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Liu D, Yang Q, Jin S, Song Y, Gao J, Wang Y, Mi H. Core-shell molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles with assistant recognition polymer chains for effective recognition and enrichment of natural low-abundance protein. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:769-75. [PMID: 24140608 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Core-shell molecular imprinting of nanomaterials overcomes difficulties with template transfer and achieves higher binding capacities for macromolecular imprinting, which are more important to the imprinting of natural low-abundance proteins from cell extracts. In the present study, a novel strategy of preparing core-shell nanostructured molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was developed that combined the core-shell approach with assistant recognition polymer chains (ARPCs). Vinyl-modified silica nanoparticles were used as support and ARPCs were used as additional functional monomers. Immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was chosen as the model protein. The cloned template protein BiP was selectively assembled with ARPCs from their library, which contained numerous limited-length polymer chains with randomly distributed recognition and immobilization sites. The resulting complex was copolymerized onto the surface of vinyl-modified silica nanoparticles under low concentrations of the monomers. After template removal, core-shell-structured nanoparticles with a thin imprinted polymer layer were produced. The particles demonstrated considerably high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption kinetics and selective binding affinities toward the template BiP. Furthermore, the synthesized MIP nanoparticles successfully isolated cloned protein BiP from protein mixtures and highly enriched BiP from an ER extract containing thousands of kinds of proteins. The enrichment reached 115-fold and the binding capacity was 5.4 μg g(-1), which were higher than those achieved by using traditional MIP microspheres. The advantageous properties of MIP nanoparticles hold promise for further practical applications in biology, such as protein analysis and purification.
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Gao J, Tian H, Wang Y, Yang Q, Liu D, Wang Y, Mi H. The design of protein-imprinted polymers as antibody substitutes for investigating protein–protein interactions. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3344-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Liu H, Han R, Feng M, Gao J, Long Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Mi H. Preparation of molecular imprinted polymer with quaternary ammonium groups as recognition sites for separation of pig cyclophilin 18 and bovine serum albumin. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1856-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xia J, Long Y, Guo M, Liu H, Wang Y, Mi H. Using Protein-imprinted Polymers as Artificial Antibodies to Isolate Immunoglobulin Binding Protein (BiP) and Study Protein–Protein Interactions. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Separation/enrichment of the low-content high molecular weight natural protein using protein-imprinted polymers with ARPCs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pinto D, Duarte M, Soares S, Tropschug M, Videira A. Identification of all FK506-binding proteins from Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1600-7. [PMID: 18948221 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunophilins are intracellular receptors of immunosuppressive drugs, carrying peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, with a general role in protein folding but also involved in specific regulatory mechanisms. Four immunophilins of the FKBP-type (FK506-binding proteins) were identified in the genome of Neurospora crassa. Previously, FKBP22 has been located in the endoplasmic reticulum as part of chaperone/folding complexes and FKBP13 has been found to have a dual location in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. FKBP11 is apparently located exclusively in the cytoplasm. It is not expressed during vegetative development of the fungus although its expression can be induced with calcium and during sexual development. Overexpression of the respective gene appears to confer a growth advantage to the fungus in media containing some divalent ions. FKBP50 is a nuclear protein and its genetic inactivation leads to a temperature-sensitive phenotype. None of these proteins is, alone or in combination, essential for N. crassa, as demonstrated by the isolation of a mutant strain lacking all four FKBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Pinto
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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Han R, Xing X, Wang Y, Long Y, Sun Y, Zhao Z, Mi H. Separation/enrichment of active natural low content protein using protein imprinted polymer. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 873:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Long Y, Xing X, Han R, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Mi H. Two-step purification of low-content cellular protein using protein-imprinted polymers. Anal Biochem 2008; 380:268-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Septal pore cap protein SPC18, isolated from the basidiomycetous fungus Rhizoctonia solani, also resides in pore plugs. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:1865-73. [PMID: 18757567 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00125-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hyphae of filamentous fungi are compartmentalized by septa that have a central pore. The fungal septa and septum-associated structures play an important role in maintaining cellular and intrahyphal homeostasis. The dolipore septa in the higher Basidiomycota (i.e., Agaricomycotina) are associated with septal pore caps. Although the ultrastructure of the septal pore caps has been studied extensively, neither the biochemical composition nor the function of these organelles is known. Here, we report the identification of the glycoprotein SPC18 that was found in the septal pore cap-enriched fraction of the basidiomycetous fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Based on its N-terminal sequence, the SPC18 gene was isolated. SPC18 encodes a protein of 158 amino acid residues, which contains a hydrophobic signal peptide for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum and has an N-glycosylation motif. Immunolocalization showed that SPC18 is present in the septal pore caps. Surprisingly, we also observed SPC18 being localized in some plugs. The data reported here strongly support the hypothesis that septal pore caps are derived from endoplasmic reticulum and are involved in dolipore plugging and, thus, contribute to hyphal homeostasis in basidiomycetous fungi.
