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Guse AH. Enzymology of Ca 2+-Mobilizing Second Messengers Derived from NAD: From NAD Glycohydrolases to (Dual) NADPH Oxidases. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040675. [PMID: 36831342 PMCID: PMC9954121 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its 2'-phosphorylated cousin NADP are precursors for the enzymatic formation of the Ca2+-mobilizing second messengers adenosine diphosphoribose (ADPR), 2'-deoxy-ADPR, cyclic ADPR, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). The enzymes involved are either NAD glycohydrolases CD38 or sterile alpha toll/interleukin receptor motif containing-1 (SARM1), or (dual) NADPH oxidases (NOX/DUOX). Enzymatic function(s) are reviewed and physiological role(s) in selected cell systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Guse
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Galeazzi L, Bocci P, Amici A, Brunetti L, Ruggieri S, Romine M, Reed S, Osterman AL, Rodionov DA, Sorci L, Raffaelli N. Identification of nicotinamide mononucleotide deamidase of the bacterial pyridine nucleotide cycle reveals a novel broadly conserved amidohydrolase family. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40365-75. [PMID: 21953451 PMCID: PMC3220592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.275818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyridine nucleotide cycle is a network of salvage and recycling routes maintaining homeostasis of NAD(P) cofactor pool in the cell. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) deamidase (EC 3.5.1.42), one of the key enzymes of the bacterial pyridine nucleotide cycle, was originally described in Enterobacteria, but the corresponding gene eluded identification for over 30 years. A genomics-based reconstruction of NAD metabolism across hundreds of bacterial species suggested that NMN deamidase reaction is the only possible way of nicotinamide salvage in the marine bacterium Shewanella oneidensis. This prediction was verified via purification of native NMN deamidase from S. oneidensis followed by the identification of the respective gene, termed pncC. Enzymatic characterization of the PncC protein, as well as phenotype analysis of deletion mutants, confirmed its proposed biochemical and physiological function in S. oneidensis. Of the three PncC homologs present in Escherichia coli, NMN deamidase activity was confirmed only for the recombinant purified product of the ygaD gene. A comparative analysis at the level of sequence and three-dimensional structure, which is available for one of the PncC family member, shows no homology with any previously described amidohydrolases. Multiple alignment analysis of functional and nonfunctional PncC homologs, together with NMN docking experiments, allowed us to tentatively identify the active site area and conserved residues therein. An observed broad phylogenomic distribution of predicted functional PncCs in the bacterial kingdom is consistent with a possible role in detoxification of NMN, resulting from NAD utilization by DNA ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Galeazzi
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Section of Biochemistry, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Paola Bocci
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Section of Biochemistry, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Adolfo Amici
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Section of Biochemistry, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Lucia Brunetti
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Section of Biochemistry, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Silverio Ruggieri
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Section of Biochemistry, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Margaret Romine
- the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and
| | - Samantha Reed
- the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and
| | - Andrei L. Osterman
- the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dmitry A. Rodionov
- the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Section of Biochemistry, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
- the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- From the Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Section of Biochemistry, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
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Magni G, Amici A, Emanuelli M, Raffaelli N, Ruggieri S. Enzymology of NAD+ synthesis. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 73:135-82, xi. [PMID: 10218108 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123195.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beyond its role as an essential coenzyme in numerous oxidoreductase reactions as well as respiration, there is growing recognition that NAD+ fulfills many other vital regulatory functions both as a substrate and as an allosteric effector. This review describes the enzymes involved in pyridine nucleotide metabolism, starting with a detailed consideration of the anaerobic and aerobic pathways leading to quinolinate, a key precursor of NAD+. Conversion of quinolinate and 5'-phosphoribosyl-1'-pyrophosphate to NAD+ and diphosphate by phosphoribosyltransferase is then explored before proceeding to a discussion the molecular and kinetic properties of NMN adenylytransferase. The salient features of NAD+ synthetase as well as NAD+ kinase are likewise presented. The remainder of the review encompasses the metabolic steps devoted to (a) the salvaging of various niacin derivatives, including the roles played by NAD+ and NADH pyrophosphatases, nicotinamide deamidase, and NMN deamidase, and (b) utilization of niacins by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Magni
- Istituto di Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università di Ancona, Italy
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