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Bühring SI, Sievert SM, Jonkers HM, Ertefai T, Elshahed MS, Krumholz LR, Hinrichs KU. Insights into chemotaxonomic composition and carbon cycling of phototrophic communities in an artesian sulfur-rich spring (Zodletone, Oklahoma, USA), a possible analog for ancient microbial mat systems. GEOBIOLOGY 2011; 9:166-179. [PMID: 21244620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2010.00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Zodletone spring in Oklahoma is a unique environment with high concentrations of dissolved-sulfide (10 mm) and short-chain gaseous alkanes, exhibiting characteristics that are reminiscent of conditions that are thought to have existed in Earth's history, in particular the late Archean and early-to-mid Proterozoic. Here, we present a process-oriented investigation of the microbial community in two distinct mat formations at the spring source, (1) the top of the sediment in the source pool and (2) the purple streamers attached to the side walls. We applied a combination of pigment and lipid biomarker analyses, while functional activities were investigated in terms of oxygen production (microsensor analysis) and carbon utilization ((13)C incorporation experiments). Pigment analysis showed cyanobacterial pigments, in addition to pigments from purple sulfur bacteria (PSB), green sulfur bacteria (GSB) and Chloroflexus-like bacteria (CLB). Analysis of intact polar lipids (IPLs) in the source sediment confirmed the presence of phototrophic organisms via diacylglycerol phospholipids and betaine lipids, whereas glyceroldialkylglyceroltetraether additionally indicated the presence of archaea. No archaeal IPLs were found in the purple streamers, which were strongly dominated by betaine lipids. (13)C-bicarbonate- and -acetate-labeling experiments indicated cyanobacteria as predominant phototrophs in the source sediment, carbon was actively fixed by PSB/CLB/GSB in purple streamers by using near infrared light. Despite the presence of cyanobacteria, no oxygen could be detected in the presence of light, suggesting anoxygenic photosynthesis as the major metabolic process at this site. Our investigations furthermore indicated photoheterotrophy as an important process in both habitats. We obtained insights into a syntrophically operating phototrophic community in an ecosystem that bears resemblance to early Earth conditions, where cyanobacteria constitute an important contributor to carbon fixation despite the presence of high sulfide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Bühring
- Department of Geosciences, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Schubotz F, Wakeham SG, Lipp JS, Fredricks HF, Hinrichs KU. Detection of microbial biomass by intact polar membrane lipid analysis in the water column and surface sediments of the Black Sea. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:2720-34. [PMID: 19624710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The stratified water column of the Black Sea produces a vertical succession of redox zones, stimulating microbial activity at the interfaces. Our study of intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) in suspended particulate matter and sediments highlights their potential as biomarkers for assessing the taxonomic composition of live microbial biomass. Intact polar membrane lipids in oxic waters above the chemocline represent contributions of bacterial and eukaryotic photosynthetic algae, while anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria comprise a substantial amount of microbial biomass in deeper suboxic and anoxic layers. Intact polar membrane lipids such as betaine lipids and glycosidic ceramides suggest unspecified anaerobic bacteria in the anoxic zone. Distributions of polar head groups and core lipids show planktonic archaea below the oxic zone; methanotrophic archaea are only a minor fraction of archaeal biomass in the anoxic zone, contrasting previous observations based on the apolar derivatives of archaeal lipids. Sediments contain algal and bacterial IPLs from the water column, but transport to the sediment is selective; bacterial and archaeal IPLs are also produced within the sediments. Intact polar membrane lipid distributions in the Black Sea are stratified in accordance with geochemical profiles and provide information on vertical successions of major microbial groups contributing to suspended biomass. This study vastly extends our knowledge of the distribution of complex microbial lipids in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Schubotz
- Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Freese E, Rütters H, Köster J, Rullkötter J, Sass H. Gammaproteobacteria as a possible source of eicosapentaenoic acid in anoxic intertidal sediments. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2009; 57:444-454. [PMID: 18777187 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; n-20:5omega3) was found to be a constituent of phospholipids in three mesophilic strains of Gammaproteobacteria, which were isolated from anoxic most probable number series prepared with sediments from an intertidal flat of the German North Sea coast. Their partial 16S rRNA gene sequences identified the isolates as close relatives of Shewanella colwelliana, Vibrio splendidus, and Photobacterium lipolyticum. So far, eicosapentaenoic acid has mainly been reported to occur in eukaryotes and some piezophilic or psychrophilic bacteria. With decreasing temperature, relative contents of EPA (up to 14% of total fatty acids) increased in all strains. Additionally, Shewanella and Vibrio spp. showed a significant increase in monounsaturated fatty acids with lower growth temperature. Analysis of the phospholipid