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Long Y, Sun Y, Wang Y, Xing X, Zhao Z, Wang C, Fan Y, Mi H. Molecular imprinted polymer with positively charged assistant recognition polymer chains for adsorption/enrichment of low content target protein. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang Y, Han R, Wu D, Li J, Chen C, Ma H, Mi H. The binding of FKBP23 to BiP modulates BiP’s ATPase activity with its PPIase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:315-20. [PMID: 17223077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerases (PPIases) are enzymes that can cis-trans-isomerize a Xaa-Pro peptide bond. Three families of PPIases are known: cyclophilins, FKBPs, and parvulins. The physiological functions of the PPIases are only poorly understood. In previous work, we reported that the mouse FK506-binding protein 23 (mFKBP23), which comprises an N-terminal PPIase domain and a C-terminal domain with Ca(2+)-binding sites, binds to mBiP in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and this binding is affected by the Ca(2+) concentration. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of mFKBP23 to modulate the ATPase activity of BiP, and that the bound mFKBP23, but not the free mFKBP23, can suppress the ATPase activity of mBiP through its PPIase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Biochemical Section of Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Chemical School of Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
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Zhao Z, Wang C, Guo M, Shi L, Fan Y, Long Y, Mi H. Molecular imprinted polymer with cloned bacterial protein template enriches authentic target in cell extract. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2750-4. [PMID: 16650412 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a new method for preparing a protein-imprinted polymer with a cloned bacterial protein template, which recognizes/adsorbs authentic target protein present at a relatively low level in cell extract. In this work, cloned pig cyclophilin 18 (pCyP18) was used as a template. The template protein was selectively assembled with memory molecules from their library, which consists of numerous limited length polymer chains with randomly distributed recognition sites and immobilizing sites. These assemblies of protein and memory molecules were adsorbed by porous polymeric beads and immobilized by cross-linking polymerization. After removing the template, binding sites that were complementary to the target protein in size, shape and the position of recognition groups were exposed, and their confirmation was preserved by the cross-linked structure. The synthesized imprinted polymer was used to adsorb authentic pCyP18 from cell extract, and its proportional content was enriched 300 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhao
- Biochemical Section of Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Chemical School of Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Li H, Zhang W, Wu D, Mi H. The mouse FKBP23 binds to BiP in ER and the binding of C-terminal domain is interrelated with Ca2+concentration. FEBS Lett 2004; 559:57-60. [PMID: 14960307 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 12/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
FK506 binding protein 23 from mouse (mFKBP23) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which consists of an N-terminal PPIase domain and a C-terminal domain with Ca(2+) binding sites. The assay of adsorption from ER extract with glutathione S-transferase-mFKBP23 attached to glutathione-Sepharose 4B shows that mFKBP23 binds to mouse immunoglobulin binding protein (mBiP). The same assay with the recombinant proteins of the N- and C-termini of mFKBP23 shows that the binding of the C-terminus is Ca(2+)-dependent and the switch point is between 2 and 3 mM. By high concentration of Ca(2+) this binding cannot be detected. Furthermore, the Ca(2+)-regulated binding of mFKBP23 and mBiP in ER can be detected by means of co-immunoprecipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zhang
- Biochemical Section of State Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials for Adsorption and Separation, Chemical School of Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
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Silverman-Gavrila LB, Lew RR. An IP3-activated Ca2+ channel regulates fungal tip growth. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:5013-25. [PMID: 12432087 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyphal extension in fungi requires a tip-high Ca(2+) gradient, which is generated and maintained internally by inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (IP(3))-induced Ca(2+) release from tip-localized vesicles and subapical Ca(2+) sequestration. Using the planar bilayer method we demonstrated the presence of two types of IP(3)-activated Ca(2+) channels in Neurospora crassa membranes with different conductances: one low (13 picosiemens), the other high (77 picosiemens). On sucrose density gradients the low conductance channel co-localized with endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, and the high conductance channel co-localized with vacuolar membranes. We correlated the effect of inhibitors on channel activity with their effect on hyphal growth and Ca(2+) gradients. The inhibitor of IP(3)-induced Ca(2+) release, 2-aminoethoxidiphenylborate (2-APB), inhibits both channels, while heparin, 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate, hydrochloride (TMB-8) and dantrolene inhibit only the large conductance channel. Because 2-APB inhibits hyphal growth and dissipates the tip-high cytosolic [Ca(2+)] gradient, whereas heparin microinjection, TMB-8 and dantrolene treatments do not affect growth, we suggest that the small conductance channel generates the obligatory tip-high Ca(2+) gradient during hyphal growth. Since IP(3) production must be catalyzed by tip-localized phospholipase C, we show that a number of phospholipase C inhibitors [neomycin, 1-[6-((17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl]- 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U-73122) (but not the inactive pyrrolidine U-73343), 3-nitrocoumarin] inhibit hyphal growth and affect, similarly to 2-APB, the location of vesicular Ca(2+) imaged by chlortetracycline staining.
