highest amount of lipopolysaccharides occurred between 15-72 h. In contrast with abiotic surfaces, the progressive depletion of S (n) (2-) /S(0) was observed on biotic eMPE surfaces, indicating consumption of surface sulfur species. All observations indicated a dynamic biooxidation mechanism of pyrite by A. thiooxidans, where the biofilms stability and composition seems to occur independently from surface sulfur species depletion.
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Abstract
In summary, biosurfactants are an example of a class of microbial natural products that has coevolved among many genera. But whereas the biosurfactants produced in the bacterial and archaeal domains are convergent in function (suggesting that they are very important), they have developed in parallel with respect to genotype and phenotype (the surfactants are not related genetically or in terms of molecular structure). Because of this parallel evolution, currently available molecular screening techniques are of little use for the discovery of new biosurfactants. Development of such techniques will continue to be problematic because there is no relationship between the surfactants produced by different microbial genera and even species. Yet, the potential for application of biosurfactants and other natural products is great due to growing demand for biodegradable and environmentally friendly analogues for synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina M Maier
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Abstract
Many microorganisms, especially bacteria, produce biosurfactants when grown on water-immiscible substrates. Biosurfactants are more effective, selective, environmentally friendly, and stable than many synthetic surfactants. Most common biosurfactants are glycolipids in which carbohydrates are attached to a long-chain aliphatic acid, while others, like lipopeptides, lipoproteins, and heteropolysaccharides, are more complex. Rapid and reliable methods for screening and selection of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms and evaluation of their activity have been developed. Genes involved in rhamnolipid synthesis (rhlAB) and regulation (rhlI and rhlR) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are characterized, and expression of rhlAB in heterologous hosts is discussed. Genes for surfactin production (sfp, srfA, and comA) in Bacillus spp. are also characterized. Fermentative production of biosurfactants depends primarily on the microbial strain, source of carbon and nitrogen, pH, temperature, and concentration of oxygen and metal ions. Addition of water-immiscible substrates to media and nitrogen and iron limitations in the media result in an overproduction of some biosurfactants. Other important advances are the use of water-soluble substrates and agroindustrial wastes for production, development of continuous recovery processes, and production through biotransformation. Commercialization of biosurfactants in the cosmetic, food, health care, pulp- and paper-processing, coal, ceramic, and metal industries has been proposed. However, the most promising applications are cleaning of oil-contaminated tankers, oil spill management, transportation of heavy crude oil, enhanced oil recovery, recovery of crude oil from sludge, and bioremediation of sites contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other pollutants. Perspectives for future research and applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Desai
- Applied Biology and Environmental Sciences Division, Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited, Vadodara, India
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Neu TR. Significance of bacterial surface-active compounds in interaction of bacteria with interfaces. Microbiol Rev 1996; 60:151-66. [PMID: 8852899 PMCID: PMC239423 DOI: 10.1128/mr.60.1.151-166.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T R Neu
- UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Steudel R. Mechanism for the Formation of Elemental Sulfur from Aqueous Sulfide in Chemical and Microbiological Desulfurization Processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ie950558t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Iqbal S, Khalid ZM, Malik KA. Enhanced biodegradation and emulsification of crude oil and hyperproduction of biosurfactants by a gamma ray-induced mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lett Appl Microbiol 1995; 21:176-9. [PMID: 7576503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1995.tb01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A gamma ray-induced mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain S8, capable of hyperproduction of biosurfactant from hydrocarbons, was isolated and named as EBN-8. The mutant showed 3-4 times more hydrocarbon emulsification/conversion as compared to the parent when grown on Khaskheli crude oil in minimal medium. Enhanced biosurfactant production and hydrocarbon utilization by the mutant was also observed during growth on heptadecane in minimal medium as indicated by emulsion index and surface tension of cell-free culture broth. Using heptadecane as carbon and energy source, time course for the growth (cfu ml-1) and biosurfactant production were compared for both parent and mutant. These studies were carried out for 24 d at 30 +/- 2 degrees C and for 20 d at 37 degrees C. Growth of EBN-8 was much faster compared to the parent as well as being 2-3 times more hyperproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Ohmura N, Kitamura K, Saiki H. Mechanism of microbial flotation usingThiobacillus ferrooxidans for pyrite suppression. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 41:671-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260410611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Microbial surfactants are a structurally diverse group of compounds consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains and which partition preferentially at interfaces. Biosurfactants are of increasing interest commercially as substitutes for synthetic surfactants particularly for environmental applications. This article discusses recent progress in the genetic and biochemical analysis of biosurfactant synthesis as well as the current status of fermentation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin 78712
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Steudel R, Holdt G. Auflösung von elementarem Schwefel in Wasser durch kationische und anionische Tenside. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19881001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Production of emulsifying agent during growth of Pseudomonas cepacia with 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Investigation of potential biosurfactant production among phytopathogenic corynebacteria and related soil microbes. Curr Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01642388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cooper D, Zajic J. Surface-Active Compounds from Microorganisms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chapter 6.3 Oxidative Reactions in the Sulfur Cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1116(08)71064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Cooper DG, Zajic JE, Gerson DF. Production of surface-active lipids by Corynebacterium lepus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 37:4-10. [PMID: 760639 PMCID: PMC243394 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.1.4-10.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium lepus was grown in 20-liter batch fermentations with kerosene as the sole carbon source. Critical micelle concentration measurements indicated the production of appreciable quantities of biosurfactants. This surface activity of the culture medium was due to lipids, which were extracted and identified. Samples of C. lepus whole broth were taken during a fermentation and monitored for surface tension, amount of surfactant present, and lipid content. The changes in the surfactant measured correlated with concentration changes of several surface-active lipids. An early dramatic increase in surfactant concentration was attributed to the production of a mixture of corynomycolic acids (beta-hydroxy alpha-branched fatty acids). Surface activity at the end of the fermentation was due to a lipopeptide containing corynomycolic acids plus small amounts of several phospholipids and neutral lipids which were identified by thin-layer chromatography.
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Abstract
Three strains of Branhamella catarrhalis and three strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were analyzed with regard to their phospholipid and neutral lipid composition. B. catarrhalis (ATCC 23246) contained 5.12 +/- 0.34% lipid, determined gravimetrically, compared to 8.56 +/- 0.15% and 9.73 +/- 0.06% for two strains of N. gonorrhoeae. Cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine were identified in extracts of both species. In addition, B. catarrhalis contained small amounts of phosphatidylcholine, and N. gonorrhoeae contained small amounts of lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, which accumulated with autolysis accompanying late cell culture growth. The kinetics of change of relative amounts of phospholipids in both species were measured and found to differ substantially. Neutral lipid accounted for 30.4% of the total lipid of B. catarrhalis (ATCC 23246) and 7.6% of the total lipid of N. gonorrhoeae NYH 002. Hydrocarbons, triglycerides, free fatty acids, coenzyme Q, diglycerides, and free hydroxy fatty acids were identified in the neutral lipid fraction of both species. The three strains of N. gonorrhoeae, sensitive, intermediate, and resistant to penicillin, exhibited no significant difference in the composition or metabolism of phospholipid.
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