compositions revealed that EPA was present in all three major phospholipid types, namely, phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), cardiolipin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE). However, EPA was enriched in PG and cardiolipin relative to PE. In the tidal flat sediments from which the isolates were obtained, substantial amounts of EPA-containing PG were detected, whereas other typical microeukaryotic phospholipids-being also a possible source of EPA-were abundant at the sediment surface but were present in clearly lower amounts in the anoxic layers beneath 5 cm depth. Therefore, the EPA-containing PG species in the deeper layers in these sediments may indicate the presence of Gammaproteobacteria closely related to the isolates. These bacteria appear to be an important source of EPA in buried, anoxic sediments beneath the layers harboring significant populations of benthic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Freese
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Lipid Composition of Novel Shewanella Species Isolated from Far Eastern Seas. Microbiology (Reading) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11021-005-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Ivanova EP, Zhukova NV, Gorshkova NM, Chaikina EL. Characterization of Aeromonas and Vibrio species isolated from a drinking water reservoir. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:919-27. [PMID: 11412322 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic (i.e. phospholipid and cellular fatty acid composition) characteristics of environmental Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp. isolated from a drinking water reservoir near Vladivostok City, and the application of some chemotaxonomic markers for discrimination of the two genera and species. METHODS AND RESULTS Presumptive Aeromonas species were dominant in surface water samples (up to 25% of the total number of bacteria recovered). These strains were consistent with respect to the cultural and biochemical properties used to define the species Aeromonas sobria (seven strains) and Aer. popoffii (three strains). Vibrio mimicus (two strains) and Vibrio metschnikovii (one strain) were identified according to phenotypic features and cellular fatty acid composition. CONCLUSION Environmental Aer. sobria isolates were atypical in their ability to grow at 42 degrees C, and were haemolytic, proteolytic and cytotoxic. Although it was present in a high proportion in the water samples, atypical Aer. sobria is not an indicator of polluted water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The incidence of Aeromonas in the drinking water reservoirs in the Far East of Russia is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Ivanova
- Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry of the Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia.
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Phospholipids of marine proteobacteria of the genusPseudoalteromonas. Microbiology (Reading) 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02756766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Extensive genetic and biochemical studies in the last two decades have elucidated almost completely the framework of synthesis and turnover of quantitatively major phospholipids in E. coli. The knowledge thus accumulated has allowed to formulate a novel working model that assumes sophisticated regulatory mechanisms in E. coli to achieve the optimal phospholipid composition and content in the membranes. E. coli also appears to possess the ability to adapt phospholipid synthesis to various cellular conditions. Understanding of the functional aspects of E. coli phospholipids is now advancing significantly and it will soon be able to explain many of the hitherto unclear cell's activities on the molecular basis. Phosphatidylglycerol is believed to play the central role both in metabolism and functions of phospholipids in E. coli. The results obtained with E. coli should undoubtedly be helpful in the study of more complicated phospholipid metabolism and functions in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Shibuya
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama University, Urawa, Japan
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Moule AL, Wilkinson SG. Polar Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Isoprenoid Quinones of Alteromonas putrefaciens (Shewanella putrefaciens). Syst Appl Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(87)80021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Studies of the lipid composition of the marine bacterium Caulobacter halobacteroides revealed the presence of glycolipid as the predominant lipid constituent. The presence of minor amounts of phospholipid was confirmed with the incorporation of 14C- and 32P-labeled compounds. Other marine caulobacters had similar lipid compositions. Five chromatographically separable glycolipids were detected, two of which were identified as mono- and diglycosyldiglycerides. Glycolipid constituted 90 to 99% of the total extractable lipid based on 14C-acetate incorporation into six marine caulobacter strains. In addition, comparisons were made with the lipid extracts of the nonmarine Caulobacter crescentus and Micrococcus lysodeikticus, which contain substantial amounts of phospholipid. Studies of lipid composition during growth showed the maximum amount of phospholipid during early logarithmic growth (2.9%) with a decrease to 0.3% in the early stationary phase. The finding of a group of organisms in which phospholipid is not a major constituent of the lipid fraction is unique and generates many questions about the lipid requirements for membrane structure and function.
