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Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Pequini MR, Nuñez LF, Parra SHS, Chacon R, Torre DIDL, Pedroso AC, Ferreira AJP. A comparative survey between non-systemic Salmonella spp. (paratyphoid group) and systemic Salmonella Pullorum and S. Gallinarum with a focus on virulence genes. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: A comparative survey between non-systemic (paratyphoid Salmonellae) and systemic (S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum) Salmonella strains was performed to produce a virulence gene profile for differentiation among the groups. The following virulence genes were evaluated: invA, spvC, sefC, pefA, fimY, sopB, sopE1, stn and avrA. There are substantial differences among paratyphoid Salmonellae, S. Pullorum, and S. Gallinarum regarding the genes sefC, spvC, sopE1 and avrA. A higher frequency of sefC, spvC, sopE1 and avrA genes were detected in S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum when compared with strains from the paratyphoid group of Salmonella. These results may be useful for differentiating among different groups and serotypes.
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Characterization of pPCP1 Plasmids in Yersinia pestis Strains Isolated from the Former Soviet Union. Int J Microbiol 2010; 2010:760819. [PMID: 21197443 PMCID: PMC3010648 DOI: 10.1155/2010/760819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete sequences of 9.5-kb pPCP1 plasmids in three Yersinia pestis strains from the former Soviet Union (FSU) were determined and compared with those of pPCP1 plasmids in three well-characterized, non-FSU Y. pestis strains (KIM, CO92, and 91001). Two of the FSU plasmids were from strains C2614 and C2944, isolated from plague foci in Russia, and one plasmid was from strain C790 from Kyrgyzstan. Sequence analyses identified four sequence types among the six plasmids. The pPCP1 plasmids in the FSU strains were most genetically related to the pPCP1 plasmid in the KIM strain and least related to the pPCP1 plasmid in Y. pestis 91001. The FSU strains generally had larger pPCP1 plasmid copy numbers compared to strain CO92. Expression of the plasmid's pla gene was significantly (P ≤ .05) higher in strain C2944 than in strain CO92. Given pla's role in Y. pestis virulence, this difference may have important implications for the strain's virulence.
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Miko A, Guerra B, Schroeter A, Dorn C, Helmuth R. Molecular characterization of multiresistant d-tartrate-positive Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi B isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3184-91. [PMID: 12202551 PMCID: PMC130825 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.9.3184-3191.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2001] [Revised: 04/07/2001] [Accepted: 06/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1996, the National Salmonella Reference Laboratory of Germany has received an increasing number of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B isolates. Nearly all of these belonged to the dextrorotatory tartrate-positive variant (S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT(+)), formerly called S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Java. A total of 55 selected contemporary and older S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT(+) isolates were analyzed by plasmid profiling, antimicrobial resistance testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, IS200 profiling, and PCR-based detection of integrons. The results showed a high genetic heterogeneity among 10 old strains obtained from 1960 to 1993. In the following years, however, new distinct multiresistant S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B dT(+) clones emerged, and one clonal lineage successfully displaced the older ones. Since 1994, 88% of the isolates investigated were multiple drug resistant. Today, a particular clone predominates in some German poultry production lines, poultry products, and various other sources. It was also detected in contemporary isolates from two neighboring countries as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Miko
- National Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Palmgren H, Sellin M, Bergström S, Olsen B. Enteropathogenic bacteria in migrating birds arriving in Sweden. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1998; 29:565-8. [PMID: 9571735 DOI: 10.3109/00365549709035895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Birds have been thought to play a role in transmitting infectious agents like influenza, Borrelia and Salmonella. To investigate the role of migrating birds in the dispersal of enteropathogenic bacteria, stool samples from 151 wild birds (50 gulls and 101 passerines) just entering Sweden from their winter grounds were analysed for Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and EHEC O157:H7. The thermophilic isolated enteropathogens found were further analysed by antibiograms. Among the 50 gulls examined, we found 2 isolates of Salmonella typhimurium with multiple antibiotic resistance. Three isolates of C. jejuni were found in the 101 stool samples from passerines. We did not isolate EHEC O157:H7 in any of the bird stools examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Palmgren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Sweden
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Abstract
The predominance of certain phage types of Salmonella enteritidis in various countries makes further epidemiological subgrouping necessary. Today this is achieved by using molecular typing methods. For various bacterial species, plasmid profiling, the pattern of outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides, the fingerprinting of total genomic DNA including ribotyping, and multilocus enzyme electrophoretic typing, have proven very useful. When such methods have been applied to S. enteritidis, they revealed a homogeneous, clonal structure in contemporary PT4 isolates. Furthermore they indicate that the clone observed today emerged from a heterogeneous population before the onset of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Helmuth