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Bonnarme P, Moukha S, Moreau P, Record E, Lesage L, Cassagne C, Asther M. Fractionation of subcellular membranes of the secretory pathway from the peroxidase-producing white-rot fungusPhanerochaete chrysosporium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Juárez P, Chase J, Blomquist GJ. A microsomal fatty acid synthetase from the integument of Blattella germanica synthesizes methyl-branched fatty acids, precursors to hydrocarbon and contact sex pheromone. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 293:333-41. [PMID: 1536569 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90403-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Methyl-branched fatty acids present in the integument of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of their methyl esters and reduction products (alkanes) as n-3-, n-4-, n-5-, n-7-, n-8-, and n-9-monomethyl fatty acids and as n-5,9-, n-3,9-, and n-3,11-dimethyl fatty acids with 16 to 20 total carbons. These fatty acids have the same branching patterns as do the major hydrocarbons of this insect, including 3,11-dimethylnonacosane, the precursor to the major contact sex pheromone, and are presumed to be intermediates in hydrocarbon formation. A novel microsomal fatty acid synthetase (FAS) located in the integument of this insect incorporated [methyl-14C]methylmalonyl-CoA into methyl-branched fatty acids as demonstrated by radio-high-performance liquid chromatography. A cytosolic FAS is also present in the integument. Both the microsomal and the soluble FAS incorporated [methyl-14C]methylmalonyl-CoA into fatty acids, but only the microsomal FAS was able to efficiently use methylmalonyl-CoA as the sole elongating agent. This is the first report of the characterization of methyl-branched fatty acids from the integument of an insect and of an integumental microsomal FAS that incorporates methylmalonyl-CoA into branched fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Juárez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno 89557-0014
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Kruszewska J, Palamarczyk G, Kubicek CP. Mannosyl-phospho-dolichol synthase fromTrichoderma reeseiis activated by protein kinase dependent phosphorylation in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Borgeson CE, Bowman BJ. Mutations that affect circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa can alter the reduction of cytochromes by blue light. J Biol Rhythms 1990; 5:291-301. [PMID: 2151931 DOI: 10.1177/074873049000500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have examined membrane fractions from mutant strains of Neurospora crassa that have altered responses to blue light or have altered circadian rhythms. Using an in vitro assay, we assessed whether the mutations affected the levels of photoreducible cytochromes. Three of the mutant strains, prd-1, rib-1, and wc-1, were not qualitatively different from the wild type. The poky strain was found to have high concentrations of photoreducible cytochrome c. After removal of this cytochrome, however, the photoreducible cytochromes in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum were also similar to those of the wild type. The most significant differences were found in strains mutated at the frq locus, which affects circadian rhythms. In the frq-9 strain, the cytochrome in the endoplasmic reticulum was not detectably reduced by blue light. The frq-1 mutation caused a significant shift in the spectrum of blue-light-reduced cytochrome in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Borgeson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
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Capdevila C, Moukha S, Ghyczy M, Theilleux J, Gelie B, Delattre M, Corrieu G, Asther M. Characterization of Peroxidase Secretion and Subcellular Organization of
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
INA-12 in the Presence of Various Soybean Phospholipid Fractions. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:3811-6. [PMID: 16348381 PMCID: PMC185072 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.12.3811-3816.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of lignin peroxidase production by exogenous phospholipids depends on the composition of the phospholipid fraction prepared by using the Nattermann process. The fraction composed mainly of negatively charged phospholipids (NAT 89) was the most efficient source for exoprotein secretion by
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
INA-12. The results of biochemical marker assays and ultrastructural morphology determination by electron microscopy were correlated. Activities of succinate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial marker, and cytochrome
c
oxidoreductase, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker, were increased 1.3- and 2.2-fold, respectively, in the presence of NAT 89. Electron microscopy observations suggested that the amount of mitochondria and ER in culture containing phospholipids was increased at the optimum day of lignin peroxidase production. Therefore, phospholipids enhanced energetic metabolism of strain INA-12 and markedly modified fungus physiology. Since ER is involved in enzyme synthesis, we suggest that its increased amount in mycelium cultured with NAT 89 is directly associated with the higher production of lignin peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Capdevila