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Simonis M, Rade S, Ahlers J. Studies on a membrane-bound nucleotidase from the marine bacterium MB 22. Comparison of a photometric and luminometric method for kinetic investigations. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 13:733-8. [PMID: 6266894 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(81)90043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
The lipids of Caulobacter crescentus, a procaryotic species which differentiates into stalked and swarmer cell types, were analyzed. Major lipid classes were purified by chromatography and identified by both chromatographic and chemical methods. Approximately half of the total lipid fraction of this organism consisted of glycolipis, which were primarily monoglucosyldiglyceride and an acylated glucuronic acid. Two of the phospholipids of C. crescentus were identified as phopshatidylglycerol and acylphosphatidylglycerol. Commonly occurring bacterial phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol), were not detected. Monoglyceride and diglyceride were found in the neutral lipid fraction, which made up 10% of the total lipid. Quantitative lipid compositional studies, performed by the incorporation of [14C]acetate and [32P]orthophosphate into growing cultures, revealed that separated swarmer and stalked cells had similar lipid compositions. However, stationary-phase cultures, compared with logaritmic cultures, had decreased amounts of phosphatidylglycerol and diglyceride and increased amounts of acylphosphatidylglycerol and a glucuronic acid-containing glycolipid, glycolipid X. In addition, two glycolipids were only detected in stationary-phase cultures. These studies indicate that C. crescentus has a distinctive lipid composition compared with those of other procaryotic species which have been analyzed.
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Ahlers J, Günther T, Peter HW. Phospholipid composition of plasma membranes and kinetic properties of membrane-bound nucleotidase from marine bacteria. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:573-8. [PMID: 30662 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(78)90117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Peter HW, Ahlers J, Günther T. The dependence of polyamine and phospholipid contents in maring bacteria on the osmotic strength of the medium. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:313-6. [PMID: 668988 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(78)90103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hassan HM, Pratt D. Biochemical and physiological properties of alkaline phosphatases in five isolates of marine bacteria. J Bacteriol 1977; 129:1607-12. [PMID: 845125 PMCID: PMC235141 DOI: 10.1128/jb.129.3.1607-1612.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaline phosphatase activities of five unique isolates of marine bacteria were found to be associated with the periplasmic space; however, the enzymes from these isolates differed with respect to their repressibility, the apparent number of isoenzymes, the necessity for Mg2 for activity, and the conditions required for their release. With three of the isolates, the enzyme was released when cells that had been washed in 0.5 M NaCl were suspended in sucrose; however, with the other two isolates, one required the additional presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and the other required the presence of lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. In two isolates the activity was constitutive, in two it was partially repressed, and in one it was completely repressed by inorganic phosphate. The repression of activity was associated with corresponding changes of activity bands as seen by acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Lechevalier MP. Lipids in bacterial taxonomy - a taxonomist's view. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1977; 5:109-210. [PMID: 844323 DOI: 10.3109/10408417709102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tsukagoshi N, Kania MN, Franklin RM. Identification of acyl phosphatidylglycerol as a minor phospholipid of Pseudomonas BAL-31. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 450:131-6. [PMID: 990298 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(76)90084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Compound X, a minor phospholipid of Pseudomonas BAL-31 and bacteriophage PM2, has been identified as X-3-phosphatidyl-1'-(3'-acyl)-glycerol, or acyl phosphatidylglycerol. The water-soluble product obtained by mild alkaline hydrolysis showed the same RF value as that of glycerophosphoryl-glycerol. The chemical analysis gave the ratio 1 : 3 : 2 for phosphate-acyl ester-glycerol. The position of the third acyl group was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.
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Veerkamp JH. Biosynthesis of phosphogalactolipids and diphosphatidylglycerol in a membrane fraction of Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 441:403-11. [PMID: 974091 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(76)90237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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McAllister DJ, De Siervo AJ. Identification of bisphosphatidic acid and its plasmalogen analogues in the phospholipids of a marine bacterium. J Bacteriol 1975; 123:302-7. [PMID: 1141198 PMCID: PMC235720 DOI: 10.1128/jb.123.1.302-307.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A relatively nonpolar unidentified phospholipid (phospholipid X) , isolated from the gram-negative marine bacterium MB 45, was characterized both chromatographically and by chemical analysis. Phospholipid X was shown to be an acidic phospholipid without vicinal hydroxyl, free-amino, or amide groups. The presence of O-alkenyl groups was indicated by a positive reaction for plasmalogen. Mild alkaline methanolysis of phospholipid X yielded only glycerophosphoryglycerol as the derivative. Acetolysis produced only diacyl-glycerol monoacetate. Clevage of O-alkenyl chains by methanolic hydrochloride resulted in the formation of three lyso derivatives. It was estimated that 18.2% of phospholipid X was plasmalogen. From these data, together with chromatographic comparisons with standards, infrared spectra, a molecular weight estimation, and the determination of the glycerol-phosphate-acyl ester ratio, it was concluded that phospholipid X was bisphosphatidic acid mixed with its plasmalogen analogues.
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