- Robert von Ostertag-Institute, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Grund S, Helmuth R, Stephan R, Meyer R. Zu Fimbrienbildung, Antibiogramm, Plasmidgehalt, Lyso- und Biotyp bei Salmonellen1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Helmuth R, Stephan R, Bunge C, Hoog B, Steinbeck A, Bulling E. Epidemiology of virulence-associated plasmids and outer membrane protein patterns within seven common Salmonella serotypes. Infect Immun 1985; 48:175-82. [PMID: 3980081 PMCID: PMC261932 DOI: 10.1128/iai.48.1.175-182.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-sensitive Salmonella isolates belonging to seven common serotypes and originating from 29 different countries from all continents were investigated for their plasmid DNA content (337 isolates) and their outer membrane protein profiles (216 isolates). Of the S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. dublin, and S. choleraesuis isolates, 90% or more carried a serotype-specific plasmid. The molecular sizes of the plasmids were 60 megadaltons (Md) for S. typhimurium, 37 Md for S. enteritidis, 56 Md for S. dublin, and 30 Md for S. choleraesuis. The outer membrane protein profiles were homogeneous within each of the seven serotypes, except that a minority of S. enteritidis and S. dublin strains were lacking one major outer membrane protein. Virulence studies were performed with 39 representative strains by measuring the 50% lethal doses (LD50S) after oral infection of mice. The LD50 values obtained for plasmid-positive strains of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and S. dublin were up to 10(6)-fold lower than the values obtained for the plasmid-free strains of the same serotype. Only the plasmid-positive strains could invade the livers of orally infected mice, and only they were resistant to the bactericidal activity of 90% guinea pig serum. Strains of S. infantis were generally plasmid free, whereas S. panama and S. heidelberg isolates carried heterogeneous plasmid populations. The virulence properties of the latter three serotypes could not be correlated with the predominant plasmids found in these strains.
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Harnett NM, Gyles CL. Enterotoxin plasmids in bovine and porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of O groups 9, 20, 64 and 101. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE : REVUE CANADIENNE DE MEDECINE COMPAREE 1985; 49:79-87. [PMID: 3886109 PMCID: PMC1236122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen strains of Escherichia coli of serogroups characteristic of porcine class 2 enterotoxigenic E. coli isolated from pigs or calves were selected for genetic studies. The strains were examined for their ability to cotransfer a number of plasmid-mediated properties during conjugation with E. coli K-12. These properties were antibiotic resistance, and the production of heat-stable enterotoxin, the K99 antigen and colicin and the ability to ferment raffinose. Distinction was made between the two types of heat-stable enterotoxin, STa and STb. All 14 strains were antibiotic resistant and 11 of them cotransferred antibiotic resistance and heat-stable enterotoxin. One strain which transferred heat-stable enterotoxin also transferred the raffinose gene. Among six K99-positive strains which transferred heat-stable enterotoxin, five always cotransferred K99. Three strains had 100% cotransfer of colicin as well as heat-stable enterotoxin and K99. Drug resistance determinants were cotransferred at high frequency with heat-stable enterotoxin for six of eight multiple drug resistant enterotoxigenic E. coli. A 100% cotransfer of combinations of heat-stable enterotoxin, K99, colicin and antibiotic resistance was often associated with a single plasmid band on agarose gel electrophoresis. For some strains, the genes for STa and STb were on the same plasmid and for others they were on separate plasmids. The enterotoxin plasmids ranged in size from 5.2 to 85 Mdal. Heterogeneity in molecular size occurred among enterotoxin plasmids in E. coli of the same serogroup and recovered from the same animal host species.
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Thiel W, Recla S. [Epidemiology and phage typing of Salmonella typhimurium in Austria 1980-1982]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE, UND HYGIENE. SERIES A, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY 1984; 258:544-63. [PMID: 6398570 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(84)80029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
From 1980 to 1982 a total of 4541 strains of S. typhimurium of human origin and 745 S. typhimurium of non-human sources were received by the Salmonella Centre. During this period, the percentage of S. typhimurium rose from 33% to 51% (human origin) and from 12% to 33% (non-human origin), respectively. The incidence of infection was 20.0, the regional distribution showed a prominence of the eastern and western parts of Austria with Styria as leading country (46.2). 60% of the isolates of S. typhimurium were associated with illness, which was 10% more than for the other salmonellae; concerning outbreaks as well as single cases, S. typhimurium dominated, whereas the proportion of carriers of S. typhimurium among foodhandlers was small (12% S. typhimurium, 31% other salmonellae). As to the age-specific attack-rate, children younger than 5 years by far predominated with 67.2, with a falling tendency in the other age groups. As far as food is concerned, the increase of S. typhimurium in poultry is particularly striking. According to the phage-typing results, LT 10 was prominent in the years 1980 and 1981, whereas in 1982, LT 66, accounting for 62% out of 2201 tested human isolates dominated among 44 different phage-types as epidemic strain, especially in Styria and eastern Austria. In addition, LT 10 and LT 3 could be found more frequently. Starting from the important role of food in Salmonella associated enteritis, LT 66 leads to chicken as the main source of infection. Apart from LT 66, LT 1, 2, 3 and LT 140 were more frequent in non-human isolates. This infiltration of LT 66 into the Austrian chicken industry could have its origin in imported parent chickens. As mechanism the single replacement of LT 10 by LT 66 is discussed as well as the phage-conversion of LT 10. The other possible chains of infection (other poultry, feeding-staff, man) are regarded as less probable. To prove this thesis investigations on plasmids should be done.