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Biotechnologiques Agro-Alimentaires, Centre de Biotechnologies Agro-Industrielles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, Rhône-Poulenc Santé, Centre de Recherche de Vitry-Alfortville, 94403 Vitry sur Seine, and Service de Microscopie, Centre National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78000 Versailles, France, and Nattermann Phospholipid GmbH, D-5000 Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany
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Bowman EJ, Bowman BJ. Purification of vacuolar membranes, mitochondria, and plasma membranes from Neurospora crassa and modes of discriminating among the different H+-ATPases. Methods Enzymol 1988; 157:562-73. [PMID: 2906719 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(88)57104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bowman BJ, Borgeson CE, Bowman EJ. Composition ofNeurospora crassa vacuolar membranes and comparison to endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membranes, and mitochondrial membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(87)90005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Glenn M, Ghosh A, Ghosh BK. Subcellular fractionation of a hypercellulolytic mutant, Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30: localization of endoglucanase in microsomal fraction. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50:1137-43. [PMID: 4091550 PMCID: PMC238713 DOI: 10.1128/aem.50.5.1137-1143.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing mycelia of Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 are richly endowed with endoplasmic reticula and a variety of pleomorphic subcellular bodies. Mycelia of the culture growing in presence of avicel pH101 was fractionated in sucrose density gradients, and several morphologically and biochemically distinct fractions were isolated. Mycelia were homogenized in a Bead Beater, and the homogenate was freed of nucleus and wall fragments by low-speed centrifugation before fractionation. Organelle-free cytosol, which did not penetrate the gradient, contained (of the total) 72% of the vanadate-sensitive ATPase, 26% of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), 2% of cytochrome c reductase, and 13% of the protein. Significant fractions separated on a gradient were light vesicles containing heavily stained material inside and ribosomes attached to the outside surface, intact vesicles resembling condensing vacuoles, large vesicles derived from the plasma membrane, and heavy vesicles containing crystalline material. The light-vesicle fraction contained a large portion of the cell-bound CMCase activity. The particle-bound ATPase and cytochrome c reductase activities were concentrated in heavy fractions. The fractionation in the presence of MgCl2 improved the preservation of subcellular bodies derived from the endoplasmic reticula. Although the CMCase activity of the light-vesicle fraction was 4 times higher than the activity in the heavy-vesicle fraction, the CMCase antibody-binding capacities of both fractions were about the same. This discrepancy between the catalytic activity and the antibody-binding capacity suggests that the heavy vesicles might have contained considerable amount of inactive CMCase compared with that present in the light vesicles.
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Borgeson CE, Bowman BJ. Blue Light-Reducible Cytochromes in Membrane Fractions from Neurospora crassa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 78:433-7. [PMID: 16664261 PMCID: PMC1064754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.78.3.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We have assayed absorbance changes generated by blue light in plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial membranes from Neurospora crassa. Light minus dark difference spectra, obtained anaerobically in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, indicated that b-type cytochromes could be photoreduced in all three membranes. In plasma membranes, a b-type cytochrome with a distinct difference spectrum was photoreducible without addition of exogenous flavin. Addition of riboflavin greatly stimulated the photoreduction of cytochromes in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes. In its spectral characteristics the cytochrome on the endoplasmic reticulum resembled cytochrome b(5) or nitrate reductase, while the cytochrome in mitochondrial membranes had the same spectrum as cytochrome b of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.Cytochromes in the three membrane fractions reacted differently to blue light in the presence of various inhibitors. Potassium azide inhibited reduction of plasma membrane cytochrome b, with 50% inhibition at 1.0 millimolar. The same concentration of azide stimulated photoreduction of cytochromes in both endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Although photoreduction of cytochromes in all three membranes was inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid, cytochromes in plasma membranes were more sensitive to this inhibitor than those in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Cells grown to induce nitrate reductase activity showed an elevated amount of blue light-reducible cytochrome b in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Borgeson
- Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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