The ends of Tn10 are not IS3

Mapping of insertion elements IS1, IS2 and IS3 on the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. Role of the insertion elements in formation of Hfrs and F' factors and in rearrangement of bacterial chromosomes

The chromosome of an Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3110 contains seven copies of insertion element IS1, 12 copies of IS2 and six copies of IS3. We determined the approximate locations of six copies of IS1 (named is1A to is1F), ten copies of IS2 (named is2A to is2J), and five copies of IS3 (named is3A to is3E) on the W3110 chromosome by plaque hybridization using the "mini-set" of the lambda phage library that includes 476 clones carrying chromosomal segments that cover the W3110 chromosome almost entirely. Cleavage maps of the W3110 chromosome and cleavage analysis of phage DNAs carrying insertion elements allowed us to assign more precise locations to most of the insertion elements and to determine their orientations. Insertion elements were distributed randomly along the W3110 chromosome in one or other orientation. Several of these were located at the same positions on the chromosome of another E. coli K-12 strain, JE5519, and they were assumed to be the original complement of insertion elements in E. coli K-12 wild-type. Locations and orientations of such insertion elements were correlated well with Hfr points of origin and with crossover points for excision of some F' factors derived from several Hfrs. Insertion elements may be involved also in rearrangement of bacterial chromosomes.

Structural and functional analyses of the fosfomycin resistance transposon Tn2921

The fosfomycin resistance transposon Tn2921 is flanked by directly repeated sequences homologous to the Tn10-related insertion sequence IS10. The nonrepeated DNA sequences of Tn2921 can be deleted without affecting the transposition ability of the element, showing that at least one of the direct repeats is an active insertion sequence. Transposition of Tn2921 seems to occur through direct transposition, since cointegrates have not been observed. The evolutionary relatedness of Tn2921 and IS10 is discussed.

Transposable elements as mutator genes in evolution

Strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli harbouring genes that increase mutation rates are known to have an evolutionary advantage in chemostat competition over otherwise isogeneic strains with lower mutation rates. This advantage is frequency-dependent, the mutator strain being favoured only above a starting ratio of approximately 5 x 10(-5), and it results from the fact that the necessary beneficial mutations cannot be generated in a mutator population below a certain size. Here we consider the possibility that the mutagenic properties of transposable elements confer an advantage in the same manner as mutator genes. A previous report has shown that the transposon Tn5 increases the fitness of E. coli in chemostats, although the reason for this effect has not been established. Our results show that the transposon Tn10 also confers an advantage in chemostats. In addition, we find that (1) this advantage, like that associated with mutator genes, is frequency-dependent, (2) whenever the Tn10 strains win, a segment of Tn10, probably its IS10 sequences, has undergone transposition to a new site, (3) the new insertions converge into a site contained within a 3.2 kilobase (kb) PvuII fragment of the genome, and (4) no transpositions are detected when the Tn10 population loses. We conclude that Tn10 confers an advantage by increasing the mutation rate of the host bacterium.

The use of transposon insertion zdc-235::Tn10 (min 32) to clone and delete DNA from the terminus region of Escherichia coli

Transposon zdc-235::Tn10 is inserted at min 32 on the genetic map of Escherichia coli, and we have used this transposon to clone 14 kb of DNA that flanks this insertion. The site of insertion of the transposon, and the restriction map of the cloned DNA, correspond well with the predictions of the Bouché restriction map for the terminus region (Bouché 1982). The zdc-235::Tn10 insertion, along with the zdd-230::Tn9 insertion, was used to obtain deletions of the region that has been cloned. Strains lacking a minimum of 14 kb, and more likely a minimum of 40 kb of DNA, showed no alteration of growth or cell morphology.

Recombination between two IS/s flanking the r-determinant of R100-1: involvement of dor and recA gene functions in Salmonella typhimurium

Drug resistance genes of the r-determinant component of a composite R plasmid R100-1 were frequently lost in Salmonella typhimurium. Various deletion mutants were analyzed by restriction endonuclease cleavage, Southern blotting, and hybridization techniques. The loss of the r-determinant was found to be the result of a reciprocal recombination between the two IS/s flanking the r-determinant. This recombination depended upon both dor and recA gene functions.

Inverted repeats of Tn5 are transposable elements

Experiments presented here show that each of the 1.5-kilobase inverted repeats of the kanamycin-resistance transposon Tn5 is transposable; we designate them IS50-L (left) and IS50-R (right). By DNA sequence analyses, IS50 is 1533 base pairs (bp) long and generates 9-bp direct repeats of target sequences. The ends of IS50 comprise a hyphenated 8-of-9-bp inverted repeat and are not used with equal efficiency; the outside ends are more active than the inside ends, suggesting that a strong transposase recognition site at the outside ends, suggesting that a strong transposase recognition site at the outside end extends beyond the 8 bp common to both ends.

Insertion element IS102 resides in plasmid pSC101

In vivo recombination was found to occur between plasmid pHS1, a temperature-sensitive replication mutant of pSC101 carrying tetracycline resistance, and plasmid ColE1 after selection for tetracycline resistance at the restrictive temperature, 42 degrees C. Extensive analysis of the physical structures of three of these recombinant plasmids, using restriction endonucleases and the electron microscope heteroduplex method, revealed that the plasmid pHS1 was integrated into different sites on ColE1. The recombinant plasmids contained a duplication of a unique 1-kilobase (kb) sequence of pHS1 in a direct orientation at the junctions between the two parental plasmid sequences. This was confirmed by comparing the nucleotide sequence of the recombinants and their parental plasmids. Nucleotide sequence analysis further revealed that nine nucleotides at the site of recombination of ColE1 were duplicated at the junction of each of the 1-kb sequences. The formation of recombinants was independent of RecA function. Based on our previous finding that a plasmid containing a deoxyribonucleic acid insertion (IS) element can recombine with a second plasmid to generate a duplication of the IS element, we conclude that the 1-kb sequence is an insertion sequence, which we named IS102. For convenience, we have also denoted the IS102 sequence as eta theta to assign the orientation of the sequence. Eighteen nucleotides at one end (eta end) were found to be repeated in an inverted orientation at the other end (theta end) of IS102. The nucleotide sequence of the eta end of the sequence was found to be identical to the sequence at the ends of the transposon Tn903, which is responsible for transposition of the kanamycin resistance gene.

Insertions of Tn 10 into an E. coli ribosomal RNA operon are incompletely polar

Insertions of the transposon Tn 10 have been obtained in an E. coli ribosomal RNA operon (rrnX). These insertions were used to determine whether present models of polarity are sufficient to explain transcriptional properties of operon which are transcribed but not translated. Most models of polarity suggest that transcription of mRNA requires simultaneous translation of nascent mRNA, or else premature termination of transcription will result. This model as stated does not encompass rrn operons. In this study three Tn 10 insertions into rrnX were characterized. All three Tn 10 insertions do not completely eliminate in vivo transcription of the most distal tRNA gene of rrnX. In ultraviolet-irradiated cells one Tn 10 insertion reduces synthesis of downstream portions of rrnX by at most 2--3 fold. Two other insertions may have more extensive polar effects, although the exact level of polarity is difficult to evaluate because these Tn 10 insertions may affect RNA maturation and stability.