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Cointegrate formation during mobilization of nonconjugative plasmids by pAP42 plasmid for genetic transfer. Bull Exp Biol Med 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00830259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Achtman M, Mercer A, Kusecek B, Pohl A, Heuzenroeder M, Aaronson W, Sutton A, Silver RP. Six widespread bacterial clones among Escherichia coli K1 isolates. Infect Immun 1983; 39:315-35. [PMID: 6218094 PMCID: PMC347943 DOI: 10.1128/iai.39.1.315-335.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Variable properties among Escherichia coli isolates include serotype, electrophoretic migration of major outer membrane proteins, metabolic properties, production of hemolysin or colicin or both, and plasmid content. These characteristics were compared in E. coli strains of capsular types K1, K5, K92, and K100 and in non-encapsulated isolates. The 234 bacterial strains from the United States and Europe which we studied had been isolated from healthy or diseased individuals recently or as long ago as 1941. Regardless of source, most O7:K1, O16:K1, and O75:K100 isolates could be assigned to three unique, serotype-specific groups, which were interpreted as representing three bacterial clones. Two bacterial (sub)clones each were discerned among the O18:K1 and O18:K5 isolates, and two further, distinct clones were discerned among the O1:K1 isolates. The implications of these results for epidemiological analyses and for virulence are discussed.
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Peterson BC, Hashimoto H, Rownd RH. Cointegrate formation between homologous plasmids in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1982; 151:1086-94. [PMID: 6286589 PMCID: PMC220382 DOI: 10.1128/jb.151.3.1086-1094.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation experiments were performed in which the donor was Escherichia coli K-12 strain KP245 containing either R plasmid NR1 plus an ampicillin-resistant derivative of ColE1 (*ColE1::Tn3, called RSF2124) or NR1 plus RSF2124 carrying a cloned EcoRI fragment of NR1. The recipient was the polA amber mutant JG112, in which RSF2124 cannot replicate. Ampicillin-resistant transconjugants can arise only when the genes for ampicillin resistance are linked to NR1 or are transposed to the host chromosome. When EcoRI fragment A of NR1 (20.5 kilobases) was cloned to RSF2124, the frequency of cotransfer of ampicillin resistance with tetracycline resistance was 25 to 60%. Plasmid DNA from these ampicillin-resistant transconjugant cells was analyzed by gel electrophoresis and was shown to be a cointegrate of NR1 and the RSF2124 derivative. Analysis of plasmid DNA isolated from donor cultures showed that the cointegrates were present before conjugation, which indicates that the mating does not stimulate cointegrate formation. When the cloned fragment was EcoRI fragment H of NR1 (4.8 kilobases), the frequency of cotransfer of ampicillin resistance with tetracycline resistance was about 4%, and the majority of the ampicillin-resistant transconjugants were found to contain cointegrate plasmids. When the donor contained NR1 and RSF2124, the frequency of cotransfer of ampicillin resistance was less than 0.1%, and analysis of plasmid DNA from the ampicillin-resistant transconjugants showed that Tn3 had been transposed onto NR1. These data suggest that plasmids which share homology may exist in cointegrate form to a high degree within a host cell.
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Timoney JF, Linton AH. Experimental ecological studies on H2 plasmids in the intestine and faeces of the calf. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1982; 52:417-24. [PMID: 6749785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1982.tb05072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Waalwijk C, van den Bosch JF, MacLaren DM, de Graaff J. Hemolysin plasmid coding for the virulence of a nephropathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Infect Immun 1982; 35:32-7. [PMID: 7033139 PMCID: PMC350991 DOI: 10.1128/iai.35.1.32-37.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The nephropathogenic Escherichia coli strain P673 was shown to harbor two plasmids with molecular sizes of 70 and 41 megadaltons, respectively. The 70-megadalton plasmid, pCW1, coded for tetracycline resistance, whereas hemolysin production was coded by the 41-megadalton plasmid, pCW2. Plasmid pCW1 proved to be self-transmissible, in contrast to pCW2. Transfer of the hemolysin character was associated with the appearance of a 110-megadalton plasmid, pCW3. The incompatibility of pCW3 with both native plasmids and restriction enzyme analysis led to the conclusion that pCW3 is a cointegrate of pCW1 and pCW2, pCW2, carrying the hemolytic determinant, is involved in the nephropathogenic character of strain P673, because (i) elimination of pCW2 from P673 was associated with a loss of virulence and (ii) the nephropathogenicity of the avirulent mutant could be restored by reintroduction of pCW2 DNA as part of a cointegrate structure.
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